“Bioenergy and Biorenewable Potentials in...
Transcript of “Bioenergy and Biorenewable Potentials in...
“Bioenergy and Biorenewable Potentials in Indonesia”
Ngee Ann Polytechnic - Singapore, 23-25 March 2011
Bioenergy and Biorefinery Conference - Southeast Asia
The Department of Chemical EngineeringCenter for Research on Energy Policy (CREP)
INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI BANDUNG
Retno Gumilang Dewi
Presentation Outline
Background: Indonesian energy situation and roles of roles of bioenergy in energy supply-demand system
Latest development and future scenario of bioenergy in Indonesia− market potential, − resources potential, − technology development status, − business environment;
Policy issues of biofuel development in Indonesia;
Land use competition (bioenergy vs food and forestry);
Dynamic model of future Indonesian bioenergy development;
Findings and Strategy.
GOI has relalized the importance of reducing imported oil dependence main focus of energy sector is “supply security“
To full fill energy demand, Indonesia still relies on fossil energy. New-renewable is still low (4.5% or 44.55 mmboe in 2008).
Presidential Decree no.5/2006, in blue print of national energy management, has targeted that in 2025 share of energy mix: – new-renewable energi will increase to 17% – oil will decrease from 52 % to 20% – natural gas will increase 28 % to 30% – coal will increase from 15 % to 33%.
New–renewable energy target is bio-fuel 5%, geothermal 5% nuclear and other energy is 5%, and liquified coal is 2%.
Energy supply mix target is formulated regarding cost and resources potential (it is not ‘climate change’)
ENERGY SECURITY
Source: Data and Information Center, MEMR, 2009
Indonesian Energy Resource Potential, 2008
Fossil Energy ResourcesReserves Annual
ProductionR/P,
(Proven + Possible) year (*)
Oil 56.6 BBarels 8.2BBarels (**) 357 MBarels 23Natural Gas 334.5 TCF 170 TCF 2.7 TSCF 63Coal 104.8 Btons 18.8 Btons 229.2 Mtons 82Coal Bed Methane 453 TCF - - -(*) assuming no new discovery; (**) including Cepu Block
New and Renewable Energy Resources Installed Capacity
Hydro 75.670 MW 4.200 MW
Geothermal 27.510 MW 1.052 MW
Mini/Micro Hydro 500 MW 86,1 MW
Biomass 49.810 MW 445 MW
Solar Energy 4,80 kWh/m2/day 12,1 MW
Wind Energy 9.290 MW 1,1 MW Uranium (***) 3 GW for 11 years*) (e.q. 24,112 ton) 30 MW
***) Only at Kalan – West Kalimantan
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Million BOE
B iomassGeothermalHydropowerNatural GasOilC oal
Primary energy supply
Note: Growth : 3.3% per year; Biomass is used in rural household
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Million barrel
AMCC ommerceIndustryTransportHousehold
Oil Fuels Consumption
Notes:• Mostly used in transport• Household demand will
decrease significantly, substituted by LPG
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Million barrels
AvturDieselGasoline
Note: Other transport fuels (gas, electricity and other liquid fuels) are much smaller
Transportation fuels
Indonesian Position on ‘New’ Bioenergy and Biorenewable (The Latest Development and Future Scenario)
Bio-energy and bio-renewable in “general terms” have been developed and utilized in Indonesia. Palm oil waste and bagasse have long been used as energy
sources in crude palm oil and sugar cane mills; Wood pulp or rice stalk used as feed stock in paper mills.
Several new types of bio-energy and bio-renewable that currently receives “renewed interest” in Indonesia. In bioenergy, the latest hottest issue is the development of
biofuel (biodiesel, bioethanol, biooil, etc)Oleochemicals (CPO based) conversion to substitute petroleum
based chemicals and bioalcohol conversion to olefin are two examples of biorenewable (under consideration).
Bioenergy and Biorenewable in Indonesia
This discussion limited to bioenergy (biofuel)
The rationale of biofuels development
Developed countries :Energy supply security (resource scarcity)Greenhouse (CO2) gas emission abatement commitment
“climate change” consideration
Developing countries :Energy security (reducing oil import) Improving balance of payment Jobs creation Poverty alleviation Greenhouse (CO2) gas emission abatement
“climate change” consideration
Indonesia has changed from ‘oil exporter’ to ‘net oil importer’Country’s potential to supply biofuel feedstock is high; area for planting biofuel feedstock is available, agroclimate is appropriate for biofuel plantsBiofuel technology begin to be mastered by Indonesian Biofuel industry has potential to create large employment including farmers and therefore could function as one of the drivers of national economyBiofuel has high export potentialBiofuel is one of renewable energy that is developed to meet energy security and ‘non-binding commitment’ on climate change GOI committed:
- to reduce 26% of GHG emissions from the BaU in 2020 - further, to reduce 41% with international support.
The rationale of biofuels development in Indonesia
OIL BALANCE PROJECTION
Production Import
Source: National Energy Blueprint
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600.0
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Juta
SB
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Produksi-BAU Ekspor-BAU Impor-Skenario Gas & CoalImpor-BAU Impor-Skenario Efisiensi Produksi-Skenario FiskalEkspor-Skenario Fiskal
Export
BAU, exportEfficiency scenario
Gas & Coal scenarioIncentive scenario
BAU, prod
Incentive scenarioBAU, import
MM
BO
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WILMAR GROUP350,000ton/yr
BPPT300ton/yr
PTPN4&GANESHA4,000ton/yr
RAP1,650 ton/yr EAI
500 ton/yrSUMIASIH
40,000 ton/yr
ETERINDO120,000 ton/yr
TOTAL 520,000 kilo liters/year (April 2007)
Feedstock: CPO
Figure 2. Indonesian Biodiesel Production
Plan 2007-2011: additional 3.6 million ha (palm oil & jatropha)= 4 million kL/year
WILMAR GROUP350,000ton/yr
BPPT300ton/yr
PTPN4&GANESHA4,000ton/yr
RAP1,650 ton/yr EAI
500 ton/yrSUMIASIH
40,000 ton/yr
ETERINDO120,000 ton/yr
TOTAL 520,000 kilo liters/year (April 2007)
Feedstock: CPO
Figure 2. Indonesian Biodiesel Production
Plan 2007-2011: additional 3.6 million ha (palm oil & jatropha)= 4 million kL/year
Biodiesel (CPO base) in 2010: 3,1 million ton (~ 3,6 illion kilo liter); with CPO and first generation in 2050: 30 Mton ( 219 MMBOE) in 2050.
Needed: consistant government policy to develop second generation
BPPT LAMPUNG2500 kL/yr(cassava)
SUGAR GROUP70,000 kL/yr(sugarcane)
MOLINDORAYA10,000 kL/yr
TOTAL 82,500 kilo liters/year (April 2007)
Figure 3. Indonesian Bioethanol Production
Plan 2007-2010: additional 1.1 million ha (cassava and sugarcane)= 2 – 2.7 million kL/year
BPPT LAMPUNG2500 kL/yr(cassava)
SUGAR GROUP70,000 kL/yr(sugarcane)
MOLINDORAYA10,000 kL/yr
TOTAL 82,500 kilo liters/year (April 2007)
Figure 3. Indonesian Bioethanol Production
Plan 2007-2010: additional 1.1 million ha (cassava and sugarcane)= 2 – 2.7 million kL/year
Future develoment: 300 thousand Kliter (~ 1,8 MMBOE/year) molassesNeeded:1.other bioethanol sources (sugar cane, cassava, nipah, aren, sagu, etc2.second generation (biomasa/selulosic based and micro algae)
Final energy demand projection (BaU, climate 1, and climate 2 scenarios)
INDONESIAN ENERGY OUTLOOK 2010 – 2030
(MEMR, 2009)
Juta SBM
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500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
BaU
Iklim
Iklim
BaU
Iklim
Iklim
BaU
Iklim
Iklim
BaU
Iklim
Iklim
BaU
Iklim
Iklim
2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
BiofuelBiomassaListrikLPGGas BumiBatubaraBBM
MMBOE
BiofuelBiomassElectricityLPGNatural GasCoalOil
Primary energy supply projection
Biofuel share in 2030: BaU 1.8% (82 million KL); Climate-1 4.2% (166 million KL); Climate-2 4.8% (170 miliion KL)
(MEMR, 2009)
INDONESIAN ENERGY OUTLOOK 2010 – 2030
Energy Outlook 2010 – 2050 (National Energy Board, DEN): shows that the share of new-renewable energy will be 35% (17% bioenergy)
(MEMR, 2009)
INDONESIAN ENERGY OUTLOOK 2010 – 2030
GHG Emissions of Energy Sector
2020: climate 1 (17.7%) and climate 2 (27.6%)2025: climate 1 (20%) and climate 2 (31.3%)2030: climate 1 (21%) and climate 2 (36%)
Nett emission will increase 1.35 to 2.95 GtCO2e (2000-2020)
0.28 0.371.00
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2e) .
Peat EmissionWasteForestryAgricultureIndustryEnergy
1.35
1.76
2.95
2000 2005 20062020
National Appropriate Mitigation Action (NAMA)
Time
Emission under BAU
Unilateral NAMAs
Supported NAMAs
NAMAs for C-credit
Self financing but some part which is not interest of the country have to be supported
Rat
e of
em
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ons Implementation need private capital
or high investment – need TT, CB, investment support
Through market mechanism
2020
26%
41%
Non binding commitment
According to the latest development in the country, the types of biofuels to be developed in the country includes:-biodiesel to substitute petroleum-based diesel, -bioethanol to substitute petroleum-based gasoline, - biokerosene to substitute petroleum-based kerosene,-pure plant oil (PPO) to substitute diesel in power stations.
Government development target in 2025 for each fuel type: -biodiesel 10.22 million kL (kilo liters), -bioethanol 6.28 million kL, -biokerosene 4.07 million kL, -PPO 1.69 million kL.
National Biofuel Development Plan
Fuel 2005 - 2010 2011 - 2015 2016 - 2025
Biodiesel2.41 4.52 10.22
(10% of diesel) (15% of diesel) (20% of diesel)
Bioethanol1.48 2.78 6.28
(5% of gasoline) (10% of gasoline) (15% of gasoline)Biokerosene 1.0 1.8 4.07 Pure Plant Oil 0.4 0.74 1.69 Total Biofuel 5.29 9.84 22.26 (*)
Biofuel Development Targets
million kilo liters
+ export : 11 million KL
(*) 5% in national energy mix
Biofuel industry characteristic is different with that of petroleum-based fuel industry (large and efficient system); new regulatoryapproach is needed
Biofuel development require cross sectoral cooperation
The current market rule of biofuel is not supportive to the development of domestic biofuel market (there is subsidy for biofuel, but it is notsufficent for biofuel business profitable)
Unlike petroleum refineries, which is usualy large size per unit, biofuel production system in Indonesia will be much smaller in size per unit and distributed throughout the countries. Therefore, regional autonomy policy, regional government is also expected to play major role in biofuel development
Issues to be addressed
GOI policies were formulated in Presidential Instruction & Decree:1. Presidential Instruction No.1/2006 (January 2006):
Supply and Utilization Biofuels. Instruction ordered relevant ministries & regional government to support biofuel development program.
2. Presidential Decree No.10/2006 (July 2006): Establishment of National Team for Acceleration of Biofuel Development for Poverty Alleviation and Creation of Employment.
GOI issued strategic policies concerning biofuel development (January 2006).
The objective of these policies: •to reduce dependency on fossil fuels •to strengthen national energy security.
Biofuel Policies
• National Standard (SNI) for Biodiesel No. 04 –7182 –2006• National Standard (SNI) for Bioethanol No. DT27 –0001 –2006• Biodiesel Specification for Domestic Market - Director General for
Oil and Gas Decree No. 13483K/24/DJM/2006 • Income tax facility and accelerated amortization for investment
in specified business sector or areas (Government Regulation No.1/2007), where renewable is included in this category.
• Credit facility for bio-energy development and revitalization of plantation (Minister of Finance Decree No.117/PMK.06/2006)
• Credit facility for investment & working capital for activities that support efforts to achieve food &energy security, including biofuel development (Minister of Finance Decree No.79/PMK.05/2007).
Biofuel Policies (continued)
The subsequent regulations/policies supporting the biofuel development policy includes:
• Biofuel mandatory - Decree of Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources No.32/2008
Biofuel Policies (continued)
Regulation concerning supply, utilization and trade of biofuel and biofuel utilization obligation in transport, industry and power sectors. The obligation will be implemented in stages. For example biofuel obligation in transport is 1% in 2009 and increase up to 15% in 2025.
Latest policy: Biofuel price subsidy – the industry considers the subsidy is still too low and cannot make biofuel business profitable and attractive
Consequences:
Economy (jobs, export/import)
Food vs. Fuel
Environment (GHG, local, biodiversity)
Social
Sustainability
Biofuel development Reduce oil depencence(but it is not the only outcome)
Pro-con of biofuels development in Indonesia
GrowingVeg Oil
LandVeg OilExpansion
Food cropland
Productiv eVeg Oil
Landto productiv eland
exp time O
Food cropexpansion
Expected land expansion
Seedproduction
Veg oil landproductiv ity
time to matureForest
Ref ineriesCapacity
rendement
remov ingconstruction
norm oilexp time
biodieselproduction
~capacityutilisation
conv ertionconstant
remained
f eedstockav ailable Veg Oil
demand
VegetableOil
Stock
production consumption
NormalStock
Veg OilLand
expectedf eedstock
Total f eedstockav ailaible
productiontarget
f eedstockconsumption
Totalshare
Skenario
Veg Oildemand
Perceiv edShare
f eedstocksuf f iciency
umur ekonomis
Skenario
adj of share
Desiredshare
actualshare
adjustmenttime
conv ertionconstant
~
productiontarget base
desiredcapacity
plannedcapacity expansion
construction time
targetgrowth
IdleLand
f orestconv ertion
land conv ersion
Foodproductiv ity
FoodDemand
FoodProduction
f oodsuf f iciency
expectedf ood crop exp
Populationpop growth
growth
f ood exp time
f oodper capita
naturalproductiv ity
technologicalef f ect
conv rate
Suitable landf or Veg Oil
land f or f ood
Fixed f orest ~ef f landscarcity
land f or oil
land indexf ood oil
expectedoil land exp
~land av
ef f to f ood
norm f oodexp time
~land avef f to o
norm oilexp time
conv time
normconv t
~
bioethanolprod target
f oodto biothanol
bioetanolto rice rat
desiredarable
durationof suf f
init f orest
Food Supply
FOOD
LAND
BIODIESEL INDUSTRY
System Dynamics Model of Indonesian Biofuel Development
Seedproduction
Veg oil landproductiv ity
Ref ineriesCapacity
rendement
remov ingconstruction
biodieselproduction
~capacityutilisationconv ertion
constant
f eedstockav ailable Veg Oil
demand
VegetableOil
Stock
productionconsumption
NormalStock
Productiv eVeg Oil
Land
expectedf eedstock
Total f eedstockav ailaible
productiontarget
f eedstockconsumption
Totalshare
Skenario
Veg Oildemand
Perceiv edShare
f eedstocksuf f iciency
umur ekonomis
adj of share
Desiredshare
actualshare
adjustmenttime
conv ertionconstant
~
productiontarget base
desiredcapacity
plannedcapacity expansion
construction time
targetgrowth
BIODIESEL INDUSTRY
Biodiesel Industry Model
Skenario
Food cropland
Foodproductiv ity
FoodDemand
FoodProduction
f oodsuf f iciency
expectedf ood crop exp
Populationpop growth
growthf ood
per capita
naturalproductiv ity
technologicalef f ect
norm f oodexp time
~
bioethanolprod target
f oodto biothanol
bioetanolto rice rat
Food Supply
FOOD
Food sector model
GrowingVeg Oil
LandVeg Oil
Expansion
Food cropland
Productiv eVeg Oil
Landto productiv e
land
exp time O
Food cropexpansion
Expectedland expansion
time to matureForest
norm oilexp time
remained
Veg OilLand
~capacityutilisation
targetgrowth
expectedf ood crop exp
norm f oodexp time
IdleLand
f orestconv ertion
landconv ersion
f ood exp time
conv rate
Suitable landf or Veg Oil
land f or f ood
Fixed f orest ~ef f landscarcity
land f or oil
land indexf ood oil
expectedoil land exp
~land av
ef f to f ood
~land avef f to o
norm oilexp time
conv time
normconv t
desiredarable
durationof suf f
init f orest
LAND
Land utilization model
• Government’s biofuel production target in 2025 could be achieved, but with a consequence that there will be competition between land use for food and for fuel production; food production sector has to sacrifice (food demand has to be met with import).
• To minimize food vs fuel competition, Indonesia has to enhance R&D activities for improving the productivity of food production and biofuel production technologies
• To decrease demand in land use for biofuel production Indonesia has to begin developing technologies that is not land-demanding (second generation biofuel technology, from wastes). In addition, Indonesia has to begin consider the development of biofuel feedstock that is planted in water (micro algae)
Finding of the system dynamic model
Indonesia Biofuel Development Strategy
1. Develop investment and financing scheme for biofuel supply business
2. Develop pricing policy/mechanism (for feedstock to biofuel products) that is supportive to biofuel development.
3. Increase local content/component for biofuel development.4. Improve feedstock supply system & production infrastructure5. Establish biofuel market rule6. Accelerate land acquirement for biofuel feedstock production7. Increase the participation of regional government and
community in biofuel development8. Prioritize national biofuel supply security
• To prioritize investment for biofuel plant to parties that is ready with biofuel feedstock
• To encourage private sector to invest in biofuels (domestic or abroad)
• To establish special financing for biofuel feedstock development
1. Develop investment/financing scheme for biofuel supply business
2. Develop pricing policy/mechanism (for feedstock to biofuel products) that is supportive to biofuel development
Indonesia Biofuel Development Strategy
3. Increase local content/component for biofuel dev.• Capacity building to master biofuel technology• To encourage the use of domestic product in biofuel businesses
4. Improve feedstock supply system and production infrastructure
• Assign jatropha curcas, sugarcane, cassava, coconut and palm oil as the main plants for feedstock of biofuel and in the mean time search and develop other potential biofuel plants
• Ensure the availability of support systems of biofuel production including quality seeds, fertilizers and methanol
Indonesia Biofuel Development Strategy (continued)
• Establish quality standards of biofuel as “special fuel”• Establish simple procedures for biofuel quality testing• Establish simple regulation to include biofuel as part of existing
petrofuel market system• Assign standby buyer (off taker) for biofuel feedstock& product
5. Establish biofuel market rule
6. Accelerate land acquirement for biofuel feedstock production• To use idle land, critical land, and convertible production
forest (11 million ha).• To use inactive (idle) plantation land
Indonesia Biofuel Development Strategy (continued)
7. Increase the participation of regional government and community in biofuel development
• Facilitate the establishment of Nucleus-Plasma plantation scheme for biofuel plantation
• Develop business scheme that maximize added value to the community
• Include biofuel development in regional development budget
• Impose domestic market obligation or export tax for securing domestic biofuel supply while maintaining national and business interest considerations
8. Prioritize national biofuel supply security
Total area palm/coconut/cassava/sugarcane: 6.6 million hectares
Land Area Suitable for Palm Oil, Cassava, Sugarcane
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BIODIESEL
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Biorenewable (Bioenergy & Bioproduct)
Biorenewable ≡ biomass (organic compound generated from plant/animal, product/waste of agriculture, plantation, forestry)
Biofuel ≡ fuel made/derived from biomass; biofuel is part of bioenergy (including biomass-based electricity)
Among renewable energy resources, biomass is the only resource that can be converted in relatively direct way into fuels (to substitute petroleum fuels); other renewables (solar, wind, hydro, geotherrmal, etc) can only be converted to electricity [Soerawidjaja, 2008].
Biobased product ≡ materials/products derived from biomass (bioplastics, biosurfactant, oleochemical, bioalcohol based olefin (replace the petrochemical product), etc)