Biofuel from Cellulosic Biomass - Kansas State Universitycse.ksu.edu/files/cse/Wang.pdf · Biofuel...
Transcript of Biofuel from Cellulosic Biomass - Kansas State Universitycse.ksu.edu/files/cse/Wang.pdf · Biofuel...
Donghai Wang, Ph.D.
Associate ProfessorBiological and Agricultural Engineering
Kansas State UniversityManhattan, KS 66506
Biofuel from Cellulosic Biomass
Kansas State University Bioenergy Symposium
April 27-28, 2011 Manhattan, KS
Contents
Current ethanol situation in the US
Challenges of cellulosic ethanol
Current research on cellulosic ethanol
Our ongoing research on cellulosic ethanol
Source: RFA
As 2/25/2010, US has 27 cellulosicethanol projects under developmentand construction (19 companies), butno cellulosic ethanol on market yet.
Current US ethanol production
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Production
Historic U.S. fuel Ethanol Production
Sorghum
~3.5%Corn
~96%
In 2010, US ethanol production reached 13.23 billions of gallons.
13.23 B Gal
DOE technical strategy (2005)
I. Research - energy crops, cost production, feedstock deconstruction, fermentation to ethanol and recovery
II. Technology development -enhance sugars, minimize lignin and inhibitors, improved enzymes, co-fermenation of C-5 and C-6,
III. System integration –creation of fully consolidated biorefinery systems and commercialization.
According the DOE road map, the production cost of cellulosic ethanol shouldbe at $1.07/gal by 2012.
Source: NREL
Challenges of cellulosic ethanol
Biomass quality- better composition and structures
Pretreatment- low cost and less Inhibitors
Enzymes- effective enzymes for both C6 and C5
Enzyme cost- 3 cents for corn and 30-50 cents for biomass
Capital cost- $1.25-1.5 for corn and $4.3-5.44 for biomass
Ethanol (%)- 14-20% for corn and 4-5% for biomass
Ethanol yield/ton- 100 gal for corn and 70-80 gal for biomass
Transportation cost- low for corn and high for biomass
Effect of treatment on chemical structure and composition
Treatments Increase surface area
Decrystalize cellulose
Remove hemicellulose
Remove lignin
Uncatalyst steam explosion Y Y
Liquid hot water Y ND Y
pH controlled hot water Y ND Y
Flow-liquid hot water Y ND Y Y
Dilute acid Y Y
Flow-through acid Y Y Y
Ammonia fiber explosion
Y Y Y Y
ARP (ammonia recycled percolation)
Y Y Y Y
Lime Y ND Y Y
Y-major effect, Y-minor effect, and ND-not determined.
Cellulosic biomass pretreatment
Mass balance: AFEX vs dilute acid
M. lau, C. Gunawan and B. Dale*. Biotechnology for Biofuels 2009, 2:30
Biomass hydrolysis and sugar yield
Sugar yield: AFEX vs dilute acid
M. lau, C. Gunawan and B. Dale*. Biotechnology for Biofuels 2009, 2:30
Cellulosic biomass pretreatment
Residual solids energy content: AFEX vs dilute acid
M. lau, C. Gunawan and B. Dale*. Biotechnology for Biofuels 2009, 2:30
Enzymes for ethanol Fermentation
Novozymes said its new Cellic® CTec2 enzymes enable the biofuel industry to produce cellulosic ethanol at a price below US $2.00 per gallon.
Genencor said its Accellerase® DUET product line will achieve higher sugar and biofuel yields, often at 3-fold lower dosing, and it is feedstock- and pretreatment-flexible.
Cellulose (%) Hemicellulose (%) Lignin (%) Soluble Sugar (%)
PS sorghum 35.7±0.8 19.8±0.8 11.7±0.3 17.5±0.5
Corn Stovera 36.1 – 40.8 26 – 35 17.2 – 21 NR
Switchgrassb 32 – 36.6 21.5 – 26.6 18.5 – 21.4 NR
Wheat strawc 37.1 – 48.6 23.2 – 31.7 18.2 – 19.2 NR
a Lloyd and Wyman 2005; Zeng 2007; Zhao et al. 2009; b Alizadeh et al. 2005; Suryawati et al. 2008; Xu et al. 2010; c Sun and Chen 2008; Zhu et al. 2006; NR: not reported.
Forage sorghum biomass
Sorghum biomass - PS sorghum grows primarily in semiarid and drier parts of the world
PS sorghum produces much more dry mass per acre (80 Mg ha-1, 65% MC) than corn
Significant amount of soluble sugar
Low lignin content
Bioconversion processing design
Acid Liquid
Wet mass
Washing solution
SSF
Ethanol
CO2
Residue
Sulfuric Acid
Pretreatment
Sorghum Biomass
Wash & DryPowder
<=2 mmGrind
Composition analysis
Structure Analysis
Sorghum biomass bioconversion process design
Pretreatment: 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 % dilute acid at 140 C for 30 min. SSF: Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (S.Cerevisiae) SHF : Separate hydrolysis and fermentation (E.Coli KO11) SSF: Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (E.Coli KO11)
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Cellulose hydrolysis efficiency
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Effect of fermentation time on SSF: (A) with constant temperature at 38 °C, and (B) with variable-temperature at 50°C for 6h enzymatic hydrolysis and 30°C for SSF.
Effect of fermentation temperature and buffer concentration on ethanol yield
38 C with 0.05 % buffer 50-30 C with 0.05 % buffer
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Effect of buffer concentrationon ethanol yield
Alkyl-sulfonic acid nanoparticles (AS)Perfluroalkyl-sulfonic acid nanoparticles (PFS)
Si
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CH2CH3 CH3CH2
CH3CH2 CH2CH3
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Acid-functionalized nanoparticles for
cellulose hydrolysis
Performance and reusability of acid-functionalized nanoparticles on cellobiose hydrolysis.
L. Pana et al. 2011
Recovery of acid-functionalized metal nanoparticles
Nanoparticles can be recovered and reused.
Leidy Peña Duque. Acid functionalized nanoparticles for hydrolysis of lignocellulosicfeedstocks. Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Kansas State University.