BIOL/ESRM 331 Today Landscape Plant Recognitioncourses.washington.edu/esrm331/2014/2014 331 1st...

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BIOL/ESRM 331Landscape Plant Recognition

Sarah ReichardMichael Bradshaw Ann Dinthongsai

Today

• Introduction to biological classification of vascular plants

• Introduction to plant morphology

• Introduction to nomenclature (what is in a name?)

• How does this class work?

Vascular Plants

• “Xylem” (water carrying stem tissues) and “Phloem” (nutrient and carbohydrate carrying stem tissues) plants are “vascular plants”

• Ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms are vascular plants

• Mosses and algae are not

Gymnosperms (Conifers)“Naked Seeds”

• Seeds borne on open surfaces (cones)



• Male and female structures are separate (male/female cones)




• Mostly wind pollinated

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Gymnosperms“Naked Seeds”



• Mostly wind pollinated

• Mostly “evergreen” leaves

Angiosperms “Enclosed Seeds”

• Seeds are borne in fruits (matured flower ovaries)

Angiosperms “Enclosed Seeds”

• Seeds are borne in fruits (matured flower ovaries)

• Male and female structures are usuallytogether in flowers

• Insect, bird, bat, wind pollinated

• Deciduous and evergreen leaves

• “Monocots” and “Dicots”

Monocotyledons (“Monocots”)

• One seed leaf (cotyledon)

Monocotyledons (“Monocots”)

• One seed leaf (cotyledon)

• Leaf veins parallel

Dicotyledons (“Dicots”)

• 2 seed leaves

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Dicotyledons (“Dicots”)

• 2 seed leaves

• Leaves net veined

• May not be monophyletic

Plant Morphology

The form and structure of plants

Overall – size, shape of plantsLeaves – size, shape, veins, margins, apex,

etc. Bark – color, textureFlowers - # parts, color, placementFruit – type

Overall Simple Leaves

Compound Leaves“Even”/”Odd” Pinnate

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Compound leaves Lobes vs. Leaves

Pinnately lobedPalmately lobed

Ternately Compound Conifer Leaves

Awl-shaped leaves

Scale-like leaves

Conifer Leaves

Needle-like leaves Linear leaves

Special Leaves

Stipule

Stipule

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Leaf Arrangement

Whorled Leaves

Opposite and decussate

Leaf Shape

Ovate

Leaf Base

Acute

Leaf Margins

Leaf ApexPubescent (hairs)

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Glabrous

• Leaves or other surfaces without hairs

Sessile

• No stem attaches a leaf or other plant part to a stem

Other terms• Node – the point of attachment for a leaf

• Terminal/axillary – arrangement of flowers on stem

Flowers

Note: these are all “perfect” or “bisexual” flowers

Dioecious/Monoecious

• Unisexual flowers

• DI = two, OECIOUS = house (the plant)

• MON = one

Petals

ApetalousSympetalous Fused petals

Free Corolla Unfused petals

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Inflorescence Types

catkin

Solitary Flowers

Compound inflorescence

More Flower Terms

Actinomorphic or radially symmetric Zygomorphic or

bilaterally symmetric

Fruit typesFleshy

Berry

Pome

Fruit TypesFleshy

Drupes

Aggregate of Drupelets

Fruit TypesDry and Dehiscent

Legume

Follicle

Fruit TypesDry and indehiscent

Achene

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Plant Classification and Names

• Originally – long strings

of descriptive words

• Little sense of relationships

• May 1, 1753 – “Species

Plantarum” published

• Established binomial

system of namingCarolus Linneaus

(Carl von Linne)

Levels of Plant Classification

• Kingdom: Plantae



Division/Phylum: Magnoliophyta




Class: Magnoliopsida





Order: Solanales

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Order: Solanales

Family: Solanaceae





Order: Solanales

Family: Solanaceae

Genus: Solanum





Order: Solanales

Family: Solanaceae

Genus: Solanum

Species: tuberosum

Species

So… Solanum tuberosum L.

What are they?

• Family:

-A broad group of plants with common characteristics, one or more genera

-Ends in “aceae” – pronounced as if spelling the word “ace”

-Seven “conserved families” use ae ending as an alternative (Asteraceae vs. Compositae)

What Are They?

• Genus: – Defined as a more or less closely related and

definable group of organisms (plants) comprising one or more species

– Plural is “genera”– The species have more characteristics in

common with each other than they do with species of other genera in the same family

– A genus may contain a single species (e.g., Ginkgo) or more than 100 (e.g., Rosa)

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What Are They?• Species• A concept. Sometimes defined as a group of

individual organisms (plants) that are fundamentally alike

• A species should be separated by distinct morphological differences from other closely related species

• All the individuals in a given species are not identical. Think of it as a population in which any character might be expressed to different degrees in each individual.


There may also be:– Subspecies: subsp. or ssp. glauca

– Variety: var. glauca

– Forma: f. glauca

Principles of Nomenclature

• "Infraspecific names" are formed by adding Latin(ized) words to the species names

• Pseudotsuga menziesii subsp. glauca (or ssp. glauca)

• Quercus garryana var. breweri


• Cultivated varieties = cultivar

• They are genotypes selected for desirable traits

• Chamaecyparis lawsoniana 'Glauca‘ (best)

• Or C. lawsoniana cv Glauca

• After 1959, cv names could no longer be “Latinized” – must use “fancy” names, e.g., Genista pilosa ‘Vancouver Gold’

Hybrids

• A cross between two species, genera, or infraspecific categories – may occur in the wild or intentionally

Hybrids are may be written as :

• Populus tremuloides XP. alba

• Platanus Xacerifolia

• XFatshedera lizei

Common Names

• Often descriptive, but potentially very misleading

- 25 taxa with “cedar”

- regional differences “mile a minute” plant

• Learning scientific names is fun, not all that hard, and allows specific communication

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What does it mean?

• Philadelphus lewisii – named after Merriwether Lewis

What does it mean?


• Picea sitchensis – first described from a specimen from Sitka, Alaska

What does it mean?


• Picea sitchensis – first described from a specimen from Sitka, Alaska

• Pinus albicaulis – albi = white, caul = stem

• Acer macrophyllum – macro = big, phyllum = leaf


• Scientific names are Latin or Latinized

• Scientific names are binomial - - genus and species

• After the first reference to a genus, it can be abbreviated to a letter: P. menziesii


• Genus and species should be underlined or italicized

• Family and Genus are capitalized, species is not

• "Author names" may be included: Solanum tuberosum L.

Summary

• Plant diversity is separated on the basis of:

- evolutionary relationships

- morphology

• The naming of plants follows certain rules, based on the work of Linnaeus

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Class Mechanics

• 2 days inside in Bagley 154, 3 at CUH, the rest outside

• We meet every class time, rain or shine –dress accordingly!

• Use the web page! Plant lists and info will be posted before each class

• Additional books may be helpful

Class Mechanics

Tests• 1 “written” midterm – next Tuesday!!!!• 2 plant identification midterms (each 10%)• Make-up midterms very difficult• Quizzes every two weeks (total 10%)• Lowest one dropped• Final, on campus (60%)• Spelling counts!

Class Mechanics

Tips for learning

• Flashcards/powerpoint shows

• Learn what the scientific names mean

• Use the Washington Park Arboretum to review with friends

• Use the web page and the links

• Hyde Herbarium

Class Mechanics

Hyde Herbarium – visit!

• Do not take plant parts to

make your own “herbarium!”

• Special collection

available to you

• Class website has link

Assignment

• On campus, in a park, in your own backyard – go outside and look at plants

• Try to identify the parts of the leaf and see what term best fits the shape, leaf arrangement, margin, etc.

• Come on Thursday prepared for your first field day

BIOL/ESRM 331 Today Landscape Plant Recognitioncourses.washington.edu/esrm331/2014/2014 331 1st...

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