Biologi: Fungi
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Transcript of Biologi: Fungi
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Kingdom FungiKingdom Fungi
• The characteristics The characteristics of fungiof fungi
• The evolution of The evolution of the fungithe fungi
• Fungal Fungal classificationclassification
• Fungal life stylesFungal life styles All photographsin this presentation © Pearson Education or Fred M. Rhoades
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The Characteristics of FungiThe Characteristics of Fungi
• Fungi are NOT plants
• Hyphae = tubular units of construction
• Heterotrophic by absorption
• Reproduce by spores
• Ecologically pivotal roles
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HyphaeHyphae
• Tubular
• Hard wall of chitin
• Crosswalls may form compartments (± cells)
• Multinucleate
• Grow at tips
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Heterotrophic by AbsorptionHeterotrophic by Absorption• Fungi get carbon from organic sources
• Hyphal tips release enzymes
• Enzymatic breakdown of substrate
• Products diffuse back into hyphae
Product diffuses backinto hypha and is used
Nucleus hangs backand “directs”
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Modifications of hyphaeModifications of hyphae
Fig 30.2 (don’t worry about the terms)
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Hyphal growthHyphal growth• Hyphae grow from their tips
• Mycelium = extensive, feeding web of hyphae
• Mycelia are the ecologically active bodies of fungi
This wall is rigid Only the tip wall is plastic and stretches
Video of time lapse growth in a Zygomycote, Phycomyces
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Reproduce by sporesReproduce by spores• Spores are reproductive cells
* Sexual* Asexual
• Formed:* Directly on hyphae* Inside sporangia* Fruiting bodies
Amanita fruiting body
Pilobolus sporangia
Penicillium hyphae
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Hyphal growth from sporeHyphal growth from spore
mycelium
germinatingspore
• Mycelia have a huge surface area
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Fig 31.1
myceliummycelium
fruiting bodiesfruiting bodies
both are composed of hyphae
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Fungal EcologyFungal Ecology
• Saprobes* Decomposers* Mostly of plants, some animals
• Parasites* Harm host* Mostly on plants, some animals
• Mutualists* Lichens* Mycorrhizas* Others
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Fig 28.8
Evolution of the fungiEvolution of the fungi
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Classification & Phylogeny
motile spores
zygosporangia
ascibasidia
Fig 31.4
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Chytridiomycota – “chytrids”Chytridiomycota – “chytrids”
• Simple fungi
• Produce motile spores
• Mostly saprobes and parasites in aquatic habitats
• Could just as well be Protists
Fig 31.5 Chytridium growing on spores
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Zygomycota – “zygote fungi”Zygomycota – “zygote fungi”
• Sex - zygosporangia• Asex - common• Hyphae have no cross
walls• Grow rapidly
• Mycorrhizas
Fig 31.6 Rhizopus on strawberries
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Fig 31.7 Life cycle of RhizopusYou are not responsible for this life cycleLife cycle is predominantly haploid
Asexual sporangium with spores inside
Sexual zygsporangium with one zygospore
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Ascomycota – “sac fungi”Ascomycota – “sac fungi”
• Sex. – asci
• Asex. – common
• Cup fungi, morels, truffles
• Important plant parasites & saprobes
• Yeast - Saccharomyces
• Most lichensA cluster of asci with spores inside
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Sac fungi Sac fungi diversitydiversity
• Note general comments about habitats and roles
• Enjoy looking at some amazing organisms
• This smaller-sized PPT file lacks diversity slides
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Basidiomycota – “club fungi”Basidiomycota – “club fungi”
• Sex – basidia• Asex – not so common• Long-lived dikaryotic
mycelia• Rusts & smuts – primitive
plant parasites• Mushrooms, polypores,
puffballs• Enzymes decompose wood• Mycorrhizas
SEM of basidia and spores
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Mushroom Mushroom Life CycleLife Cycle
Fig 31.12
Nuclear fusion in basidium
Meiosis
Hyphal fusion of haploid myceliahaploid
mycelium
young basidia - the only diploid cells
mycelium and fruiting body are dikaryotic
N 2N N+N
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Club fungi Club fungi diversitydiversity
• Check out Taylor Lockwoods, “Treasures from the Kingdom Fungi”!
• This smaller-sized PPT file lacks diversity slides
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A rust growing on a currant leaf
0.5 cm
• Yeasts
• Molds
• Mycorrhizas
• Lichens
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YeastsYeasts
• Single celled fungi
• Adapted to liquids* Plant saps
* Water films
* Moist animal tissues
CandidaSaccharomyces
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Schizosaccharomyces octospora – fermenter of Palm Wine
10 μm
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MoldsMolds• Rapidly growth• Asexual spores• Many human importances
* Food spoilage* Food products* Antibiotics, etc.
Fig 31.21 Antibiotic activityNoble Rot - Botrytis
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MycorrhizasMycorrhizas• “Fungus roots”
• Mutualism between:* Fungus (nutrient & water uptake for plant)
* Plant (carbohydrate for fungus)
• Several kinds* Zygomycota – hyphae invade root cells
* Ascomycota & Basidiomycota – hyphae invade root but don’t penetrate cells
• Extremely important ecological role of fungi!
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““Ecto”mycorrhizasEcto”mycorrhizas
Russula mushroom mycorrhizas on Western Hemlock root
Fungal hyphae around root and between cells
Mycorrhiza cross sections
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LichensLichens• “Mutualism” between
* Fungus – structure* Alga or
cyanobacterium – provides food
• Form a thallus* Foliose* Fruticose* Crustose
Fig 31.16
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Lichen internal structureLichen internal structureFig 31.17
Lobaria
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Lichens as biomonitorsLichens as biomonitors
• Thalli act like sponges
• Some species more sensitive
• Which species are present can indicate air quality
• (Most resistant species can also be analyzed for pollutants)
• Northwest Air Net Project* Species chart
* Table of sensitivities
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Lichen Lichen diversitydiversity
• Check out my 3-D cryptogam site!
• More pictures of:* Lichens* Mushrooms* Bryophytes* Slime molds
• This smaller-sized PPT file lacks diversity slides