BIOGAS TO MAKE VEHICLE FUEL
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Transcript of BIOGAS TO MAKE VEHICLE FUEL
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By
Dr.VirendraK.Vijay
CentreforRuralDevelopment&TechnologyIndianInstituteofTechnology,Delhi
HauzKhas,NewDelhi,IndiaE
mail:
IITD
Purification and bottling technology for
biogas to make it vehicular Fuel andpossible collaboration with NUS
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Contents
Introduction
BiogaspotentialinIndia Biogasproductionfromdifferentwastes
StudiesonBiogasgenerationfromdeoiledseed
cakesfromJatrophaandPongamia
Biogaspurificationtechnologies
TechnologydevelopedatIITDelhi Studiesonmembranegasseparation
Collaborationbetween
NUS
and
IITD
conclusion
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Introduction
Go green toomuchofchemicalsandfossilfuels
Waste management and recycling green energya paradigm
shift
Biogasisanimportantrenewableenergyresource
It is produced by anaerobic digestion of bio wastes. You havematerialsaroundforbiogasproduction
Itisanenvironmentfriendly,clean,cheapandversatilefuel.
Biogas generally compriseof 5565%methane, 3545% carbon
dioxide,0.51.0%hydrogensulfideandtracesofwatervapour.
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Biogas like Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) cannot be liquefiedundernormaltemperatureandpressure.
Critical temperature required for liquefaction of methane is
82.1oCat4.71MPapressure, thereforeuseofbiogas is limitednearbythebiogasplant.
An estimate indicates that India has a potential of generating6.38X1010
m3
ofbiogas from980million tonesof cattledungproducedannually.
Theheatvalueofthisgasamountsto1.3X1012
MJ.Inaddition,350 million tones of manure would also produce along withbiogas.
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OrganicWastes&theirEstimatedAvailabilityinIndia
Sr.
No.Organic
Wastes
Estimated
Quantity
1. MunicipalSolidwaste 30milliontons/year
2. Municipalliquid
waste 12000
million
litres/day
3. Distillery(243units) 8057kilolitres/day
4. Pressmud 9milliontons/year
5. Food&fruitprocessingwastes 4.5milliontons/year
6. Willowdust 30000tons/year
7. Dairyindustrywaste 5060millionlitres/day
8. Paper&pulpindustrywaste(300mills) 1600m3/day
9. Tannery(2000units) 52500m3
wastewater/day
Source: MNES Report, Renewable Energy in India and business opportunities,
MNES. Govt. of India, New Delhi, 2001
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Biogasproductionprocess(Anaerobicdigestion)isamultiplestage
processinwhichthreemainstagesare:
Hydrolysis:
hydrolysisisoneofthemainsteps.Duringhydrolysis,the
complexinsolublesubstratemacromoleculesarehydrolysedinto
simplerandmoresolubleintermediatesbybacteria.
Acidogenesis:
Volatileacid
fermentation,
during
which
the
products
of
hydrolysisareconvertedintoorganicacidsthroughthe
biochemicalprocessesofacidogenesis(wheremonomersare
convertedtofattyacids)andacetogenesis (thefattyacidsare
convertedtoacetic
acid,
carbon
dioxide,
and
hydrogen)
Methanogenesis:
Methaneformation,duringwhichtheorganicacids
producedduringthefermentationstepareconvertedtomethane
andcarbondioxide.
BiogasProductionProcess
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Chemicalreactionsinvolvedinbiogasproduction:
C6
H12
O6
3CO2
+3CH4
CO2
+ 4H2
> CH4
+ 2H2
O
CH3
COOH
>CH4
+CO2
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Thequantity, rate and compositionofbiogas generated
dependson
Thenatureandconcentrationofthesubstrate, Feedrate
CNratio
pHvalue,
Bacterialpopulation,
Temperature
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Biogas
Production
Potential
from
different
Wastes
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Studies
on
Biomethanation
of
Jatropha
and
Pongamia
deoiled
seed
Cakes
A research work on biogas production from jatropha andpongamia deoiled cakes has been carried out at IIT Delhi
This was started due to availability of large amount of delioedseed cakes as by product of biodiesel programme
The experimental study was carried out under batch and continuous
feeding of nonedible deoiled seed cakes with the followingobjectives:
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11
Objectives:
1. To characterize the properties of jatropha andpongamia deoiled seed cakes as feed materials forbiomethanation.
2. To study the effect of process parameters onquality and quantity of biogas produced forselection of optimal process parameters.
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Setup for Batch Biomethanation Study
5 L Aspirator Bottle
[DIGESTER]5 L Aspirator Bottle
Filled With Water
Gas Contituents Analysis
(Biogas Analyzer)
Valve Valve
Valve
Cork Cork
Cork
Gas Volume Measurement
(Measuring Cylinder)
1212
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13
Experimental Setup used for Preliminary Batch Study1313
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Continuous Feeding Experimental Investigation on SelectedTreatments in Digester of 300 Litre Capacity
Structure of Mini Digester
1414
To Gas Flow Meter
and Gas Sampler
Slurry Level
Effluent Oulet
Influent Inlet
Valve
Partion Plate
Gas Holder
Guide Pipe to Support Gas Holder
Digester
Annular Ring for Supporting
Gas Holder
5 cm 5 cm
75 cm
72.5 cm
17.5 cm
61.5 cm 68.5cm
66.25 cm
PHASE-II
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F
A
B1 B
C
DD
30 30
15ThickPartionWall
C
entralGuideFrame
FlangePlates
30
15
7.523237.5
All dimensions in centimetres
10DiamterASB/CEMPipe
10DiamterASB/CE
MPipe
CCFoundation(1:3:6)
EarthFilling
Ground Level
Gas Holder Supporting Structure
Biogas plant (20 m3/d) capacity available at IIT Delhi forstudy on biomethanation of various substrates
1515
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1. Characterization of Jatropha and Pongamia deoiled Seed
Cakes:
16
Proximate Analysis
1. Moisture content
2. Oil content
3. Total solids
4. Volatile solids, and
5. Non-volatile solids content
Ultimate Analysis
6. Carbon
7. Hydrogen, and
8. Nitrogen
Manurial Value
9. Phosphorus and Potassium
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Feed material
Physiochemical properties
Moisture content
%
Oil content
%
Total solids
%Volatile solids %
Non-volatile
solids %
Cattle dung 81.6 (442.5 db) Nil 18.4 14.4 (78.8 db) 21.2
Jatropha oil seed cake 07.5 (8.1 db) 8.3 92.5 86.4 (93.0 db) 07.0
Pongamia oil seed cake 10.5 (11.7 db) 7.2 89.5 85.3 (94.8 db) 05.2
Ultimate Analysis and carbon-nitrogen ratio of feed materials
Sr. No.Feed material C (%) H (%) N (%) C/N ratio
1 Cattle Dung 35.20 4.60 1.55 22.7
2 Jatropha oil seed cake 48.80 6.20 3.85 12.7
3 Pongamia oil seed cake 47.80 6.50 5.50 8.7
1717
Sr. No.Feed material Phosphorus (%) Potassium (%)
1 Cattle Dung 0.69 1.66
2 Jatropha oil seed cake 2.09 1.68
3 Pongamia oil seed cake 1.00 1.00
Manurial values of feed materials
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Sl. No. Treatment Substrate concentration of the daily feedmaterial
Total solids Volatile solids
kg/d kg/d
Jatropha deoiled seed cake substrates
1 JC (4.0 DR,0 % CD) 9.25 8.64
Pongamia deoiled seed cake substrates
2 PC (3.5 DR,0 % CD) 8.95 8.53
1818
To study the effect of process parameters on quality and quantity of biogas
produced for selection of optimal process parameters
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24 h Soaked Pongamia deoiled Cakes
24 h Soaked Jatropha deoiled seed Cakes
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Biomethanation in Floating Drum Biogas Plant of 20 m3/d Capacity
2020
Biogas Plant Before Feeding
Biogas Plant After Feeding
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Orifice Diameter: 6 mm
Area: 28.27 mm
2
Gas Pressure: 100 mm of water
Gas Flow Rate: 2.38 L/minute
CH4: 65 %, CO2: 32 %
Orifice Diameter: 6 mm
Area: 28.27 mm2
Gas Pressure: 400 mm of water
Gas Flow Rate: 4.75 L/minute
CH4: 53 %, CO2: 43 %
A View of Flame on deoiled seed Cake Derived Biogas
A View of Flame on Cattle Dung Derived Biogas
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0.000.501.001.502.002.50
3.003.504.004.505.00
5.506.006.507.007.508.00
8.509.009.50
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
HRT, Days
B
iogasProdu
ctionm
3/d
25.0
26.0
27.0
28.029.0
30.0
31.0
32.033.0
34.0
35.0
36.037.0
38.0
39.0
40.0
Sub
strateTemp
erature,
C
Biogas Production
SubstrateTemperature
Pongamia deoiled seed CakeKC [3.5 DR, 0 % CD]
Range of ambient temperature variation 30.7 to 36.6 C
Daily Biogas Production
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23
Cumulative Biogas, Methane and
Carbon Dioxide Yield
0.010.020.030.0
40.050.060.070.080.090.0
100.0110.0120.0130.0140.0150.0160.0
170.0180.0190.0200.0210.0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
HRT, Days
YieldatSTP,m
3
Cumulative methane yield
Cumulative carbon dioxide yield
Cumulative biogas yield
2323
Jatropha deoiled seed CakeJC [4.0 DR, 0 % CD]
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24
Cumulative Biogas, Methane and
Carbon Dioxide Yield
2424
0.010.0
20.030.040.0
50.060.070.0
80.090.0
100.0
110.0120.0
130.0
140.0150.0160.0
170.0180.0190.0
200.0210.0220.0
230.0240.0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
HRT, Days
YieldatSTP,m
3
Cumulative Methane Yield
Cumulative Carbon Dioxide Yield
Cumulative Biogas Yield
Pongamia deoiled seed CakeKC [3.5 DR, 0 % CD]
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25
Specific Biogas Yield
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
HRT, Days
SpecificBiogasYield,
m3
Biogas/kg TS
Biogas/kg VS
2525
Jatropha Oil CakeJC [4.0 DR, 0 % CD]
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26
Specific Biogas Yield
2626
0.000
0.050
0.100
0.150
0.200
0.250
0.300
0.350
0.400
0.450
0.500
0.550
0.600
0.650
0.700
0.750
0.800
0.850
0.900
0.950
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
HRT, Days
SpecificB
iogasYield,m
3
Biogas/kg TS
Biogas/kg VS
Pongamia deoiled seed CakeKC [3.5 DR, 0 % CD]
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UtilizationofBiogas
Cooking:
Biogas canbeused in a speciallydesignedburner for
cooking purpose. A biogas plant of 2 cubic metres capacity is
sufficient forproviding cooking fuelneedsof a familyof about
fivepersons.
Lighting:
Biogasisusedinsilkmantlelampsforlightingpurpose.
Therequirementofgasforpoweringa100candlelamp(60W)is
0.13cubicmetreperhour.
Power Generation: Biogas can be used to operate a dual fuel
engine to replaceup to80%ofdieseloil.Diesel engineshave
been modified to run 100 per cent on biogas. Petrol and CNG
enginescanalsobemodifiedeasilytousebiogas.
Transport Fuel: After removal of CO2
, H2
S and water vapour,
biogascanbeconvertedtonaturalgasqualityforuseinvehicles.
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4million family sizebiogas plants have been installed in Indiaagainst the potential of 12 million to substitute petroleum,
kerosene and direct burning of biomass used for cooking and
homelighting.
Manyprojects forenergy recovery frommunicipalsolidwastes
withanaggregatecapacityof17.6MWhavealsobeensetupat
Hyderabad,Vijaywadaand otherplacesinIndia.
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Other urban waste projects include a 1 MW project based oncattle dung at Haebowal, Ludhiana; a 0.50 MW project for
generationofpower frombiogas at sewage treatmentplant at
Surat, Gujarat; and a 150 kW plant for vegetable market and
slaughterhousewasteatVijaywada.
Besides,wastetoenergyprojectswithanaggregatecapacityof
about30MWfromavarietyofindustrialwastesalsobeensetup
inIndia.
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Somebigprojects on
Biogas inIndia:
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1.89 MW Power Generation Project Based on Biogas Produced
from Starch Industry Liquid Waste Through 100% Biogas
Engines
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12,000m3
Biogasperdaybiomethanationprojectfrom
StarchIndustryLiquidWasteinSalem,Tamilnadu
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8.25MW biogas based power project in a distillery at
Banur,Dist.Patiala,Punjab
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NeedfortheBiogasPurificationandBottling
Potentialofbiogasisnotfullyutilizedandcommercializedsofar.
For commercialization, its area of applicationmaywiden; fromcookingfueltovehiclefuel.
Foruse
asavehicle
fuel,
itshould
be
bottled
like
CNG.
Beforebottling, itshouldenriched inmethanecontent from55%to95%;similartoCNG.
CO & H S R l P f Bi
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CO2
&H2
SRemovalProcessesfromBiogas:
S.
No. Method Advantages Disadvantages
1.Absorption in
Water
One of the easy and cheap method for
CO2 removal. Recommended for
rural application.
Water pumping load is high.
CO2 can not be recovered
2.Absorption by
Chemicals
The chemical absorbents are moreefficient in low pressure and can
remove CO2 to low partial pressures
in treated gas.
Regeneration of the solvent requires arelatively high energy input. Disposal of
by-product formed due to chemical
reactions is a problem.
3.PressureSwing
Adsorption
By proper choice of the adsorbent,this process can remove CO2, H2S,
moisture and other impurities.
Adsorption is accomplished at high
temperature and pressure. Regeneration is
carried out by vacuum. It is a costly
process.
4.
Membrane
Separation
Modular in nature and separate CO2
and CH4 effectively.
Suitable to Small capacity, cost is high.
Also life of membranes is less.
5.Cryogenic
Separation
Allows recovery of pure component
in the form of liquid, which can be
transported conveniently
High cost involved makes it impractical
for Biogas applications.
6.Chemical
Conversion
Extremely high purity in the product
gas.
Process is extremely expensive and is not
warranted in most Biogas applications.
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Refining
andCompressionofBiogas
Purification iscarriedouttoenrich biogasbyscrubbingofftheunwanted components i.e. carbon dioxide (CO2
) and hydrogen
sulfide(H2
S).
It is essential to have more energy per unit volume ofcompressedbiogasandtogetridofthecorrosiveeffectofH
2
S.
Various purification processes include absorption into water,absorption by chemical, pressure swing adsorption and
membraneseparation.
Oneofthesimple andcheapmethod istheuseofpressurized
waterasanabsorbentliquid.
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DesignofWaterScrubbingSystem
Waterscrubbingmethodisfoundmostsuitablefor
biogas enrichment in India due to economy and
scale
Waterisgood
solvent
for
CO2
.
The solubility of CO2
in water is governed by
variationinpressuresandtemperatures.
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Raw biogas iscompressedupto1.0MPapressuretoenhancesolubilityofCO2
inwater.
Pressurizedbiogasissentintobottomsectionof thescrubber.
Packing material is used to enhance the contact time(interfacialarea)betweengasandwater.
Pressurizedwater issprayed from top toabsorb theCO2
frompressurizedbiogas.
SystemOperation
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Compression
unit
:
Multistage
compressor
:compression
ofmethane
enriched
biogasat20MPaPressureincylinder.
Filters:
formoistureremoval.
Cylinders:Highpressure,seamless,steelcylindersthatarealreadyinbeingusedforCNGapplication.
Pipefittingsandaccessories:G.I.
Process flow chart of biogas enrichment and compression system
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Biogas Digester
Single StageCompressor
Gas Storage Pressure
Vessel
Moisture RemovalBiogas (CH4 CO2)
Biogas
Scrubber
Dissolved CO2in Water
Flow MeterPump
Water Tank
Gas Storage Pressure
Vessel
Moisture Filters
Pressure Reducers
Three Stage Gas
Compressor
High Pressure Cylinders for
Storage of Enriched Gas
Water
Enriched Biogas
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BiogasEnrichmentandBottlingSystem
11
Fig.1: Experimental setup for biogas purification and bottling
5
1
3
2
4
6 7
1-Biogas plant
2-Ball valve
3-Water remover
4-Receiver mounted compressor
5-Pressure gauge
6-Gas Storage Vessel
7-Rotameter8-Supporting stand
9-Reshching rings
10-Scrubber
11-Safety valve
12-Water sprayer
13-Flange
14-View glass
15-Water outlet
16-Water pump
17-Gas filter18-Pressure reducer
19-Three stage gas compressor
20-CNG Cylinder10
9
12
8
15
16
19
18
13
17
14
NOT TO SCALE
20
Pilot level field Case Study of Biogas as
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PilotlevelfieldCaseStudyofBiogasas
AutomotiveFuel
Rajasthan Go Sewa Sangh, Durgapura, Rajasthan, India
Plant started in 2007 and has been running
successfully. A three wheeler runs on biogasdaily about 100 km. and approximate 3 kg
compressed enriched biogas is required.
(First in India)
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Biogas Enrichment and Bottling plant at Durgapura Jaipur
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AutomotiveCarandthreewheelerRunningonEnriched
Biogas
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ExperimentonMembraneforbiogas
enrichment:Enrichment of CH4
in raw biogas by using hollow
fible membrane module at different operationalconditionbyvarying
I.
Feed
gas
flow
rate
II.
Gas
pressureIII.
Water
flow
rate
IV.
Absorbent
medium
(water,
Aq.
KOH
solution,
Aq,
Monoethanolamine
solution)
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Workinprogress
Enrichmentstudyisinprogressunderthe
flowingconditions:Gasflowrate:2LPM
Waterflowrate:10 30LPM
Gaspressure:30 70psi
Water
pressure
:40
80
psi
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N Needle Valve
R RotameterP Pressure gauge
AMT membrane module
P
P
R
P
P
P
R
N
Pump
P
Water Tank
N
Valve
Valve
Recycle Line
Inlet
Outlet
PressureAdjuster
Raw
Biogas
SchematicdiagramofExperimentalsetup
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Experimentalsetupformembranemodule
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RESULTS:
RawBiogascomposition:5964%methane,35
40%Carbondioxide,EnrichedBiogasfromMembrane:85 88mole
percentageofmethaneobservedat
70psigaspressure
80psiwaterpressure
2LPM(at80psi)gasflowrate
30LPMwaterflowrate
Possible Collaborative work with
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PossibleCollaborativeworkwith
NUS Developmentofsuitablenanofibrousmaterialsand
membranesforBiogasenrichment
JointresearchoncleanenergysourcesforCDM
JointReviewpaper/commentaryonrenewable
energysources(Bioenergy)inAsianregion
tobepublishedintheNature
Student&facultyexchange forresearchwork
CollaborativeworkonenergysecurityinAsianregion
usingrenewableenergy
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Conclusions
Biogas is a potential renewable energy source for India and other
countries for energy security and capturing carbon emission
There is need to develop a sustainable renewable energy program on
biogas technology for replacing petroleum products by enriched biogas.
Biogas system can work as a decentralize source of gas supply for
automobiles and power generation for different kinds of bio wastesavailable in the vicinity.
There is great possibility of joint research and collaboration between IIT
Delhi and NUS.
The two leading universities in Asian region should join hands together on
development of green energy sources for energy security in the region
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