BIOH111 SN08 Lecture SkeletalSystem · PDF fileDescribe the types of bones within the body and...

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BIOH111

oCell Module

oTissue Module

o Integumentary system

oSkeletal system

oMuscle system

oNervous system

oEndocrine system


TEXTBOOK AND

REQUIRED/RECOMMENDED READINGS

o Principles of anatomy and physiology. Tortora et

al; 14th edition: Chapter 7 and 8


BIOH111 – SKELETAL SYSTEM MODULE

o Session 9 (Lectures 17 and 18) – Bone physiology:

Building of bone organ – cells, tissue, organ and

repair

o Session 10 (Lectures 19 and 20) - The Skeletal

System: Axial and Appendicular Skeleton, Joints

and Movement

BIOH111

Lectures 19 and 20

The Skeletal System

Axial and Appendicular Skeleton

Department of Bioscience

endeavour.edu.au


OBJECTIVESLecture 19:

Types of bones

Describe the types of bones within the body and relate their shape to their structure

and function

Axial skeleton

Identify parts of axial skeleton and describe structure and function of its parts

Appendicular skeleton

Identify parts of appendicular skeleton and describe structure and function of its

parts

Lecture 20:

Types of joints

Structural and functional classification of joints

Describe the types of joints within the body and relate their shape to their structure

and function

Movement of synovial joints – in tutorial

Describe different movements (gliding, angular, rotation and special movements)

Describe factors affecting movements at synovial joints


THE SKELETAL SYSTEM

o Axial Skeleton

• lies along longitudinal axis

• 80 bones

• skull, hyoid, ear ossicles,

trunk (vertebrae + ribs +

sternum)

o Appendicular Skeleton

• Extremities (appendages)

• 126 bones

• upper & lower limbs and

pelvic & pectoral girdles


TYPES OF BONES - REVISION

o 5 basic types of bones classified

by shape..

cells → tissue → organ


BONE SURFACE MARKINGS

Two major types of surface markings:

1. Depressions and openings -

participate in joints or allow the

passage of soft tissue; e.g.

foramen, fossa and sulcus

2. Processes - are projections or

outgrowths that either help form

joints or serve as attachment

points for connective tissue; e.g.

head, condyle and tuberosity


AXIAL SKELETON

o 80 bones lie along longitudinal

axis

• Skull - cranial (8) and facial (14)

• Hyoid (1)

• Ear ossicles (6)

• Vertebrae (26)

• Ribs (24)

• Sternum (1)

o Function: protection of organs


SKULL

o Forms the large cranial cavity and smaller

cavities, including the nasal cavity and

orbits (eye sockets). General features:

• Sutures

• Paranasal sinuses

• Moveable bones of the skull: ear ossicles

and mandible

o Composed of 22 bones: 8 cranial bones

(cranium) and 14 facial bones (face)


CRANIAL BONES

Frontal

Sphenoid

Ethmoid

Temporal (2)

Parietal (2)

Occipital

Function: protect brain, house ear ossicles and are muscle attachment for jaw,

neck & facial muscles


Function: protect delicate sense organs (smell, taste, vision); support

entrances to digestive and respiratory systems (mouth and nose)

FACIAL BONES


SUTURES

o Immovable joints found

only between skull bones

and hold skull bones

together

o e.g. coronal, sagital,

lamboidal and squamous

sutures


PARANASAL SINUSES

o Cavities in specific skull bones lined by mucous membranes that

communicate with the nasal cavity; frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid and

maxillae

o Function: lighten the skull and serve as resonating chambers for

speech

o Sinusitis – inflammation of the paranasal sinuses membranes due

to infection or allergy


FONTANELSo Only found in infants

o Non-ossified; dense connective

tissue filled spaces between the

cranial bones

o Functions: modification of infant

skull size and shape and permits

rapid growth of the brain during

infancy

o Major fontanels: anterior, posterior,

anterolaterals, and posterolaterals


HYOID BONE

o U-shaped single bone;

o Articulates with no other bone of the body and is suspended by ligament and muscle

o Function: supports the tongue & provides attachment for tongue, neck and pharyngeal muscles


VERTEBRAL COLUMN

o Part of trunk of the skeleton; also called backbone or spine

o Contains 26 vertebrae

o Five vertebral regions

• cervical vertebrae (7)

• thoracic vertebrae (12)

• lumbar vertebrae (5)

• sacrum (5, fused)

• coccyx (4, fused)


VERTEBRAE

o Body – weight bearing and scaffold for blood vessels

o Vertebral arch – permits passage of a single spinal nerve

o Vertebral foramen –forms a canal for spinal cord

o Seven processes (7) – points of muscle and surrounding

vertebrae attachment


INTERVERTEBRAL DISCS

o Structure: Fibrocartilaginous ring with a pulpy center; between adjacent vertebrae absorbs vertical shock

o Function: permit various movements of the vertebral column


CERVICAL REGION

o 7 cervical vertebrae

o Atlas - first cervical vertebra;

supports the skull

o Axis - second cervical

vertebra; permits side-to-side

rotation of the head

o Third to sixth - typical cervical

vertebrae.

o Prominens - seventh cervical

vertebra; base of the neck


THORACIC VERTEBRAE (T1-T12)

o 12 thoracic vertebrae

o Larger and stronger then cervical

vertebrae

o Function: articulate with the ribs

via transverse process


LUMBAR REGION

o 5 lumbar vertebrae

o Largest and strongest

vertebrae in the column

o Function: attachment of

large back muscles and

support of body weight


COMPARISON OF VERTEBRAE

Considering the function of different backbone regions,

comment which vertebrae belongs to which region and why.


SACRUM & COCCYX

o Sacrum - triangular bone

formed by the union of 5 sacral

vertebrae

Function: strong foundation for

the pelvic girdle

o Coccyx - formed by the fusion

of 4 coccygeal vertebrae

Function: insertion point of

ligaments and muscles (e.g.

pelvic floor)

Caudal anesthesia?


HERNIATED (SLIPPED) DISC

o Protrusion of the nucleus

pulposus

o Most commonly in lumbar

region

o Pressure on spinal nerves

causes pain

o Surgical removal

of disc after laminectomy


NORMAL CURVES OF THE VERTEBRAL

COLUMN

o In adult, 4 normal vertebral

curves: cervical and lumbar

(anteriorly convex) and thoracic

and sacral (anteriorly concave)

o In the fetus, there is only a single anteriorly concave curve

• Primary curves: thoracic and sacral; formed during fetal development

• Secondary curves: cervical (formed at 4 months) and lumbar (formed at 1 year)


THORAX

o Thorax refers to the entire chest:

skeletal part and organs.

o Bony cage: skeletal part of the

thorax; consists of the sternum,

costal cartilages, ribs and the

bodies of the thoracic vertebrae

o Function: encloses and protects

the organs; provides support for the

bones of the shoulder girdle and

upper limbsWhat type of tissue do you think

costal cartilage is?


STERNUMo Located on the anterior midline

of the thoracic wall

o Manubrium

• 1st & 2nd ribs

• clavicular notch

o Body

• costal cartilages of 2-10 ribs

o Xiphoid

• ossifies by 40

• CPR position

• abdominal mm

o Sternal puncture

• biopsy


RIBS

o 12 pairs of ribs: pairs 1-7 are

true ribs; pairs 8-12 are false

ribs (pairs 11 and 12 are false

floating ribs).

o Function: structural support to

the sides of the thoracic cavity


REVISION

Read Disorders: Homeostatic Imbalances (Tortora, p 227)

and define following terms: scoliosis, kyphosis, lordosis and

spina bifida. Think about:

- cellular and tissue level organisation if the skeleton that

may be affected

- think about the causes and possible treatments of these

disorders within your particular interest.


APPENDICULAR SKELETON

o Includes 126 bones of the upper

and lower extremities and the

shoulder and hip girdles.

• Pectoral girdle

• Upper limbs

• Pelvic girdle

• Lower limbs

o Function: facilitation of

movement


PECTORAL (SHOULDER) GIRDLE

The pectoral or shoulder girdle attaches the bones of the upper

limbs to the axial skeleton and consists of scapula and clavicle


UPPER EXTREMITY

o Each upper limb = 30 bones

• humerus within the arm

• ulna & radius within the forearm

• carpal bones within the wrist (8)

• metacarpal bones within the palm (5)

• phalanges in the fingers (2,3,3,3,3)

o Joints

• e.g. shoulder, elbow, wrist,

interphalangeal (note: names will be

covered in detail in MSTA121)


PELVIC (HIP) GIRDLE

o Pelvic girdle; two hipbones united at pubic symphysis

o Hipbone structure: ilium, pubis, and ischium

o Bony pelvis:

Structure: 2 hip bones + sacrum + coccyx; pelvic brim

Function: point of contact with axial skeleton; support for vertebral column and lower abdominal organs


FALSE AND TRUE PELVIS

o False: greater cavity; encloses

parts of lower abdomen

including uterus, ovaries and

uterine tubes (♀)

o True: surrounds pelvic cavity

that includes vagina and uterus

(♀) or prostate (♂); pelvic inlet

and pelvic outlet; pelvic axis

o Pelvimetry


FEMALE MALE

Pelvis:

♀ wider & shallower

Pelvic brim:

♀ wider and more oval

Pubic arch:

♀ >90 degrees

True pelvis:

♀ larger pelvic inlet &

outlet

♀ more space

Why are these

differences

important?


LOWER EXTREMITY

o Each lower limb = 30 bones

• femur and patella (thigh)

• tibia & fibula (leg)

• tarsal bones (foot)

• metatarsals (forefoot)

• phalanges (toes)

o Joints

• e.g. hip, knee, ankle, proximal &

distal tibiofibular (note: names will

be covered in detail in MSTA121)


FEMUR (THIGHBONE)

o Largest, heaviest and strongest

bone of the body

o It articulates with the hip bone

and the tibia.

o Function: muscle attachments

to aid movement


PATELLA (KNEECAP)

o Sesamoid bone located anterior to the knee joint.

o Functions: increases the leverage of the tendon of the

quadriceps femoris muscle; maintains the position of the

tendon when the knee is bent; protects the knee joint


TIBIA AND FIBULA

o Tibia or shinbone is the larger,

medial, weight-bearing bone of

the leg.

o The fibula is parallel and

lateral to the tibia.


TARSALS, METATARSALS AND

PHALANGES

o Tarsal bones (7) constitute

the ankle and share the

weight associated with

walking.

o Metatarsal bones (5) are

contained in the foot.

o Phalanges (14) in the toes

have the same arrangement

as in hand phalanges.


ARCHES OF THE FOOT

o Two non-rigid longitudinal arches along each side of foot and

one transverse arch

o Function: distribute body weight over foot; yield & spring back

when weight is lifted


o Flatfoot

• weakened ligaments

allow bones of

medial arch to drop

o Claw foot

• medial arch is too

elevated

o Hip fracture

• 1/2 million/year in US

• osteoporosis

• arthroplasty

Clinical applications:


OBJECTIVESLecture 19:

Types of bones

Describe the types of bones within the body and relate their shape to their structure

and function

Axial skeleton

Identify parts of axial skeleton and describe structure and function of its parts

Appendicular skeleton

Identify parts of appendicular skeleton and describe structure and function of its

parts

Lecture 20:

Types of joints

Structural and functional classification of joints

Describe the types of joints within the body and relate their shape to their structure

and function

Movement of synovial joints – in tutorial

Describe different movements (gliding, angular, rotation and special movements)

Describe factors affecting movements at synovial joints


JOINTS

o Joints hold bones together but

permit movement

o Point of contact

• between 2 bones

• between cartilage and bone

• between teeth and bones

o Arthrology = study of joints

o Kinesiology = study of motion


CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTSo Structural classification is based on the presence or absence

of a synovial cavity and type of connecting tissue:

• Fibrous – no synovial cavity; dense fibrous connective tissue; little

to no movement; 3 structural types

• Cartilaginous – no synovial cavity; fibrocartilage or hyaline

cartilage; little to no movement; 2 structural types

• Synovial – contain synovial cavity; hyaline cartilage called articular

cartilage; free movement; 6 structural types

o Functional classification based upon movement:

• Synarthrosis - immovable

• Amphiarthrosis - slightly movable

• Diarthrosis - freely movable


FIBROUS JOINT TYPES

o Sutures:

• unite bones of the skull

• Synarthrosis joints

• Function: shock absorption –add strength and decrease chance of bone fractures


FIBROUS JOINT TYPES

o Syndesmosis:

• unite bones that are at greater distance; denser then sutures

• e.g. ligament - amphiarthrosisjoint

• e.g. gomphosis - synarthosisjoints


FIBROUS JOINT TYPES

o Interosseous membrane:

• unite neighboring long bones; denser then syndesmosis

• Amphiarthrosis joint

• e.g. between fibula and tibia or between radius and ulna


CARTILAGINOUS JOINT TYPES

o Synchondrosis:

• Hyaline cartilage

• Synarthrosis joint

• e.g. epiphyseal plate or joints

between ribs and sternum

• Function: permits growth

What do you already know about the epiphyseal plate?


CARTILAGINOUS JOINT TYPES

o Symphysis:

• Fibrocartilage

• Amphiathrosis joint

• e.g. intervertebral disc and

pubic symphysis


SYNOVIAL JOINTS

o Separates articulating

bones

o Diarthrosis joint

o Structure:

• Articular capsule

• Articular cartilage

• Synovial cavity

o Function: reduces friction

and absorbs shock


ARTICULAR CAPSULE

o Structure: composed of two layers:

• outer fibrous capsule: extension of

periosteum; irregular connective tissue;

tensile strength

• inner synovial membrane: areolar

connective tissue with elastic fibers;

secretes synovial fluid (hyaluronic acid;

lubricates and nourishes articular

cartilage); allows flexibility

o Function: encloses the synovial cavity and

unites the articulating bones


2: SYNOVIAL MEMBRANES - REVISIONo Composed of specialized cells called synovicytes which secrete

slippery synovial fluid; this ensures friction-free movement,

nourishment to the underlying cartilage and removal of any

microbes

o Line joint cavities of all freely movable joints, bursae and tendon

sheaths


SPECIAL FEATURES OF SYNOVIAL

JOINTS

o Accessory ligaments

• Fibres of dense regular

connective tissue; resist

strains; extracapsular and

intracapsular ligaments

o Articular fat pads

• Accumulation of adipose tissue

in some synovial joints; e.g.

knee pad


SPECIAL FEATURES OF SYNOVIAL

JOINTSo Articular disc or meniscus

• pads of fibrocartilage

attached around edges to

capsule; allow 2 bones of

different shape to fit tightly;

increase stability of knee -

torn cartilage

o Bursa

• not strictly part of synovial

joint; saclike structures

between structures (e.g.

skin/bone or tendon/bone or

ligament/bone); alleviate

points of possible friction


NERVE AND BLOOD SUPPLYo Nerves to joints are branches of

nerves to nearby muscles

• joint capsule and ligaments

contain pain fibers and

sensory receptors

o Blood supply to the structures of

a joint are branches from nearby

structures

• supply nutrients to all joint

tissues except the articular

cartilage which is supplied

from the synovial fluidhttp://camp4chiropractic.com/services/manipulative-therapy


o Planar:

• bi-axial; bone surfaces are flat or

slightly curved

• side-to-side and back-and-forth gliding

movements; rotation prevented by

ligaments

• e.g. intercarpal joints

o Hinge:

• Uniaxial; convex/concave fit

• Flexion, extension and

hyperextension movements

• e.g. knee, elbow, interphalangeal joint

SYNOVIAL JOINT TYPES


SYNOVIAL JOINT TYPESo Pivot:

• Monoaxial (allows only rotation around

longitudinal axis); rounded surface of bone

articulates with ring formed by second

bone & ligament

• Supination, pronation; turning head side-

to-side (NO)

• e.g. proximal radioulnar joint

o Ellipsoidal (Condyloid):

• Bi-axial; oval-shaped projection fits into

oval depression

• flex/extend or abduct/adduct

• e.g. wrist and metacarpophalangeal joints


SYNOVIAL JOINT TYPESo Saddle:

• Bi-axial; One bone saddled-shaped and

the other looks like it is sitting in the

saddle

• Circumduction and opposition movement

• e.g. trapezium of carpus and metacarpal

of the thumb

o Ball and Socket:

• Multi-axial; Ball fitting into a cuplike

depression

• flexion/extension, abduction/adduction,

rotation movement

• e.g. shoulder and hip joint (only these

two)


REVISIONRead Disorders: Homeostatic Imbalances (Tortora, p 287)

and define following terms: rheumatism, osteoarthritis,

rheumatoid arthritis, gouty arthritis, lyme disease, aging

and strain/sprain. Then ask:

- How each or some affect the joints and what is the

overall effect these conditions have on the

bones/joints/movement. How is this different between

the conditions?

- Think about the causes and possible treatments of these

disorders within your particular interest.

Non assessable


MOVEMENT – GO TO TUTORIAL

Definition: an action of a body or a body part that is described

in a range of terms that indicate form of motion, direction of

motion or relationship of motion between two body parts.

Movement at synovial joints are grouped in 4 categories:

1. Gliding

2. Angular

3. Rotation

4. Special


RANGE OF MOTION AT SYNOVIAL

JOINTS

Range of motion – range through which the bones of a joint

can be moved; measured in degrees of a circle. Factors that

affect ROM:

o Structure and shape of the articulating bone

o Strength and tautness of the joint ligaments

o Arrangement and tension of the muscles

o Contact of soft parts

o Hormones

o DisuseRead section 9.7 and discuss with your peers

any examples you may have for each.


1. GLIDING MOVEMENTS

o Gliding movements occur when

relatively flat bone surfaces

move back and forth and

from side to side with respect

to one another.

o In gliding joints there is no

significant alteration of the

angle between the bones.

Which type of joint would be responsible for this movement?


2. ANGULAR MOVEMENTSo Increase or decrease in the

angle between articulating bones.

• Flexion: results in a decrease in the

angle between articulating bones;

lateral flexion involves the movement

of the trunk sideways to the right or left

at the waist

• Extension: results in an increase in the

angle between articulating bones

• Hyperextension: is a continuation of

extension beyond the anatomical

position; usually prevented by the

arrangement of ligaments and the

anatomical alignment of bones; in

clinical setting this term is used in a

pathological sense (super bendy)Which type of joint would be

responsible for these movements?


ANGULAR MOVEMENTS EXAMPLES


• Abduction: movement of a bone

away from the midline

• Adduction: movement of a bone

toward the midline

• Circumduction: movement of the

distal end of a part of the body in

a circle; occurs as a result of a

continuous sequence of flexion,

abduction, extension, and

adduction.

2. ANGULAR MOVEMENTS

Which type of joint would be responsible for this movement?


o Bone revolves around its

own longitudinal axis

• Medial rotation: anterior

surface of a bone of the limb

is turned toward the

midline

• Lateral rotation: anterior

surface of a bone of the limb

is turned away from the

midline

3. ROTATION MOVEMENTS


4. SPECIAL MOVEMENTS

o Occur only at certain joints. They

include:

• Elevation - upward movement of

a part of the body.

• Depression - downward

movement of a part of the body.

• Protraction - movement of a part

of the body anteriorly in the

transverse plane.

• Retraction - movement of a

protracted part back to the

anatomical position.



• Inversion - movement of the solesmedially at the intertarsal joints so that they face away from each other.

• Eversion - movement of the soleslaterally at the intertarsal joints so that they face away from each other.

• Dorsiflexion - bending of the foot at the ankle in the direction of the superior surface.

• Plantar flexion - bending of the foot at the ankle in the direction of the plantar surface.



• Supination - movement of the forearm

at the proximal and distal radioulnar

joints in which the palm is turned

anteriorly or superiorly.

• Pronation - movement of the forearm

at the proximal and distal radioulnar

joints in which the distal end of the

radius crosses over the distal end of

the ulna and the palm is turned

posteriorly or inferiorly.

• Opposition - movement of the thumb

at the carpometacarpal joint in which

the thumb moves across the palm to

touch the tips of the finger on the

same hand.

BIOH111 SN08 Lecture SkeletalSystem · PDF fileDescribe the types of bones within the body and...

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