Biogeography - slidescetus.ucsd.edu/sio133/PDF/Biogeography - slides.pdfMicrosoft PowerPoint -...
Transcript of Biogeography - slidescetus.ucsd.edu/sio133/PDF/Biogeography - slides.pdfMicrosoft PowerPoint -...
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Is the ocean homogenous?
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Tagging of Pacific predators (TOPP)
Yellow: femalesRed: males• Northern elephant
seal distribution:
– Pupping on beaches
– Foraging in open ocean
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Biogeography
• Determined by:
– Ecology: food availability, temperature
– Evolutionary biology: historical range
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Ocean zones
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Seasonal variability of ocean zones• Temperate region
– Wind important factor
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Seasonal variability: coastal upwellings
• California Current system
Bailey et al. 2010
Blue whale tracks
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Seasonal variability: coastal upwellings
• California Current system
Bailey et al. 2010 Block et al. 2011
Blue whale tracks
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Seasonal variability: polar region
• Light important
– Productivity high in summer
• Seasonal presence common
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Prey aggregation• Affected by oceanographic features: fronts,
eddies, ocean bottom
From Tynan et al. 1998
Blue whale catchesKrill concentration
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Species distribution
• Cosmopolitan species
– E.g. Killer whales (Orcinus orca)
From Hoelzel 2002
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Blue whale stocks
From McDonald et al. 2006
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Species distribution
• Anti-tropical distribution
– E.g.: Long-finned plot whales (Globicephala melas)
From Hoelzel 2002
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Anti-tropical distribution
From Hoelzel 2002
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Species distribution
• Pan-tropical species
– E.g. Spinner dolphins (Stenella longirostris)
From Hoelzel 2002
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Species distribution
• Circumpolar species
– E.g. Beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas)
From Hoelzel 2002
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Species distribution• Endemic species
– E.g. River dolphins
From Hoelzel 2002
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Migratory species
• Prey driven: Most rorquals
• Ice driven: polar species –e.g. beluga, narwhal, bowhead
Block et al. 2011
Month of year
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Temperature-defined distribution
• E.g. Short and long-finned pilot whales
Source: Duke University,OBIS-SEAMAP
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Gender-variable distribution
• E.g. Sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus)
Source: whaletrackers.com
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Coastal species• E.g. Porpoises
From Hoelzel 2002
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Plate tectonics & early records
From Berta et al. 2006
1 – early cetaceans2 – early sirenians
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Evolutionary biogeography: cetaceansGeologic events | Marine mammal events | Location
From Berta et al. 2006
Tethys
Southern hemisphere
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N Pac.
Arctic
N Atl.
Evolutionary biogeography: pinnipedsGeologic events | Marine mammal events | Location
From Berta et al. 2006
Walrus | Sea lion | Phocid
N Pac.
equator
S Pac.
N Pac.
Pan. seaway
N Atl.
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Origins of anti-tropical distribution?
From Hoelzel 2002
Globicephala melas