Biodiversity Support Program

Final Report

Submitted to

The Global Bureau, Environment Center, Office of Environment and Natural Resources of United States Agency for International Development

December 2001

i' USAID Project No. 936-5554 Cooperative Agreement No. DHR-A-00-88-00044-00

BSP ran from 1989 to 2001 as a consortium of World Wildlife Fund, The Nature ~ o n s e k a n c ~ and World Resources Institute, funded by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). BSP's mission was to promote conservation of the world's biological diversity and to maximize the impact of US. government resources directed toward international biodiversity conservation, believing that a healthy and secure living resource base is essential to meet the needs of present and future generations. Over its lifetime BSP received approximately $85 million through three cooperative agreements with USAID, including approximately $62 million through its main cooperative agreement (DHR-A-00-88-00044-00) with Global Bureau's Environment Center, Office of Environment and Natural Resources (GENVENR).

BSP operated within a rapidly evolving biodiversity conservation setting. During BSP's lifetime, the concept and importance of biodiversity have become much better understood in ever broadening circles. Biodiversity conservation approaches have evolved very significantly during this time, at both policy and field level. For the latter, in the late 1980s there was an increasing realization that biodiversity conservation could not be achieved through protected area networks alone, since much biodiversity occurred unprotected outside them. There followed a phase of integrated conservation and development projects (ICDPs), which helped to promote the involvement of neighboring communities in management of protected areas and adjacent zones, and improvement of neighborly relations.

However, it was soon realized that ICDPs alone were not a universal panacea as they were often relatively costly and still did not conserve biodiversity in many key areas of the broader landscape. In the 1990s many international conservation organizations moved towards broader landscape management on varying scales, including large-scale ecoregion and hotspot approaches. This was accompanied by a large amount of priority-setting activity in order to determine conservation priorities in these much larger areas.

During this evolution, the conservation sector increasingly realized that in order to succeed in broader landscape conservation, it cannot work in isolation. In parallel with the progression from protected areas to broader landscape management, community-based natural resource management (CBNRM) approaches were developing, and a large body of experience gained in different approaches. This work was extremely relevant in broader landscape conservation, for local-level conservation operations in areas of multiple land use. Local people's needs and motivations will ultihately determine whether of not biodiversity and natural resources are conserved in many tenure systems in developing countries.

As the world's human population grows and resource consumption expands, threats to biodiversity continue to increase, despite conservation efforts. In order to be effective in the broader landscape the conservation sector has to work with a wide range of other disciplines, including those that impact on biodiversity (e.g. agriculture, water, transport, mining, and energy). It has to be much more aware of current political, socid, economic and cultural influences, and to participate actively in local, national and international policy formulation.

With this background, BSP took a unique approach to promoting biodiversity conservation. It ,

did not work directly at site level, but worked through its consortium partners and many other partner organizations. It focused on identifying the most effective approaches to conservation, and built capacity in partners to apply them. Recognizing the need for partnerships to work in increasingly complex landscape situations, it acted as facilitator and brokered collaboration and coalitions. As a consortium that did not work directly at site level BSP had a fair degree of neutrality that enabled it to play a strong facilitation role, and also to undertake objective analytical work with partners.

When BSP started, biodiversity was not a focus of funding for USAID. Part of BSP's mission was to maximize the impact of U.S. government resources directed toward international biodiversity conservation. BSP worked closely with USAID staff in Global Bureau's Environment Center, Office of Environment and Natural Resources (GENVENR) and other Bureaus and Missions, collaborating in various activities and providing technical assistance and advice across a wide range of issues. The percentage of USAID's overall budget spent on biodiversity has significantly increased since 1990.

BSP'S ORGANIZATION, FUNCTIONS AND RESULTS

During BSP's lifetime it had four regional programs - Africa and Madagascar, Asia and the Pacific, Latin America and the Caribbean, and Eastern Europe. In addition, the Biodiversity Conservation Network worked in enterprise-based conservation in Asia and the Pacific under a separate cooperative agreement. To assist regional programs with both analysis and communication, BSP established two central, cross-cutting programs: Analysis and Adaptive Management, and Communication. Work of the programs is summarized on the BSP Web site (www.bsvonline.or~) and the attached CD ROM.

BSP carried out its mission through projects that combined conservation with social and economic development, promoting sustainable development through sound use of natural resources and biodiversity conservation. BSP had four main roles: analysis, neutral facilitation, capacity strengthening, and technical assistance. It partnered directly with well over 100 organizations in 65 countries, and awarded over 3000 gfants and contracts to researchers, practitioners and consultants.

Analysis of innovatbe and traditional approaches to conservation BSP undertook analysis of emerging issues, and tested both traditional and innovative approaches to biodiversity conservation, to determine the most effective practices for conservation in the broad landscape. It took risks trying innovative approaches to conservation, which would be more difficult for individual non-governmental organizations.,(NGOs) to do when working at site level. Through this approach BSP was able to learn constructively from failures as well as successes. Analytical topics were wide-ranging and cutting-edge, in light of the very varied challenges being faced by the conservation community in broad landscape approaches. They included health and conservation, sustainable agriculture, climate change, armed conflict and environment, transboundary management of natural resources, decentralization, effectiveness of coalitions, and adaptive management. Concepts, tools and

lessons learned from this work were communicated widely to key audiences. Results have helped conservation practitioners and policy makers think through their conservation approaches, seek new solutions, and helped them direct conservation efforts and funds more effectively.

Neutral facilitation BSP recognized that in order to achieve effective conservation in broad landscapes with multiple land uses, stakeholders and vested interests, a much greater degree of colIaboration and partnership was needed. It undertook neutral facilitation of processes involving multiple stakeholders, and catalyzed many partnerships and joint activities. BSP brought together organizations within the conservation sector, where their combined skills and comparative advantages could strengthen their conservation approaches. It catalyzed many biodiversity priority-setting activities by bringing biodiversity experts together. Links were forged across institutional sectors - NGOs, governments, communities, academics, donors, and private sector, to promote better collaboration and improved environmental governance. BSP also promoted collaboration across technical sectors, including sectors such as agriculture and humanitarian relief that impact on biodiversity, to try to reduce impacts.

Capacity strengthening BSP focused on building capacity of individuals and organizations to enhance biodiversity conservation. It did this in many different ways, including technical training programs, workshops, on-the-job-learning, mentoring, and networking. It built capacity in a wide range of partners and stakeholders including: indigenous peoples; natural resource and community project staff; NGO staff; protected area managers; government agency staff; scientists; and donors. It gave out 150 small grants to biodiversity researchers, helping to build their capacity and advance their careers in conservation - many have since gone on to hold influential positions in government agencies and NGOs. As well as technical skills BSP promoted organizational, interactive, and strategic planning skills, essential for many nascent NGOs.

Partners have developed and used these skills to change the way natural resources are used, by playing new or stronger roles, shaping more effective laws and policies, and building networks and relationships with other organizations, government authorities, and local communities. These changes in environmental governance have enhanced biodiversity conservation.

Technical assistance BSP provided technical assistance to a wide range of partners, including NGOs, governments, projects and donors.'~t had close partnerships wiih USAID staff, and provided much technical assistance, advice, and collaboration over the years. It helped USAID to access cutting-edge thinking and developments in natural resource management and biodiversity conservation, as different conservation approaches were developed for work in the broad landscape. BSP inputs helped USAID to determine some of its future biodiversitylnatural resource funding priorities, such as support for transboundary management of natural resources in south& Mica. Many USAID staff participated actively in a variety of BSP projects, forming valuable technical partnerships with BSP staff and others.

In addition to technical assistance, BSP's cooperative agreement was an important and effective mechanism for disbursing smaller amounts of USAID biodiversity funding to other partners within the conservation commu@ty.

Environmental governance Although environmental governance was not initially a major theme in BSP, many of BSP's projects concluded independently that good environmental governance is essential for biodiversity conservation. Several focused primarily or secondarily on democracy and governance issues: e.g. KEMALA; Central African Regional Program for the Environment (CARPE); Peoples, Forests and Reefs (PeFoR), and the Crimea project. During its final 18 months BSP increased its efforts to improve awareness and understanding of the importance of environmental governance in the conservation community, and catalyzed links between the conservation and democracy/governance sectors.

BSP'S OUTREACH AND LEGACY

Details of BSP's results are provided on BSP's Web site (www.BSPonline.org), and in annual performance monitoring reports to USAID. BSP has undertaken extensive outreach to share these concepts, lessons and tools.. Key audiences have been natural resource managers, biodiversity conservation practitioners and policy-makers in the developing world and elsewhere, in NGOs, community-based organizations, and governments. USAID and other donors have been an important audience for many results, as have academics. Some projects have focused on communicating with people working in disciplines other than conservation, including those whose sectors impact biodiversity negatively. Outreach has taken many forms, including presentations and participation in conferences, workshops and other forums; training sessions; study tours and exchange visits; informal meetings with practitioners and policymakers; Web sites and listservs; and publications.

BSP has produced approximately 100 publications, and many additional interim reports. Some publications are available in other languages (French, Spanish, Portuguese, Russian and Bahasa). Major findings and publications are listed in Appendix A under general subject headings.

The publications are a step in the process to promoting better biodiversity conservation through improved understanding and changed practices. Although not an end in themselves, they are a very visible part of BSP's legacy. In order to e n m e continued access to results after it closes, BSP has distributed hardcopy sets of its main publications to nearly 100 key libraries around the world. Most publications are posted on the Web site, which will be hosted on the WWF Web site until the end of 2006. The site remains accessible through BSP's URL www.bsuonline.org, and includes the KEMALA and BCN sites (the latter's URL continues as www.bcnet.or&. BSP has also prepared a CD ROM of its major publications and copies have been distributed widely (a copy is enclosed with this report).

BSP has encouraged other organizations to continue some of the promising lines of work '

emerging from BSP activities. Yayasan Kemala will continue the work of KEMALA in Indonesia. The Ban Udyam project will be continued by local partners with USAID @ding in

Nepal. CARPE will continue, with most former BSP activities covered by USAID and WWF. Work on adaptive management is being carried forward by Foundations of Success, a new oraanization created bv former BSP staff. Some of BSP's governance work is likely to continue in; WRI-WWF colladoration. The Africa Biodiversity ~oilaborative Group has s&ed to play an important role in promoting collaboration among US-based conservation NGOs with field activities in Africa. However, certain aspects of BSP's work are more difficult for individual organizations to take on. This is particularly true for the analysis of conservation approaches, which requires an impartial and broad-based approach involving several organizations. There is a continuing need for analytical work on emerging issues and approaches, to promote more effective conservation.

BSP would like to take this opportunity to thank USAID GIENVENR for supporting its main cooperative agreement, and to acknowledge with gratitude the funding support of GIENVENR and other USAID Bureaus, and Country and Regional Missions for BSP activities over the past 13 years. In addition, many USAID staff have collaborated with BSP in programmatic aspects in very productive partnership over the years, and made an important contribution to BSP's results. BSP also acknowledges the valuable support and contributions of its consortium partners, and many other partners and collaborators around the world. Finally, thanks are due to all BSP staff who developed and facilitated BSP's work.

Appendix A:

Making Conservation Work:

Approaches and Tools from the Biodiversity Support Program

Introduction:

The Biodiversity Support Program ran from 1989 to 2001. It undertook:

= analysis of emerging issues, and both traditional and innovative approaches to biodiversity conservation, and communication of results and lessons learned

= neutral facilitation of processes involving multiple stakeholders, and catalyzing of partnerships

= capacity strengthening of individuals and organizations technical assistance to partners including USAID.

Major BSP findings and publications are listed on the following pages under general subject headings.

1 General Biodiversity Conservation

What Does It Take To Make Conservation Work? 2000 BSP; Eng, Sp, Fr; 12 pp. This issue of BSP's "Lessons from the Field" series outlines five critical conditions for success in biodiversity conservation . .. and illustrates them at work on a project in Ukraine. BSP's Five Conditions are: 1) Clarity of conservation goals and objectives 2) Equitable and effective social processes and alliances for conservation 3) Appropriate incentives for biodiversity valuation and conservation 4) International, national, and local policies supportive of conservation 5) Sufficient awareness, knowledge, and capacity to conserve biodiversity.

African Biodiversity: Foundation for the Future. 1993 Africa and Madagascar; Eng, Fr; 149 pp

This publication outlines the need for biodiversity conservation strategies in Africa which include respect and incorporatation of African values, knowledge and priorities; involvement of local people in the management and use of biological resources; control or reversal of biodiversity loss regionwide, and treatment of biodiversity conservation and economic development as integral aspects of the sustainable development process.

2.1 General Priority-setting

Biodiversity in the Balance: Approaches to Setting Geographic Conservation Priorities. 1995 BSP; English; 116 pp.

rn This publication presents a review of various approaches to priority- setting in order to encourage individuals, organizations, and agencies

, , investing in conservation to analyze the assumptions behind their &*a - : decisions and to clarify, and perhaps revise, the reasons for their .&.."2.2

investments. There are 10 principles that can make the conservation

-...=&s__..._ -em- priority-setting exercise effective: 1) Link biodiversity priorities with clear

--, - conservation goals and objectives, 2) Use a replicable, transparent process to develop credible priorities, 3) Clarify local, national, and global biodiversity conservation priorities, 4) Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of relevant priority- setting schemes, 5) Make full use of relevant and available information 6) Involve those responsible for implementing conservation actions, 7) Involve communities and other stakeholders, 8) Consider how priorities fit in a policy and institutional context 9) Linking conservation priorities to other planning and policy processes, 10) Establish a process to revise or reassess priorities at regular intervals.

2.2 Regional Priority-setting A Regional Analysis of Geographic Priorities for Biodiversity Conservation in Latin America and the Caribbean. 1995 Latin America and the Caribbean; Eng; 116 pp.

This publication identifies geographic priorities for biodiversity conservation in Latin America and the Caribbean, using criteria including biological importance, threat, utility and sustainable feasibility.

Freshwater Biodiversity of Latin America and the Caribbean: A Conservation Assessment. 1999 Latin America and the Caribbean; English; 72 pp.

A report of a workshop on the Conservation of Freshwater Biodiversity in Latin America and the Caribbean held in Santa Cruz, Bolivia, September 27-30, 1995.

Setting Geographic Priorities for Marine Conservation in Latin America and the Caribbean. 1999 Latin America and the Caribbean; English; 125 pp.

This book, published by TNC with hnding from BSP, delineates nine marine biogeographic provinces for the Latin America and Caribbean region and ranks ecoregions within each province.

Priority Setting in Conservation: A New Approach for Crimea. 1999 Eastern Europe; Dual languag-EnglishAJkrainian; 178 pp.

This book is the result of a broad participatory process involving various sectors of Crimean society and the rest of Ukraine, as well as the Biodiversity Support Program. Many people shared their information, expertise, and experience to produce this document. The maps, with the exception of the Grishankov base map, resulted from the Crimean Conservation Needs Assessment project. All of the maps were produced by the Executive Directorate of the Uniform Republican Digital Temtorial Cadastre of the Crimean council of Ministers.

Bulgaria's Biological Diversity: conservation Status and Needs Assesment, Volume I and 11.1998 Eastern Europe; English; 839 pp.

This two-volume book contains 41 scientific papers and selected maps that summarize the current state of knowledge about Bulgaria's biological resources and their status; the papers were used to develop a national strategy for conserving Bulgaria's biodiversity.

Papua New Guinea Conservation Needs Assessment - Synopsis Report. 1993 Asia and the Pacific; English; 24 pp.

This synopsis provides an overview of the 1992 PNG CNA, which discussed the findings of scientific biodiversity assessments, finalized maps of terrestrial and marine biodiversity, and considered a range of recommendations for conservation initiatives

Biodiversity Conservation Prioritization Project in India. 2000, eds S. Singh, ARK Sastry, R Mehta, and V. Uppal This two-volume publication documents the results of the Biodiversity Conservation Prioritization Project in India. This project sought to prioritize sites, species and strategies, while taking into account that a large part of the crucial information necessary was only available through abstraction from the work and experience of scientists, professionals, activists and all local stakeholders In essence the project attempted to integrate biological concerns with socio-economic imperatives so that the resultant prioritisation was scientifically rigorous, socially just and operationally practical.

Linking Macro and Micro: Setting Conservation Priorities the BCPP Way. 2001. Asia and the Pacific. 11 pp. This publication details a broad-based participatory process that builds both capacity and momentum for conservation actions at the local, regional and national levels, arising from the Biodiversity Conservation Prioritization Project (BCPP) in India.

3 Regional Funding Analysis

Mapping Conservation Investments: An Assessment of Biodiversity Funding in Latin America and the Caribbean (iD6nde se Invierte en Biodiversidad? Una EvaluaciC del Financiamiento para la Biodiversidad en America Latina y el Caribe). 2000, dual language Spanish/English; 80 pp. This is a bilingual publication that examines the funding patterns for biodiversity in the LAC region to ascertain hnding gaps and to encourage greater donor communication and awareness. This funding assessment, the result of a three-year project implemented jointly with the World Bank and USAID, was based on survey results collected from major donor organizations - bilateral and multilateral institutions, government agencies, non-governmental organizations, foundations, major research institutions and environmental trust funds. The analysis is intended to be a first step toward greater communication among and between donors and implementers, leading toward more strategic and targeted investment in the LAC region.

4 Transboundary Management of Natural Resources BSP's Transboundary Project was designed to assess opportunities and constraints for TBNRM development in Sub-Saharan Africa, with a key focus on using collaborative natural resource management to enhance or maintain ecosystem hnction and biodiversity conservation in large-scale natural systems in transborder areas.

Based on analysis of existing transboundary activities and input from numerous experts, organizations and other stakeholders (communities, private sector, government) across sukaharan Africa, this publication highlights oppokunities, cons&nts and recommendations for TBNRM. It considers social, economic and political aspects as well as ecological ones. Major findings are presented in the form of guidance: key questions to be addressed before starting transboundary activities as well as during its implementation and the illustration of a continuum of increased intensity in collaboration All with the purpose to enhance or maintain ecosystem hnction and biodiversity conservation in large-scale natural systems in transboundary areas.

Five reports on the -

Study on The Development of Transboundary Natural Resource Management Areas In Southern Africa. 1999 Africa and Madagascar

listed below -

Highlights and Findings; English; 8 pp.

Destaques e Resultados; Portugese; 8 pp.

Global Review -Lessons Learned; English; 36 pp.

Community Perspectives; English; 45 pp.

Environmental C o n t e e English; 111 pp.

Main Report; English; 140 pp.

Srk Reports on-

Beyond Boundaries: Transboundary Natural Resource Management. 2001. Africa and Madagascar.

Listed Below:

Sub-Saharan Africa. English; 166 pp. Main Findings.

Sub-Saharan Africa. French. 184 pp.

Sub-Saharan Africa. Spanish.

Mountain Gorillas in the Virunga-Bwindi Region. English. 68 pp.

Eastern Africa. English. 195 pp.

West Africa. English. 135 pp.

West Africa. French. 135 pp.

'Central Africa. English. 198 pp.

Bibliography on TBNRM in Sub-Saharan Africa. English. 50 pp.

5 Environmental Governance Many of BSP's projects have covered environmental governance, either as a major objective (e.g. KEMALA in Indonesia), or less directly (e.g. CARPE). It became very clear to BSP through many different projects that good environmental governance is an essential requirement for conservation success BSP then began to catalyze greater collaboration between the environment and the democracy/governance sectors. Relevant materials are:

Greening Democracy and Governing the Environment. 2000; English Both environment (ENV) and democracy/governance @G) donor programs

-*m.+- ----- share a common interest in supporting changes in the rules of the game, in 7. promoting new roles for the under-represented, and in advancing new or

improved relationships among civil society organizations and between civil ? society and government This publication focuses on how USAID has

5% --=- achieved all three through innovative linkage programs around the world

Workshop Summary: "Greening Democracy & Governing the Environment: Managing for Cross-Sectoral Results". 2000 Asia and the Pacific; English; 9 pp.

To bring to light the synergies between environmental (ENV) and democracy-governance (DG) issues, BSP initiated a workshop entitled "Greening Democracy and Governing the Environment: Managing for Cross-Sectoral Results," held in Washington, DC. The three objectives of the workshop were to 1) increase awareness of the diverse opportunities to

create ENV-DG synergies, regardless of the activity scale and scope or level of management; 2) demonstrate how attention to ENV-DG synergies has led to better results for both ENV and DG sectors; and 3) provide an opportunity for dialogue about how to operationalize ENV-DG cross- sectoral programming.

Governance and Biodiversity: Weaving Resilience into the Web of Life. 1999 Asia and the Pacific; English; 15 pp.

This brochure highlights the KEMACA project in Indonesia as an example of effective, strategic linkages between the biodiversity and governance sectors; KEMALA supports coalitions to promote social and ecological resilience, strengthening the ability of communities and their natural resources to support future generations.

Indigenous Social Movements and Ecological Resilience: Lessons from the Dayak of Indonesia. 2000 Asia and the Pacific; English; 105 pp.

In this volume, Janis B. Alcorn, Director of BSP's Asia & Pacific Program and PeFoR, and Antoinette G. Royo, Senior Program OEcer at BSP- KEMALq join several Dayak activists to reflect on the progress of the indigenous peoples' social movement in Indonesia and its impact on ecological resilience. John Bamba, Stefanus Masiun, and Ita Natalia reflect on how NGOs mobilize country support for conservation.

Checks and Balances: Successful NRM2 Program Strategies for NGO Advocacy and Budget Support. An Indonesian Case-study

This publication looks at the opportunity costs and benefits of a donor agency working to strengthen the environmental NGO voice in civil society. Focusing specifically on USAID's second Natural Resource Management Plan for Indonesia, the case study explores the innovative mechanisms put in place by USAID to bolster NGO advocacy.

Indigenous Peoples & Biodiversity Governance: The Hundestad Reccomendations for Donor Best Practices. Asia and the Pacific. English and Spanish. 4 pp.

Through policy dialogue and direct assistance, donors seek to transform societies To achieve the goals of poverty alleviation, social development, and ecological sustainability, donors use policy dialogue and direct assistance to nurture good governance, opportunity, and empowerment. With globalization, people fiom diverse cultural backgrounds are seeking to bring their particular knowledge and locally adapted institutions to solve environmental problems. They are also bringing their ideas and experiences to contribute toward creation of new international standards -- standards that include social justice concerns, so that all peoples can benefit from globalization. To this end, donors are supporting civil society participation, rule of law and human rights, transparency, and other systemic governance reforms at local, national and international levels It is in this context that

donors most oRen address the special needs and strengths of Indigenous Peoples.

5.1 Decentralization

Shifting the Power: Decentralization and Biodiversity conservation. 2000; English; 53 PP.

This publication addresses the questions: How does decentralization of decision-making and management authority affect biodiversity conservation? Does decentralization put the power to freely manage natural resources in the hands of people living in most direct contact with these resources? Once empowered, do local stewards of natural resources take action that is supportive of conservation or is the tendency to exploit biodiversity excessively?

Who Should Be Making Decisions? 2000; English, Spanish, French; 8 pp. Across the world, institutions at many levels - from communities to central governments - are responsible for the management of natural resources. Many conservation professionals and organizations assume that a decentralized approach, in which the authority to manage natural resources resides in the hands of local people, is the best way to go. This is an assumption not fidly tested, and yet it is one that is critical to understand if we are to effectively achieve conservation. In one of our analytical studies, BSP explored decentralization across 6 case studies and published Shifting the Power: Decentralization and Biodiversity conservation. Based on this study, we looked across BSP's portfolio of projects to examine the results of decentralization processes to produce this issue of Lessonsffom the Fzeld.

5.2 Partnerships and Coalitions

In Good Company: Effective Alliances for conservation. 2000 Analysis and Adaptive Management; English; 54 pp.

As the complexity of conservation has become increasingly apparent to those working in the field, the conservation community has come to realize that it cannot work in isolation. Conservation must fi~lly embrace and include people and institutions whose existence is dependent on the conservation of natural resources, and it must build bridges to other fields in order to reach conservation goals. In an effort to do this, conservation organizations have sought strategic partnerships to help achieve conservation goals But what are the most strategic relationships we can build to achieve conservation? What are the most efficient ways of working together across the spectrum of organizations and institutions involved in conservation? What makes for the most effective alliances in conservation? These are the questions that the conservation community must address in order to meet the challenges that we presently kce.

How Can We Work Together? 2000; English, Spanish, French; 8 pp. As the complexity of conservation has become increasingly apparent to those working in the field, the conservation community has come to realize that it cannot work in isolation. Conservation must l l l y embrace and include people and institutions whose existence is dependent on the conservation of natural resources, and it must build bridges to other fields in order to reach conservation goals. As part of its research into the role of NGOs in conservation, BSP published In Good Company: EESfetive Alliances for Conservation This issue of Lessonsfrom the Field uses the results of this publication to examine BSP experience in creating and supporting alliances around the world

5.3 Armed Conflict and the Environment

The Trampled Grass: Mitigating the Impacts of Armed Conflict on the African Environment. 2001; Africa and Madagascar. English. 111 pp., French 122 pp.

BSP's Armed Conflict and the Environment project was designed to better understand the negative impacts of armed conflict on the environment and develop strategies for mitigating these impacts both before, during, and after conflict Drawing ikom an extensive literature review, interviews with experts and practitioners in the field, and case studies from ten areas of conflict in Africa, this analysis identifies key constraints and opportunities facing conservation, relief, development, and donor organizations working

in conflict areas, and provides a set of practical guidelines to help these organizations maintain effectiveness during periods of conflict by integrating conflict mitigation into planning processes and strategic programs.

Case Studies:

Overview of Armed Conflict and Biodiversity in Sub-Saharan Africa: Impacts, Mechanisms, and Responses. 2001. Africa aad Madagascar. English. 40 pp.

History of Armed Conflict and its Impact on Biodiversity in the Central African Republic. 2001. Africa and Madagascar. English. 20 PP.

Biodiversity Conservation and Warfare in the Republic of Congo in the 1990's. 2001. Africa and Madagascar. English. 20 pp.

Armed Conflict and Biodiversity in Sub-Saharan Africa: the Case of the Democratic Republic of Congo. 2001. Africa and Madagascar. English. 45 pp.

Impacts of Ten Years of Conflict in the Virungas Volcanoes Range. 2001. Africa and Madagascar. English. 36 pp.

Impact of Civil War on the Conservation of Protected Areas in Rwanda. 2001. Africa and Madagascar. English. 26 pp.

Biodiversity and War: a Case Study from Mozambique. 2001. Africa and Madagascar. English. 60 pp.

Impacts of Conflict on Biodiversity and Porotected Areas in Ethiopia. 2001. Africa and Madagascar. English. 28 pp.

6 Conservation Incentives

6.1 Behaviors in Conservation

Understanding and Influencing Behaviors in Conservation and Natural Resources Management. 1996 Africa and Madagascar; English, French; 125 pp.

This report presents the findings and conclusions of a four-year study on approaches and methods for understanding and influencing human behavior in conservation and natural resources management

Understanding & Influencing Behaviors: A Guide. 2000 Africa and Madagascar; English, French; 76 pp.

This book, designed for field practitioners, explains methods for identifying, collecting, and analyzing information about people's behaviors toward the environment. By understanding the root causes of unsustainable behaviors, lasting solutions can be found to conservation and natural resources management issues. This document is the culmination of BSP Africa's Analysis of Behaviors in Conservation and Development project, which was begun in 1992.

6.2 Health Incentives

An Ounce of Prevention: Making the Link between Health and Conservation. 2001. Adaptive Analysis and Management. English. 57 pp. It is clear that many local populations rely directly on the biodiversity around them for survival and that they prefer not to destroy it. How then can the conservation community take advantage of this naturally occurring incentive to conserve? If health is a strong motivational force for conservation, how can we best harness it to reach conservation

goals? What are some of the characteristics of community-based conservation and development projects that successfully link human health to conservation? What have others in the field learned about the opportunities and challenges to make this link work for conservation? These are the questions that drove our research. In this document, we examine human health at personal, family, and community levels as a motivating force for conservation.

Identification, Utilization, and Conservation of Medicinal Plants in Southeastern Nigeria. 1999 Africa and Madagascar; English; 8 pp.

This study, conducted through written and oral interviews in Southeastern Nigeria, identifies indigenous plants used for medicinal purposes, documents how these medicinal plants are used, and makes recommendations for their conservation.

6 Enterorise Incentives - The Biodiversity Conservation Network (BCN) was established to analyze the conditions under which enterprises can create incentives for conservation and sustainable resource management.

Evaluating Linkages Between Business, the Environment, and Local Communities: Final Analytical Results from the Biodiversity conservation Network. 1998 BCN; English; 55 pp.

This report presents an overview of BCN's analytical framework, a summary of data and results, and a discussion of the lessons learned over the seven years of BCN's work in conservation The publication describes where and why BCN's founding assumptions held or were proven wrong, and presents some of the successes and frustrations experienced at both project and program levels

Evaluating Linkages Between Business, the Environment, and Local Communities: Final Stories from the Field. 1999 BCN; English; 219 pp.

Twenty stories openly discuss the challenges and successes of implementing a business plan while sustainably using natural resources The writers talk about how their communities participated in the project and what hopes they have for the future

Patterns in Conservation: Linking Business, the Environment, and Local Communities in Asia and the Pacific. 1999 BCN; English; 99 pp.

This compilation consists of stories, interviews, and analyses. Various people connected with BCN in different ways author the six distinct articles. Each article is written with candor to talk about conservation

Lessons From The Field - Biodiversity Conservation Network's Series This series contains three featured topics that shed light on the conditions for conservation success while endeavoring to operate an enterprise. It is based on what was learned &om our partners in the field. These issues focus on the results from BCN.

If I Only Knew TLen What I Know Now (Issue No. 1). 1999 BCN; English; 12 pp. This document is based on a conversation between BCN staff members Nick Salafsky and Chiranjeev Bedi with Lakekamu Basin project team members John Sengo, Thomas Paka, Katherine Yuave, and Banack Gamui. The conversation was held on 4 August 1998 at the FPCD headquarters in Port Moresby. The words are not exact quotes, but are based on extensive notes that were taken during the meeting and subsequent edits added by the participants during reviews of various drafts of this paper.

Doing Business in Borneo (Issue No. 2). 1999 BCN; English; 12 pp. This article is based on a conversation that took place over a two-day period, first with Tri Renya Utama (Alty), Donatus Rantan (Don), and Rudy Utama - Yayasan Dian Tarna's (YDT) project manager, chairman, and director, respectively -- then primarily with YDT's field staff. Dedy Kurnia, Subagiyana, Sabinus Melano and Joseva Kondo. The conversation took place March 8-9, 1999, at YDT's main office in Pontianak, West Kalimantan. The discussion was almost entirely in Indonesian. As a result, the words here are not direct quotes or translations, but are based on extensive notes taken during the meeting and on subsequent edits made by the participants on various dr&s of this article.

Measuring Our Success: One Team's Experience in Monitoring the Crater Mountain Wildlife Management Area Project in Papua New Guinea (Issue No. 3). 1999 BCN; English; 20 pp. This issue was written by Arlyne Johnson of the Wildlife Conservation Society with input from John Ericho, Robert Bino, Paul Hukahu, Paul Igag, and other staffof the Research and Conservation Foundation of PNG. Arlyne worked for four years as the technical advisor to BCN's Crater Mountain Project in Goroka. John is the general manager of RCF. Robert, Paul, and Paul work as field coordinators for the Crater Mountain Project.

7 Community Management of Natural Resources

Stories at the Forest Edge: the KEMALA Approach to Crafting Good Governance and Sustainable Futures. 2001. Asia and the Pacific. English. 69 pp. This publication underlines how biodiversity is embedded in CBNRM; how biodiversity and Local Communities' futures are entertwined; and how DG issues and NRM issues

are interdependent. Without democratic rights (access, decision-making), there is often unjust exploitation of natural resources. By focusing on the successes of BSP-KEMALA, this story describes the type of most coiducive to understanding these linkages.

7.1 Community Mapping

Mapping People's Forests: The Role of Mapping in Planning Community-Based Management of Conservation Areas in Indonesia. 2000. Asia and the Pacific: ~ n ~ l i s k ; 40 pp.

This PeFoR discussion paper, which draws on experience from Indonesia, ,,=, focuses on a conservation organization's involvement in mapping

indigenous lands for the purposes of creating protected area borders and management plans A core issue discussed involves the conflict between the prior rights of local people and the recent claims of rights over the same -- territory

Indigenous Peoples, Mapping and Biodiversity Conservation: An Analysis of Current Activities and Opportunities for Applying Geomatics Technologies. 1995 Asia and the Pacific; English; 83 pp. - This paper, published in 1995, is a global survey of community-based u projects that have used the tool of mapping to support Indigenous Peoples'

natural resource management systems and land claims

7.2 Community Forest Management Ban Udyam (Nepal), KEMALA (Indonesia), Peoples, Forests and Reefs, and CARPE (Central Africa) all worked on community forest management. See www.BSPon1ine.org for more details. Peoples, Forests & Reefs. 1997. Asia and the Pacific; English; 3 pp.

This brochure presents examples of PeFoR project activities; PeFoR aims to reverse trends in the global loss of biodiversity and cultural heritage, and strengthen the capacities and rights of marginalized groups to manage and benefit from biodiversity.

7.3 Sustainable Agriculture Maximum Yield? Sustainable Agriculture as a Tool for Conservation. 2001. Analysis and Adaptive Management. English, Spanish. 62 pp. In the 1980's, sustainable agriculture gained popularity among international conservation organizations as a tool for project managers to combat deforestation and thus reach conservation goals. The link that sustainable agriculture serves between conservation and

development seems simple enough: increase subsistence agricultural production per unit of land around areas of high biodiversity and rural poor farmers will not need to deforest more land for agriculture to meet household demands. Recently, conservation project managers have wanted to know under what conditions sustainable agriculture projects work to help reach conservation goals? To what extent does sustainable agriculture decrease rates of deforestation? To what extent do sustainable agriculture projects serve as a mechanism for conservation organizations to win the trust of community members so that they will be more open to conservation messages? Our research found that sustainable agriculture decreases deforestation only under certain conditions but that it serves as an important mechanism to decrease other threats to biodiversity such as fire.

Issues in African Biodiversity, No.2. Using Natural Fertilizers in Miombo Woodlands. 1999 Africa and Madagascar; English; 8 pp.,

This paper demonstrates how indigenous knowledge is being applied to manage soil fertility through three traditional farming systems in the miombo woodland: the Chitemene and Fundikila cultivation systems of Zambia and the Communal Area Farming System of Zimbabwe.

8 Forest Management Central -can Regional Program for the Environment (CARPE) and KEMALA both focused on forest management.

Congo Basin Information Series: The Central African Regional Program for the Environment (CARPE) Issues Briefs. 2001. Africa and Madagascar. English, French.

This first series of 2.5 briefing sheets constitute the central piece of CARPE's Communication Strategy and aims at promoting, disseminating, and sharing, the results and lessons from the first phase of this USAID- supported initiative. Lessons are drawn from information collated by CARPE partners, field results from CARPE partners' pilot projects, facts extracted from prior studies, and studies supported outside of CARPE The production is an example of collaborative work of various CARPE

implementors in the US, Europe, and in the Congo Basin region, coordinated by BSP. The information gathered in these briefing sheets will be of interest to a wide range of audiences including officials in governments, USAID and other donors, technical community, private sector, and general public. The Issue Briefs will be available in French and English. Visit CARPE website: httv://carpe.umd.edu

Congo Basin Information Series: The Central African Regional Program for the Environment (CARPE) Regional Briefs In its efforts to promoting and sharing the results from its first phase the Central African Regional Program for the Environment (CARPE), a special attention was given to the

information gathered by central African collaborators. A series of Regional Briefs showcases the work done by a selected number of NGOs that were supported by the CARPE Small Grants Program through its Local Initiative Funds. Primary audience for these Regional Briefs is local NGOs in the Congo Basin region. They are available in French. Visit CARPE website: httv://carpe.umd.edu.

Sustainable Harvest of Non-Timber Plant Resources in Tropical Moist Forest: An Ecological Primer. 1994 BSP; English, Spanish, French; 48 pp.

This manual provides simple and effective tools for the what and how of - determining sustainable harvest levels of non-timber forest products in

tropical most forests

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Central Africa: Global Climate Change and Development Synopsis. 1993 Africa and Madagascar; English, French; 25 pp.

This document is a synopsis of a series of technical papers resulting from a collaborative study on global climate change and development in central Africa.

What's Your Role?: Training for Organisational Impact. 1997 Africa and Madagascar; English, French; 65 pp.

This handbook is designed to help natural resource training officers develop training programs that are systematic, needs-based, and broad-reaching to enable staff to achieve optimum job performance and, consequently, greater conservation impact.

Protected Area Conservation Strategy (PARCS): Training Needs and Opportunities Among Protected Area Managers in Eastern, Central, and Southern Africa. 1995 Africa and Madagascar; English; 78 pp.

This document is a cross-regional summary of the Protected Area Conservation Strategy (PARCS) project's assessments of training needs among protected area managers in eastern, central, and southern Africa.

Principles In Practice: Staff observations of consewation projects in Africa 2000 Africa and Madagascar; English, French; 93 pp.

This book, a culmination of BSP's Biodiversity Monitoring and Evaluation (BIOME) project, uses analyses of 11 conservation projects in Africa and Madagascar to illustrate eight biodiversity conservation principles, as identified and observed by African conservation project staff

An Evaluation of the Biodiversity Support Program's Biodiversity Monitoring and Evaluation (BIOME) Project 2000 Africa and Madagascar; English; 36 pp.

This publication is a direct rendition taken from the evaluation of the

Positive Reinforcements: A Review of Some of BSP's Experiences with Building Capacity for Conservation. 2001. Analysis and Adaptive Management. English. 36 PP.

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This study gathers and disseminates lessons on governance-associated,capacity-building activities, including their goals, methods, results and conservation impacts.

BIOME project completed by BIOME's participants and advisors It is based on a survey and a final workshop conducted to determine if BIOME achieved its goals, is worth repeating, and/or worth the financial investment

A Vested Interest: BSP Experiences with Developing and Managing Grant Portfolios. 2001. Analysis and Adaptive Management. English; 64 pp. This topic focuses on the principles for effective grant management learned from five BSP Grant Programs in four geographical regions.

Ukraine Conservation Initiatives Grants Program = CARPE (Central Africa Regional Program for the Environment) Strategic Objective

Support Fund Grantgiving component of KEMALA (Community Natural Resource Manager's Program)

= Conservation Impact Grants Program (Global Small Grants) BCN (Biodiversity Conservation Network)

11 Adaptive Management

Measures of Success: Designing, Managing, and Monitoring Conservation and Development Projects. 1998 Analysis and Adaptive Management; Eng, Sp; 356 pp.

Measures of Success is a practical, hands-on guide for conservation and development practitioners, as well as teachers, students, and researchers

who are designing, managing, and measuring the impacts of community-oriented conservation and development projects. Adaptive Management of Conservation and Development Projects: Transforming Theory into Practice is an example course curriculum that guides instruction on designing conservation and development project frameworks.

Greater Than the Sum of Their Parts. 1999 Analysis and Adaptive Management; English, Spanish; 32 pp.

A practical guide aimed at helping conservation and development program managers and donors reflect on how the principles of adaptive management can maximize results and learning.

Is Our Project Succeeding? A Guide to Threat Reduction Assessment for Conservation. 2001. Analysis and Adaptive Management. English.

52 PP. Conservation projects, like any other projects, are designed to change something - to have an impact on some state or condition. In the case of conservation projects, the main goal is to protect biodiversity. One of the major differences between conservation projects and other projects, however, is that it is often very difficult to define - in clear, operational terms - exactly what it is that conservation projects are trying achieve. To make the challenge even more difficult, the science of conservation is not

as well developed as in other fields. Ultimately, because conservation outcome is not clearly defined and these causal links are poorly understood, it makes it very difficult to figure out which interventions work, which do not work, and why. Most recently, measuring conservation impact has been indicator-driven and the realm of "evaluation experts." This publication presents a new approach to measuring the success of conservation impacts. The Threat Reduction Assessment (TRA) approach is a low-cost, practical alternative to more cost- and timeintensive approaches to project evaluation. The TRA approach is based on data collected through simple techniques, directly related to project interventions, and readily interpreted by project staff.

Adaptive Management: A Tool for Conservation Practitioners. 2001. Analysis and Adaptive Management. English, Spanish; 99 pp. Adaptive management is growing in popularity as a concept in conservation circles. The purpose of our research was to determine how to make adaptive management a practical tool for conservation practitioners around the world. We first reviewed related concepts in fields including science and philosophy, social learning, business management, professional practice, and ecosystem management to create a research framework. We then field-tested this framework by visiting conservation projects in Zambia, Papua New Guinea, and British Columbia that all use some elements of an adaptive management approach. Our research revealed that adaptive management must be done by project managers themselves and requires establishing a clear purpose, developing an explicit model of the project site, selecting actions that maximize results and learning, developing

and implementing a monitoring plan to test assumptions, analyzing data, communicating results, and then using these results to adapt and learn.

Keeping Watch: Experiences from the Field in Community-based Monitoring Lessons from the Field, No. 1: Keeping Watch: Experiences from the Field in Community-based Monitoring. 1998 Analysis and Adaptive Management; English, Spanish, French; 12 pp.

This issue reports on interviews with 12 conservation practitioners experienced in community-based monitoring, from community leaders to program directors for Asia, Africa, and Latin America and the Caribbean.

The Biodlversrty Support Program (BSP) e a consortlurn of World Wlldllfe Fund, The Nature Conservancy, and World Resources Insttute, funded by the Untted States Agency for lnternatlonai Development (USAID) Thls publicailon was made posslble through support provlded to BSP by the Global Bureau of USAID under the terms of CooDeratlve Aareernent Number DHR-A- M: he opinions expressed herein are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect theviews of USAID.

O 20CO by World Wlldhfe Fund. Inc .Washington, D C. All rghk reserved Reprod~ction of th,s publication for eddcational and other noncomrnerclal purposes IS authorized without prior permlsson of the copyright nolder. However, WWF. Inc. does request advance wriilen notification and appropriate acknowledgment. WWF. Inc. does not require payment for the nonwrnrnerclal use of ik published works and in no way intends10 diminish use of WWF research andfindings by means of copyright