Environmental Pollution and Phytoplankton Biodiversity in ...
BIODIVERSITY CP Environmental Science-2010
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Transcript of BIODIVERSITY CP Environmental Science-2010
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BIODIVERSITYCP Environmental Science-2010
DEFINITIONS BENEFITSTHREATS
BIODIVERSITY PROTECTION
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What is Biodiversity
• Species diversity • Genetic biodiversity• Ecological and ecosystem
diversity
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How Many Species
• Over 2 million known• Numbers may up to 50 million, maybe 30
million insects• Inverts 70%of known & may be 90% of
existing species• Most in tropics
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Benefits of Biodiversity
• Food-– especially genetic “bank” to improve domestic
crops– many potentially valuable food plants
• Drugs and medicine - studying native cultures• Ecological benefits • Aesthetic and cultural benefits
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Natural Extinction
• Evolutionary time: most species extinct-99%• Through evolution - “genes” may remain from
evolutionary predecessors• Mass extinction: end of dinosaur age and end
or Permian period (over 1/2 of all animals)• In “normal times”: perhaps one species per
decade in undisturbed ecosystem
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Human Caused Extinction
• Much accelerated rate of extinction• Hundreds or even thousands of species,
subspecies, or varieties to become extinct• Estimates are at more than 20,000 species
per year, but may be many more thousands of not even identified species
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Extinction Extinction isis
ForeverForever
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Figure 22-6Page 563
Passenger pigeon
Great auk Dodo Dusky seaside sparrow
Aepyornis(Madagascar)
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Class ActivityIntroduction to Endangered Species - What Is Happening to These Animals?
• Effects of PA cutting forests in 1800s• Persecution of predators - animals extirpated• Introduced species• Lost or damaged habitats
– some details on wetlands - what happens to them?• What agencies in PA deal with End. Spp?
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Class Activity - IntroductionClassification meanings
• List and define the different classifications• List several examples of each• Endangered species in P
– PA Game Commission– PA Fish Commission
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Threats to Biodiversity Habitat Loss
• Number one cause• Especially wetlands, coastal• Tropical forest – great diversity• Includes filling, pollution, even ozone depletion!• Pollution-
– DDT, PCBs, – Lead poisons
• Global Climate Change – N.G.video the polar bear
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Threats of Biodiversity Direct Killing and Persecution
• Commercial Products and Live specimens– Furs, hides, horns, pets
• Predator and pest control– 1995: Animal Damage Control Program: – $24 M to kill 700,000 birds and animals
• Hunting and fishing-overharvesting– making a renewable resource unstainable– American passenger pigeon– Great whales– Buffalo– Many island species
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Figure 22-23
Page 584
DO NOT POST TO INTERNET
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Threats of BiodiversityIntroduced Species
• Exotic species introduction– Plants: Purple loosestrife, honeysuckle,
multifloral rose– Zebra mussels– Feral animals - cats and dogs
• Diseases-American chestnut blight, Dutch elm disease
• Insects
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African honeybee(“Killer bee”)
Figure 22-17 (1)Page 576
Purple looselife European starling Nutria Salt cedar(Tamarisk)
Marine toad Water hyacinth Japanese beetle Hydrilla European wild boar(Feral pig)
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Figure 22-17 (2)Page 576
Sea lamprey(attached to lake trout)
Argentina fire ant Eurasian muffleBrown tree snake Common pigeon(Rock dove)
Formosan termite Zebra mussel Asian long-hornedbeetle
Asian tiger mosquito Gypsy moth larvae
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Type of Nonnative Organism Annual Losses and DamagesCrop disease
Crop weeds
Rats
Feral cats and outdoor pet cats
Crop insects
Livestock diseases
Forest insects and diseases
Zebra mussels
Common pigeon
Formosan termite
Fishes
Asian clam
Feral pigs
Starlings
Fire ant
$23.5 billion
$23.4 billion
$19 billion
$17 billion
$14 billion
$9 billion
$4.8 billion
$3 billion
$1.1 billion
$1.1 billion
$1.1 billion
$1.1 billion
$0.8 billion
$0.8 billion
$0.6 billion
Figure 22-16Page 575
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Protecting Biodiversity• Hunting and fishing laws• Endangered Species Act-1973
– State laws• International laws
– CITES– Ban on whaling
• Habitat protection- parks and refugees• Zoos and botanical preserves• Captive breeding and release programs
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Endangered Species Act - 1973
• Classifications– Endangered– Threatened– Vulnerable
• Regulates– Taking in any form– Habitat protection– Harassment or interference during breeding
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ESA - Numbers and Classification
• 1530 endangered & threatened species• 500 candidate species• Vertebrates: 91%• Hundreds of species “warranted but
precluded” from protection - just no staff or dollars
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Zoos, Botanical Gardens, Captive Breeding
• Purposes: preservation and public education - or another expression of human dominance?
• Exposure of people to wild animals • Who do we protect - only the humanly
defined beautiful and interesting?
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Breed and Release
• Peregrines • California Condor• How to reduce genetic inbreeding • High Cost
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Capture, transfer and release
• Elk in PA• Turkey in PA• Wolves in Yellowstone• Whopping crane• Sea turtles (egg “capture”)
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CITES Treaty
• International-What is purpose?• Need economic sustainability as well
as protect endangered species• Role of ecotourism
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Figure 22-7 (3)
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West Virginiaspring salamander
Giant panda(China)
Knowlton cactus
Mountain gorilla(Africa)
Swamp pink
Pine barrens tree frog (male)
Hawksbill sea turtle
El Segundo blue butterfly
Whooping crane
Blue whale
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Figure 22-7 (1)Page 564
Florida manatee
Northern spotted owl (threatened)
Gray wolf Florida panther Bannerman's turaco (Africa)
Devil's hole pupfish
Snow leopard(Central Asia)
Black-footed ferret
Symphonia(Madagascar)
Utah prairie dog(threatened)
Ghost bat(Australia)
California condor
Black lace cactus
Black rhinoceros(Africa)
Oahu tree snail
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Indian Tiger
Range 100 years agoRange today(about 2,300 left)
Figure 22-13 (1)Page 573
•The Tiger – critically endangered - NG video
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Figure 22-13 (4)Page 573
Asian or Indian Elephant
Former rangeRange today(34,000–54,000 left)
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African Elephant
Probable range 1600Range today(300,000 left)
Figure 22-13 (3)Page 573
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Why Be Concerned?
• Plants– Source of drugs - rosy periwinkle (78)– genetic diversity for food crops
• Loss of ecosystems - cascading effects– keystone species - sea otter in California– killing predators - lose limiting factors -
• Elk in Yellowstone, deer in pa
• Moral, ethical, aesthetic
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FoxgloveDigitalis purpurea, EuropeDigitalis for heart failure
Figure 22-11 (2)Page 569
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Pacific yewTaxus brevifolia, Pacific NorthwestOvarian cancer
Figure 22-11 (3)Page 569
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Endangered Species in PAClass Activity
• Wade Island - Tough Decisions to Protect Endangered Species What two end Class Activity endangered species nest on
Wade Island? Describe what is happening with cormorants on the
islandDiscuss at least three problems caused by the
cormorant What is going to be done? Do you agree or disagree with this approach? Do we humans have a right to decide what species
survives on the island?
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Wildlife Management(textbook 1.15, game commission website, class
videos)• What are the goals of a wildlife manager?• How are wildlife populations studied and
assessed?• What are the techniques used today and in the past
to manage and enhance PA wildlife populations?– Hunting– Habitat management– Endangered species– Other
• What are some PA wildlife “success stories”?• What are advantages/disadvantages of hunting in
PA?
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Preserving Nature
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Vital Habitats
• Coral Reef - video
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Land Use in the United States
Fig. 23-3 p. 595
Rangeland and pasture 29%
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Types of US Public Lands
Multiple-use lands: National ForestsBLM National Forest Service in Dept of Agr.
Moderately-restricted use lands: National Wildlife Refuges - USFWS
Restricted-use lands: National Park System- Dept of InteriorNational Wilderness Preservation System Wilderness Act of 1964 (pg 627) Preservationist philosophy
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US Public Lands
Fig. 23-4p. 596
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US National Parks
• The First: Yellowstone in 1872• Yosemite: thanks to John Muir• Why a national park - what are the
purposes?
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Wildlife Refuges
• Teddy Roosevelt - 1901• 511 in the system• Hunting not only allowed, but in many have
become number one activity
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Land Use In PA
• Pennsylvania Land Area 28,863,000 acres• Forested (Public and Private) 20,078,000 acres• State Forest Land 2,100,000 acres• State Forest Wild Areas 145,000 acres• Protected Natural Areas 79,000 acres• Even if we protect all 145,000 acres of state forest wild
areas, only a fraction of Pennsylvania - less than 1% - will be left wild and protected for future generations to enjoy.
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Types of PA Public Lands
• PA Wildlands• State parks
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Tropical Rain Forests
• Sustainable Logging• Why are rainforests being cut and SO
WHAT?
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Summary
• State of the Earth• Animals – State of the Earth