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Transcript of Bioethics 2 Historical Dev't
8/3/2019 Bioethics 2 Historical Dev't
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Historical Development ofHistorical Development of
BioethicsBioethics
Bioethics Bioethics R. Van Potter Oncologist R. Van Potter Oncologist
Article: Article: The Science of SurvivalThe Science of Survival19701970
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R. Van Potter (1971)R. Van Potter (1971)
Bioethics: Bridge to the FutureBioethics: Bridge to the Future
BioethicsBioethics asas aa sciencescience must must bebe thethe bridgebridgetoto thethe growinggrowing separationseparation betweenbetweenscientificscientific culture,culture, oror biologicalbiological facts,facts, andandthethe humanist humanist / / ethicalethical cultureculture..
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2020thth Century Invasion of MedicalCentury Invasion of Medical
TechnologyTechnology
What What cancan bebe donedone technicallytechnically shouldshould it it bebedonedone ethically?ethically?
Protect Protect thethe patient patient / / humanhuman personperson
EmergenceEmergence of of bioethicalbioethical principleprinciple:: freefreeandand informedinformed consent consent
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Highlights in the Development Highlights in the Development
19711971 KennedyKennedy InstituteInstitute of of EthicsEthics foundedfounded byby gynecologist gynecologist--geneticist geneticist Andre AndreHellegeyrsHellegeyrs withwith protestant protestant theologiantheologian PaulPaulRamseRamse whowho publishedpublished TheThe Patient Patient asasPersonPerson ((19701970))
PublicationPublication:: KennedyKennedy InstituteInstitute of of EthicsEthics
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More HighlightsMore Highlights
19691969 HastingsHastings CenterCenter inin NewNew York York bybyphilosopherphilosopher DanielDaniel CallahanCallahan andandpsychiatrist psychiatrist WillardWillard GaylinGaylin
PublicationPublication:: HastingsHastings CenterCenter Report Report
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PublicationsPublications
19781978 EncyclopediaEncyclopedia of of BioethicsBioethics editededited bybyWarrenWarren TT.. ReichReich
19791979 PrinciplesPrinciples of of BiomedicalBiomedical EthicsEthics bybyTomTom LL.. BeauchampBeauchamp andand JamesJames FF.. ChildressChildress
ThisThis isis thethe magnamagna cartacarta of of principlismprinciplism
ethicsethics of of virtuesvirtues ethicsethics of of caringcaring..
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Bioethics in USABioethics in USA
19821982 NationalNational CommissionCommission onon BioethicsBioethicsandand thenthen thethe InternatlInternatl Association Association of of
BioethicsBioethics
TwoTwo essentialessential bodiesbodies developeddeveloped:: HospitalHospitalBioethicsBioethics CommitteesCommittees andand researchresearch
BioethicsBioethics CommitteesCommittees
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Bioethics in the PhilippinesBioethics in the Philippines
19881988 SouthSouth East East Asian Asian CenterCenter forfor BioethicsBioethics(SEACB)(SEACB) InternatlInternatl FederationFederation of of CatholicCatholic
UniversitiesUniversities andand thethe USTUST..
19941994--20042004 Department Department of of BioethicsBioethicspublishedpublished ForumForum inin BioethicsBioethics andand inin 20052005
BioethicsBioethics NewsletterNewsletter becamebecame BioethicsBioethicsNotesNotes andand NewsNews
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II. Ethical NormsII. Ethical Norms
1. Christian Principle of Ethics1. Christian Principle of Ethics
1. Inviolability and Sacredness of Life1
. Inviolability and Sacredness of Life
2. Stewardship2. Stewardship
3. Totality3. Totality
4. Double Effect and Cooperation4. Double Effect and Cooperation
5. Proportionality5. Proportionality 2. Bioethical Principles2. Bioethical Principles
1. Beneficence1. Beneficence
2. Non2. Non--MaleficenceMaleficence
33.. RespectRespect forfor PersonPerson (Human(Human DignityDignity andand Autonomy Autonomy
4. Free and Informed Consent4. Free and Informed Consent
5. Justice5. Justice
3. Virtue of the Healthcare Professional3. Virtue of the Healthcare Professional
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Principle of LifePrinciple of Life
LifeLife isis seamlessseamless garment garment and,and, therefore,therefore, must must bebe respectedrespected andand protectedprotected fromfrom thethe moment moment of of conceptionconception toto itsits naturalnatural deathdeath.. Respect Respect
comescomes fromfrom thethe LatinLatin wordword respicererespicere (to(to looklookagain)again).. It It evokesevokes reverence,reverence, esteemesteem andandrecognitionrecognition.. WeWe respect respect thethe person,person, asas SenecaSenecastatedstated homohomo sacrasacra resres hominehomine (Epistuale,(Epistuale,19851985)).. TheThe psalmist psalmist exclaimed,exclaimed, You You havehave mademadememe littlelittle LessLess ThanThan aa GodGod..
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Principle of StewardshipPrinciple of Stewardship
GodGod isis thethe authorauthor of of lifelife;; manman isis thethe
custodiancustodian.. DominionDominion overover CreationCreationandand not not dominationdomination
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Principle of TotalityPrinciple of Totality
TheThe part part isis subordinatedsubordinated toto thethe
whole,whole, therefore,therefore, thethe wholewhole isis greatergreaterthanthan thethe sumsum of of itsits partsparts (numerical(numericalandand not not ontologicalontological parts)parts)..
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Principle of Double Effect Principle of Double Effect
An An actionaction inin whichwhich twotwo inevitableinevitable evilevileffectseffects willwill comecome out out..
TheThe object object (act (act itself)itself) must must bebe goodgood..
TheThe evilevil effect effect must must bebe secondarysecondary ororsimultaneoussimultaneous withwith thethe goodgood effect effect..
TheThe evilevil effect effect must must not not overweighoverweigh thetheconsequencesconsequences of of thethe goodgood effect effect..
ThereThere isis aa gravegrave reasonreason forfor actingacting..
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Principle of CooperationPrinciple of Cooperation
FormalFormal CooperationCooperationTheThe mastermindmastermind of of thethe act act (morally(morally bad)bad)..
ImmediateImmediate materialmaterial CooperationCooperation
WithWith Knowledge,Knowledge, contributedcontributed toto thetheperformanceperformance of of thethe act act (morally(morally bad)bad)..
MediateMediate MaterialMaterial CooperationCooperation
anan accompliceaccomplice but but indeliberatelyindeliberately ii..ee..,,indifferent indifferent asas toto thethe knowledgeknowledge of of thethecrimecrime (can(can bebe nonnon--immoralimmoral orlessorlessculpable)culpable)..
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ProportionalityProportionality
TheThe authorityauthority shouldshould taketake anyany actionaction
that that exceedsexceeds whichwhich isis necessarynecessary totoachieveachieve thethe goalgoal
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Bioethical PrincipleBioethical Principle
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Principle of BeneficencePrinciple of Beneficence
DoDo goodgood always,always, at at allall timestimes andand
placesplaces..
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PrinciplePrinciple of Nonof Non--MaleficenceMaleficence
If If youyou cannot cannot dodo good,good, then,then, dodo
not not dodo harmharm ((primumnocereprimumnocere))..
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Respect for PersonRespect for Person
PersonPerson must must bebe respectedrespected byby
whowho hehe isis andand not not what what hehe hashas.. It It takestakes prioritypriority of of thethe havehave;; of of beingbeing overover havinghaving..
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Principle of AutonomyPrinciple of Autonomy
EveryEvery personperson hashas thethe right right toto self self
privacyprivacy:: an an asylumasylum of of thethe soulsoul(St (St.. JohnJohn of of thethe Cross,Cross, 19941994))..
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Principle of JusticePrinciple of Justice
EqualEqual treatment treatment forfor equalequalcasescases..
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Principle of Informed Consent Principle of Informed Consent
InformInform thethe patient patient about about theirtheir statestateof of health,health, illness,illness, prognosisprognosis andandalternativealternative treatment treatment withwith itsitscorrespondingcorresponding consequenceconsequence includingincludingexpensesexpenses soso that that theythey maymay givegive freefreeassent assent toto aa particularparticular medicalmedicaltreatment treatment oror procedureprocedure..
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Principle of SolidarityPrinciple of Solidarity
LoveLove allall personperson membersmembers of of thethe humanhuman family,family, principallyprincipally thethemost most needyneedy AND AND poorpoor sectorssectors of of ouroursocietysociety..
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Principle of SubsidiarityPrinciple of Subsidiarity
LargerLarger bodiesbodies (state)(state) shouldshould not not interfereinterfere withwith what what smallersmaller cancan do,do, unlessunless neededneeded..