Biodiversity.ppt good one
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Transcript of Biodiversity.ppt good one
Biodiversity
16 June 2010 1Biodiversity.ppt
Biodiversity
16 June 2010 Biodiversity.ppt 2
• Variety of living things, number of kinds
• Ecological diversity– different habitats, niches,
species interactions• Species diversity
– different kinds of organisms, relationships among species
• Genetic diversity– different genes &
combinations of genes within populations
Benefits of Biodiversity
• Ecosystem functions• Ecosystem services
• Cleaning water,• Cleaning air,• Habitat & breeding
areas for wildlife, …• Aesthetic and
cultural benefits
16 June 2010 Biodiversity.ppt 3
Natural Resources• Vital economic natural resources– Renewable• Forests (plants, wildlife) • Soils • Fresh water (lakes, rivers)• Wildlife and fisheries• Rangeland
– Nonrenewable• Minerals • Fossil Fuels
16 June 2010 Biodiversity.ppt 4
Natural Resources
• Management of natural resources– Assure availability of
resources for the future– Three “philosophies”
• Maximum sustained yield• Ecosystem-based
management • Adaptive management
16 June 2010 Biodiversity.ppt 5
Benefits of Biodiversity• New food sources
– Grains, fruits, vegetables, meat, fish
16 June 2010 Biodiversity.ppt 6
Benefits of Biodiversity
• Medicines• Plants• Jellyfish & sea
anemones• Nudibranchs
• Marine slugs
16 June 2010 Biodiversity.ppt 7
Biodiversity• How much biodiversity
1.7—2.0 million speciesEstimates to 100 million
16 June 2010 Biodiversity.ppt 8
Biodiversity
16 June 2010 Biodiversity.ppt 9
• Where is the biodiversity– Everywhere
• Every continent and habitat has unique life forms
– Concentrated in the tropics• Panama: > 500 species of
breeding birds• Arctic: 50-100 species
– Dense concentrations
Threats to Biodiversity
• Extinction and population reductions– Hunting and overharvesting
• Tiger• Dodo• Whales• Sharks
– Habitat loss
16 June 2010 Biodiversity.ppt 10
Threats to Biodiversity
• Extinction and population reductions– Pollution– Climate change– Invasive species
16 June 2010 Biodiversity.ppt 11
Protecting Biodiversity
16 June 2010 Biodiversity.ppt 12
• How can we protect biodiversity– Stop overharvesting
• Sustainable yield• Hunting & fishing laws
(every state ?)– in developing nations ?
– Protect habitat • Refuges, parks, preserves
– Endangered Species Act
Protecting Biodiversity
• Refuges, parks, preserves– How big should refuges be?–Where should they be?–McArthur & Wilson “Theory of Island
Biogeography”• colonization rate• extinction rate (local)• predicts number of species
16 June 2010 Biodiversity.ppt 13
Protecting Biodiversity
16 June 2010 Biodiversity.ppt 14
• Effect of island size • Effect of island distance
Protecting Biodiversity
16 June 2010 Biodiversity.ppt 15
• McArthur & Wilson “Theory of Island Biogeography”– colonization rate– extinction rate (local)– predicts number of
species
Protecting Biodiversity
16 June 2010 Biodiversity.ppt 16
• Island Biogeography– Island size predicts number of species
Protecting Biodiversity
16 June 2010 Biodiversity.ppt 17
• Island Biogeography– Everyplace is an island– Habitat fragmentation
• Smaller fragments hold fewer species
Protecting Biodiversity• Endangered Species Act (1973)
– Goal to “recover” species so they no longer need protection under ESA– Implements U.S. participation in CITES
• “Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species”• Prohibits trade in listed species
– whole organisms– parts: skins, bones, teeth, flowers, leaves, etc.
• Other laws:– Marine Mammal Protection Act– Migratory Bird Treaty Act– Anadromous Fish Conservation Act– etc.
16 June 2010 Biodiversity.ppt 18
Protecting Biodiversity
16 June 2010 Biodiversity.ppt 19
• Endangered Species Act (1973)– Listing of “endangered” and
“threatened” species– Restricts development of
habitats– Captive breeding programs
• Release of captive bred stocks to enhance or recover wild populations.
• http://www.fws.gov/endangered/
Protecting Biodiversity
16 June 2010 Biodiversity.ppt 20
• Biodiversity “hotspots”– Protection of habitat