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Biomass Energy Development 1
Biofuels:
Opportunities and Constraints
To Community Energy Generation Briefing Paper Three of
Black, Brown and Green
65 Broadway, Suite 1800, New York NY 10006 | (212) 248-2785 www.centerforsocialinclusion.org
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE
For more information, contact:
Mr. Denis Rhoden Jr. M.B.A, AICP The Center for Social Inclusion New York, NY 10006 [email protected] 646.442.1457
Ms. Jeanne Baron The Center for Social Inclusion New York, NY 10006 [email protected] 646.442.1454
October 2009
Biofuel Energy Development 2
Table of Contents Renewable Energy is Black Brown and Green ............................................................................. 3
Technology Prospects .................................................................................................................. 5
Why Distributed Generation Works for Communities ................................................................ 6
Biofuels as a Distributed Generation Source ............................................................................... 8
Opportunities ............................................................................................................................. 10
How Policy can Help Communities ............................................................................................ 11
Suitability ................................................................................................................................... 12
Entry Risks .................................................................................................................................. 13
Build Out Costs ........................................................................................................................... 15
Hurdles ....................................................................................................................................... 16
Longer Term Look Ahead ........................................................................................................... 18
Biofuel Energy Development 3
Renewable Energy is Black Brown and Green Black, Brown and Green, a program of the Center for Social Inclusion, explores the
economic opportunities and hurdles facing green business models serving
communities of color. Black Brown and Green will offer resources to help
communities and companies identify their needs and develop a strategy to enter
the Green Energy Sector.
Policy makers, investors and stake holders need a firm grasp of business structures that
protect community control. They also need strategies for raising the right type and levels of
capital, and knowledge of accessible technology. Promoting control and ownership of the
green energy supply by communities of color enables these communities to share in the
tremendous economic potential of the green energy market and adds depth to the broader
economy.
Businesses and communities must lay a foundation for success, one that expands and
strengthens individual and community prospects today. The third paper in our series,
Biofuels: Opportunities and Constraints To Community Energy Generation, explores the
environmental, economics, technology and policies shaping the process of converting crops
and waste feedstock into energy. The briefing paper examines outlines the forces enabling
community commercialization as well as the hurdles to participation in the biofuels segment
of the Green Energy sector.
About CSI The Center for Social Inclusion is a national policy advocacy organization with the goal of
building opportunity for all by dismantling structural racism. We perform applied research,
conduct trainings, support the development of multi-racial alliances and networks, and
develop transformative policy models.
Policy makers,
investors and stake
holders need a firm
grasp of business
structures that protect
community control
Biofuel Energy Development 4
Environmental Overview What is biofuel? The most common biofuels are ethanol and biodiesel. Biodiesel is
manufactured from plant oils (soybean oil, cottonseed oil, canola oil), recycled cooking
greases or oils (e.g., yellow grease), or animal fats (beef tallow, pork lard). Biofuel energy
derived as ethanol is primarily made from corn (in the United States). Biofuels offer the
following environmental advantages: 1
It is renewable.
It is energy efficient.
It displaces petroleum-derived diesel fuel.
It can reduce global warming gas emissions.
It can reduce tailpipe emissions, including air toxics.
It is nontoxic, biodegradable, and suitable for sensitive environments.
Replacing fossil fuels with biofuels can result in a much cleaner fuel supply chain and a better
protected environment. For instance, biofuels based on soybean oil as the raw material, also
known as a feedstock, produces 71% fewer life-cycle emissions per gallon compared to a
gallon of petroleum diesel. When the indirect land impacts are included, soybean-based
biodiesel would reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 34 percent%.2
Using animal fats and recycled greases instead of agricultural crops results in greater GHG
reductions than crop feedstocks, such as soy, because energy inputs (e.g., fertilizers and
farming equipment) are not directly needed to grow feedstock. They also have the added
benefit of recycling waste products. Feedstocks used in biodiesel production vary by region.
Canola oil is generally used in Europe, soy oil in North and Latin America and palm oil in
Southeast Asia. Biodiesel can also be produced from numerous other feedstocks including
1 National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Biodiesel Use and Handling Guide 4
th Edition 2009
2 California Air Resources Board (CARB). “Detailed California-Modified GREET Pathway for Biodiesel (Esterified
Soyoil) from Midwest Soybeans,” 2008.
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vegetable oils, tallow and animal fats, restaurant waste (“yellow grease”), and restaurant trap
grease (“brown grease”).
Biofuels can be categorized in three major groups:
Conventional (Primarily ethanol and biodiesel)–Conventional fuels are produced from
mature technologies with decades of commercial production history in the US, Brazil,
and Europe. Biodiesel production is small–and growing–and located in Europe.
Renewable diesel–Produced by hydrotreating vegetable oil or animal fat within a
conventional refinery. Renewable diesel is chemically distinct from conventional
biodiesel. Neste Oy, Petrobas, ConocoPhillips, BP, and Eni are in the process of
developing this technology for commercial production.
Next generation–Biobutanol (more energy dense ethanol substitute that can work in
today’s gasoline powered engines), cellulosic ethanol produced from non-edible plant
feedstock, and synthetic diesel produced from biomass. Large scale Federal and
venture capital investment is fueling innovation in this group.
Technology Prospects In comparison to technology used to generate fuel from other renewable energy sources the
technology used to produce biodiesel is relatively simple and well-developed. To produce
biodiesel the feedstock is chemically treated in a process called transesterification (see
graphic on page 6), in which the oils or fats are combined with an alcohol (usually methanol)
and a catalyst to produce fatty acid methyl esters. Virtually all biofuels produced today are
based upon conventional, mature technology.
Biodiesel is similar to conventional petroleum-based diesel fuel and can be used in
compression-ignition (CI) engines with little to no modification. While it can be used alone as
pure biodiesel (“B100”), it is often blended with petroleum-based diesel fuel.
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Why Distributed Generation Works for Communities Today’s energy supply is often generated in large facilities and flows in one direction, from
central power stations to transmission and distribution facilities and then to consumers (see
graphic on page 7). Changes in technology, consumer preferences and recently regulation are
changing this structure. Distributed generation is a well developed cooperative concept, but
in energy terms, it refers to the option for energy consumers to use and sell the energy they
generate to other consumers. This approach to harnessing and distributing energy from many
small energy sources is fueling new market opportunities and enhanced industrial
competitiveness.3 This model raises an exciting question, “how can consumers also act as fuel
producers? “ There is more than one answer to this question, and each raises the prospect of
new economic relationships that have the potential to bring structural changes that improve
infrastructure and increase wealth and political capital controlled by communities of color.
3 European Union, Energy Research
Source: NREL, Biodiesel Use and Handling Guide 2009
Biofuel Energy Development 7
At the community level distributed generation is
stimulating policy and investment resulting in new
direct and indirect roles for communities to preserve
and increase their social equity, environmental
quality, energy independence and wealth. For
instance, shorter travel distances from supplier to
consumer mean greater efficiency. This would save
an estimated 30% on electric bills4 Distributed
generation requires fewer large centralized plants to
provide energy and reduces the number of power
lines constructed.5 Fewer plants and power lines
means more land can be freed up for other uses. In
addition, over time the costs are lower. In a recent
article published by VentureBeat, the CEO of EcoVolve said “a distributed energy system has
the advantages of being more efficient, low maintenance, less carbon-intensive and, most
importantly, cheaper.”6 Critically important from an ongoing cost perspective, distributed
generation “does not require an army of engineers” to achieve economic viability for a
generator of any scale.
4 European Union, Energy Research
5 Definition used in this report for the term Distributed Generation can be found on Wikipedia
6 Jacquot, Jeremy “Distributed energy is the future of renewable energy production, says Ecovolve” VentureBeat
October 2, 2009.
Source: European Union, Energy Research
Distributed generation provides new direct and indirect roles for
communities to preserve and increase social equity, environmental
quality, energy independence and wealth.
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The pros and cons of renewable generation at community scale versus centralized large scale
generation are: (see table)
Central versus Distributed Generation approach
Distributed System
Pro Con
Low transmission or distribution losses Can operate with or without transmission grid
connection and support micro-grid systems Reduce local energy portfolio risk by reducing
energy imports Expand business, technology and policy
innovations to communities globally
No accessible tools to promote greater individual responsibility Ownership of resources is unclear Lack of standards for quality and
cooperation
Central Systems Serving Community
Pro Con
Facilities and policy infrastructure are well understood by the industry Reliable supply and established monitoring
protocols Clearly defined industry participants
Transmission and distribution losses Dependence on imported fuels Environmental impact of GHG and other
pollutants Ongoing maintenance and upgrade
expense for transmission and distribution facilities.
Biofuels as a Distributed Generation Source Distributed generation favors biofuels because the feedstock is renewable, widely dispersed
(not concentrated n one area of the country), and, unlike wind and solar, it’s not dependent
on variable weather conditions. There is opportunity, especially in urban settings, to collect,
dispose and transport waste feedstock to biorefinery facilities).
Biofuel Energy Development 9
Infrastructure for both generation and refueling operations can be located in close proximity
to each other in rural and urban settings. A community can set up a series of refueling
stations which primarily consists of a large tank and dispenser, supported by local feedstock
collection and delivery systems. There are several small scale biodiesel operations across the
United States.
Case Examples
Organization: SFGreasecycle (San Francisco, CA)
SFGreasecycle was launched in San Francisco in November 2007. The program is operated out
of the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission’s (SFPCU) wastewater division. The SFPUC
collects used cooking grease from restaurants, schools and hotels at no charge. The cooking
grease is processed at a commercial waste oil transfer station located at a waste water
treatment plant. The grease is then sold at discount to four local biodiesel manufacturers who
pick it up at the transfer station. Currently, more than 500 restaurants participate in the
program. The initiative is helping fulfill the Mayor Newsom’s Biodiesel Directive. In addition,
the effort reduces the expense associated with dislodging fats and greases from city sewers.
Prior to the implementation of this program, the SFPUC spent $3.5 million on this annually.
SFGreasecycle also plans to develop a residential grease recycling program. The residential
program will include the establishment of grease collection sites within the city’s household
hazardous waste drop-off locations.
For more information visit: http://www.sfgreasecycle.org/
Organization: Piedmont Biofuels (Pittsboro, NC)
Piedmont Biofuels Cooperative (Piedmont) began in 2002 and is owned by its workers and
members. From its inception Piedmont Biofuels focused on small scale biodiesel production.
In 2005, Piedmont started making commercial-scale biodiesel by converting an abandoned
chemical plant to a production facility. It manufactures markets and sells biodiesel, mostly
Biofuel Energy Development 10
from used vegetable oil. The price of biodiesel for members fluctuates depending on
feedstock and manufacture cost. Commercial biodiesel that is EPA registered and ASTM
certified is available to co-op members either delivered in bulk or retailed at select locations.
A cost of a co-op share is currently $50 per year. In 2008 Piedmont Biofuels Cooperative had
over 550 members, and fuel revenue was approximately $50,000. Piedmont has also acted as
an advisor to many small producer coops to help them get “up and running.”
For more information visit: http://www.biofuels.coop/
Community Commercialization
Our analysis considers the technical risk and expertise required, the availability of turn-key
technology, environmental impact, financing models and competitive risk in our
measurement of suitability and entry risk. We have determined biofuel commercialization at
the community scale has a moderate suitability rating for communities and a moderate level
of entry risk to businesses interested in entering the segment.
Opportunities Ethanol and biodiesel are the two most common and thus easiest to implement on a
community-level.
o However, based on the lack of consumption and emission savings as well as
the current production overcapacity, it does not make sense for communities
to undertake ethanol production projects.
Community
Entry Risk: Moderate
Community
Suitability: Moderate
MODERATE
Biofuel Energy Development 11
Biodiesel production, especially using yellow and brown grease, represents the
greatest sustainable energy opportunity for community-level development within
the biofuel power segment.
Processed waste vegetable oil sells for approximately $1 per gallon.7 A community
could adapt existing infrastructure and relationships using private and public-private
approaches with solid waste agencies. Not only would the community benefit from
selling the grease, it would also reduce expenses associated with improper disposal of
grease.
Communities producing or purchasing biodiesel for municipal fleets will benefit from
increased demand for biofuels by this segment and lower transportation costs
because of the benefits of locally produced biodiesel. In addition, by replacing
conventional diesel fuel, the use of biodiesel can lower GHG emissions from the
transportation sector. Remember: the potential GHG reductions from switching to
biodiesel from petroleum-based diesel depend largely on the type of feedstock used
to produce the fuel (to date biodiesel provides greater GHG reduction potential
benefits than ethanol).
How Policy can Help Communities Communities do not just need technology but policies to give them a toehold in biofuels
generation. Businesses need reliable relationships to secure access to targeted raw materials.
Government can also provide long-term buying contracts and set price rates to provide
additional incentives for biofuel production. At the local level, land use, environmental and
zoning regulations will affect what kind of energy business will be viable. Communities will
need to work in partnership with environmental advocates and regulatory bodies.
Some opportunities created by existing polices are clear. At the local level, land use,
environmental and zoning regulations are an important consideration. In some localities, food
7 Feasibility Report: Small Scale Biodiesel Production; Illinois Waste Management and Research Center
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safety rules require quick disposal of waste feedstock. This important service can create
opportunities for allied businesses to supply a variety of feedstock to producers.
Suitability
The production of biodiesel from waste feedstock, such as grease from restaurants, is a fairly
mature and simple process that can reduce a community’s carbon footprint as well as reduce
the instances and expense of damage from improper disposal of waste grease. The greatest
opportunity in the biodiesel value chain is for the collection and refining of waste grease.
While biodiesel, especially produced from waste-feedstock, represents a real opportunity for
communities to reduce their carbon footprint, there are several factors that also need to be
considered before deciding to undertake such a project:
Economic issues–Incentives to produce biodiesel are directly linked to the price of oil.
In early 2009, several large biodiesel plants stopped producing fuel due to recent
decreases in the cost of oil. Some expect biodiesel production in 2009 to be lower
than production levels for 2008.
Land use–Biodiesel production directly and indirectly impacts land use. The clearing of
grassland or forests to plant biofuel crops is a direct land use change that can
adversely affect the GHG emissions due to the loss of a natural carbon sink. The
Rendering
•Collect from restuarants
•Central depositaries
Feedstock Transport
Biodiesel Production
Biodiesel Distribution
Customers
•Buying cooperatives
•B100: Mining, marine, national parks, sensitive environments
•B20: School buses, urban buses, government fleets
•B5-11: Incentive driven
•B2: Farm, state mandates, truck fleets, general use
Waste-Feedstock Biodiesel Value Chain
Biofuel Energy Development 13
practice of clearing peatland in Malaysia and Indonesia to produce palm oil for
biodiesel has particularly raised concerns. However, land use concerns are minimal for
waste-feedstock biodiesel production.
Impact on commodity prices and environmental resources–Biodiesel produced from
soy, palm, rapeseed, or sunflower oil competes with other agriculture uses for those
products, including food, feed, and timber. Increased demand for fuel production
leads to increased prices for the crop. This results in more land being diverted for
biofuel crop production. In addition to impacts on land use and agricultural prices,
biodiesel production can also affect water supply, habitat and ecosystems, and soil,
air, and water quality.
It is estimated that approximately 390 million gallons of biodiesel could be made from waste
feedstocks in the US: 150 million gallons from yellow grease and 240 million gallons from
animal fats. Of the 700 million gallons of biodiesel produced in 2008 in the United States,
about 60 percent was derived from soybean oil.8 Biodiesel production is currently centered in
the East and Mid-West regions. However production, especially using recycled oils, can be
located anywhere in the country. Waste-feedstock production would likely be easiest in urban
areas where centralized disposal locations would be convenient to access.
Entry Risks
Supplies of Raw Materials–Feedstock prices are often volatile, making the economics to
produce biofuels far from stable. Transmission and distribution activities add costs that may
make biofuels economically infeasible for some market participants. There’s some
speculation large commercial plants will see limited opportunity in the biofuel segment in its
present form. (Nevertheless, some big companies have begun making investments to collect,
transport and refine waste feedstock.) Volatility will deter large-scale centralized operations
from controlling supply until technology and consumption patterns alter these conditions. For
8 Weber, J. Alan. Feedstock Supplies for U.S. Biodiesel Production. MARC-IV Consulting, Inc., 2008.
Biofuel Energy Development 14
community-level entrants, these market dynamics provide a favorable shield from most forms
of entry by large scale competitors and offers several entry points into the growing biofuels
supply chain: collection, transport and small scale refining to name a few.
Infrastructure Investment–Unlike wind and solar power generation, producing biofuels has
higher ongoing generation costs such as physical asset maintenance, feedstock (grease, etc),
licensing expenses and the chemicals used to produce the fuel. Operating expenses include
the cost of feedstock, methanol, catalyst, labor, transportation, insurance, etc. The processing
cost per gallon of biodiesel, including the cost of materials, labor, energy, plant depreciation,
and interest is about $0.50 per gallon for a 5 million gallon per year plan. Working capital,
credit lines and debt financing for small scale biodiesel refining is generally limited during
normal economic cycles.
Adjacent industry entry–The infrastructure and cost structure required to produce biofuels is
quite similar to the existing fossil fuels industry and require scale to be commercially viable.
Large concerns such as ExxonMobil and British Petroleum have cautiously entered the
segment.
Recent Deal Activity by large scale adjacent threats9:
Exxon Mobil partners with Synthetic Genomics, in a deal estimated at $600 million for
research into photosynthetic methods of biofuel production
In 2008, Dow Chemical and Algenol Biofuels joined forces to study how algae can be
used to turn carbon dioxide into ethanol.
British Petroleum and Martek Biosciences, a company that converts algae into
microbial oils and biofuels, entered a partnership agreement valued at $10 million to
jointly develop fermentation technology.
9 Ricketts, Camille “BP gives nod to algae biofuels with $10M to Markek” VentureBeat October 22, 2009.
Biofuel Energy Development 15
Build Out Costs Biodiesel can be produced from soybean oil for $1.80 to $2.40 per gallon and from yellow
grease for $0.90 to $1.10 per gallon.10 The cost of producing biodiesel depends on a number
of factors, including the following:
Feedstock–The overall cost of biodiesel production depends mainly on the feedstock
used and its price. The prices of most feedstocks are subject to market fluctuations,
which can also make biodiesel production costs vary over time. Although the price of
conventional diesel is not a direct result of production costs, it provides a baseline to
compare the cost of biodiesel production. The appetite for biodiesel production is low
if the price of petroleum diesel is low.
o Feedstock accounts for seventy-five percent of operating expenses of biodiesel
produced from soybean oil.
o Waste feedstock biodiesel production (e.g., yellow or brown grease) expense
depends on the source and procurement method. In some places, feedstock
suppliers pay biodiesel processors to collect the waste, in others, the
processors pay the suppliers. In either case, biodiesel produced from waste
feedstocks is cheaper, although the overall supply of these feedstocks is
limited. Biodiesel from animal fat is currently the cheapest option for
producing biodiesel. It is also highly regulated and requires rapid disposal,
which puts downward pressure on overall supply (and higher prices) if
sufficient transport and processing is not in place.
Facility Capital Expenditures–The cost of building a biodiesel plant depends upon
capacity, location, design, and equipment cost, which varies by type of feedstock. It
10
National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Biomass Oil Analysis: Research Needs and Recommendations, NREL/TP-510-34796 June 2004.
Biofuel Energy Development 16
costs an estimated $1.00 per gallon of annual capacity to build a biodiesel plant with
economies of scale starting at 5M gallon capacity.11
Operating costs–Operating expenses include the cost of feedstock, methanol, catalyst,
labor, transportation, insurance, etc. The processing cost per gallon of biodiesel,
including the cost of materials, labor, energy, plant depreciation, and interest is about
$0.50 per gallon for a 5 million gallon per year plant. 12
Disposal/Sale of byproducts–The major byproduct of the biodiesel production, crude
glycerin, can be sold to the pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetics industries. This can
offset the per-gallon cost of production.
Hurdles
Here are hurdles communities must consider as biofuel operations enter and grow locally:
Community financial support from external sources–Attracting capital to the segment
is becoming increasingly costly and larger scale is not enough to overcome these
hurdles. A greater diversity of financial products must be offered that allow
communities to absorb costs later and at reasonable terms. This is feasible when
buyers provide long-term contracts that can be leveraged against physical assets in
competitive markets. For instance, the government’s increasing economic role in the
renewable energy market is not accessible to all businesses. Not-for-profit structures
(such as cooperatives) are more likely to receive debt financing to build coal-fired
power plants, than to receive grant dollars to support renewable energy generations
because government support of biofuel development often comes in the form of tax
credits. Non-tax paying entities are ineligible. In the for-profit community, overall
investor appetite for these credits may be curbed due to the broad economic
slowdown. 11
Economic Issues Related to Biofuels, written testimony for Senate Committee on Appropriations Subcommittee on Agriculture, Rural Development, and Related Agencies, Keith Collins, Chief Economist, USDA, 2006 12
Ibid.
Biofuel Energy Development 17
Financing Community Biofuel–a large-scale biodiesel production plant will cost millions
of dollars, but the expense of setting up a grease collection initiative is relatively small
and could likely be funded through the community’s waste water department or a
local, state, or federal grant. Such an initiative reduces the expense of grease-related
sewage backups. Those savings mean the upfront investment will be recouped within
two years. Founding a cooperative requires even less capital investment, with the
major expense being a method of storing the fuel. Charging a one-time membership
fee would likely cover capital costs. Funding from local, state, and federal agencies
may also be available.
Step by Step Guide: Waste Grease Collection Initiative
1) Set up agreements–encourage restaurants, schools, and hotels to allow free pick up of
used cooking grease. Have them sign an agreement, similar to the one found on the
Piedmont Biofuel Cooperative’s website. Often this means less maintenance on their part
and participation is in their interest. Provide partners with a separate container to collect
the grease so that is considered “yellow grease” rather than taking the grease from the
grease traps (considered “brown grease”). It is important to note that a trustworthy
relationship with the restaurant must be forged because disposing of anything other than
waste oil in the receptacle will ruin a batch of biodiesel and may violate government
regulations in some places.
2) Establish a system to pick up grease–partner with waste management officials to
determine the most efficient way to collect grease from locations – how often, what
route, which kind of transport vehicle, etc
3) Build a processing facility–the collected cooking oil will need to be heated, filtered, and
settle for a few days before the usable feedstock can be distilled. Most likely a series of
storage tanks will need to be employed.
Biofuel Energy Development 18
4) Set up vendor contracts with biodiesel producers–locate nearby biodiesel producers and
negotiate contracts to sell collected grease.
Step by Step Guide: Biodiesel Cooperative
1) Form a cooperative–interested community members develop a mission and goals for a
proposed co-op. Establish the scale of the pooled fueling needs, and create a member
contract with a schedule of dues.
2) Permits and location siting–work with local authorities from the start to determine what
permits will be needed for refueling stations and where to best locate them.
3) Secure supply of fuel–negotiate with biodiesel suppliers based on the forecasted need for
fuel. Local producers will likely be less expensive due to lower transportation costs. A co-
op can further reduce the cost of fuel by having mobile storage containers that can be
brought to the producer for refilling.
4) Purchase storage and lease site–there are a variety of options for storage at refueling
stations–mobile trailers, semi-permanent above ground tanks, below ground tanks (like
those at commercial gas stations), etc. Each has different advantages and implications on
the co-op’s business plan.
Longer Term Look Ahead By 2007, nearly 30% of all energy in the world was consumed by the transportation sector, a
figure that has been on the rise in the United States since 1960.13 The largest biodiesel
transportation fuel markets are government vehicles, urban bus fleets, farm equipment, and
school and heating.
Demand here and abroad for biodiesel has substantial room to grown. Assuming biodiesel
consumption will offset fossil fuel consumption in the transportation sector, consumption
13
Research and Innovative Technology Administration, Bureau of Transportation Statistics
Biofuel Energy Development 19
would need to increase over five hundred-fold to meet 2007 levels. At the global level, fuel
demand is projected to increase more rapidly in the transportation sector than in any other
over the next 25 years.14
To meet this incredible opportunity massive investments are underway to diversify biofuel
feedstock in order to meet future consumption demand. In labs across the world, scientists
are performing research that will result in next-generation biofuels based on non-edible plant
materials and farther into the future, utilize plants and microbes that convert sunlight directly
into gasoline and other premium products. To achieve these goals yet-undiscovered
technology will need to be leveraged. BP, DuPont, several start-ups as well as the US DOE
have conducted several demonstration projects of next generation biofuels, but none are
ready to be commercialized.
Resources http://www.pewclimate.org/technology/factsheet/biodiesel http://projectbiodiesel.net/biodiesel_in_use.html http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy06osti/40555.pdf http://www.biodiesel.org/ http://www.iea.org/Textbase/techno/essentials2.pdf http://www.girlmark.com/ http://www.epa.gov/region09/waste/biodiesel/funding.html http://www.oregon.gov/ENERGY/RENEW/Biomass/docs/BiodieselHandlingGuide.pdf
14
Energy Information Administration, International Energy Outlook 2009
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