BIODIVERSITY AND NUTRITION TH - Food and Agriculture ... · BIODIVERSITY AND NUTRITION TH. e e able...
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BIODIVERSITY AND NUTRITION: A COMMON PATHThe Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) isactively promoting the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversityfor food and nutrition. Biodiversity on three levels—genetic diversity, speciesdiversity and ecosystem diversity—contributes to improved nutrition. Nutrition and biodiversity converge as one common path leading to foodand nutrition security and sustainable development. They feature directlyin the Millennium Development Goals, to halve the proportion of peoplewho suffer from hunger (Goal 1) and to ensure environmental sustainability(Goal 7). In combination, nutrition and biodiversity will provide thefoundation for achieving these Goals.Since agriculture began some 12,000 years ago, approximately 7,000plant species and several thousand animal species have been used forhuman food. Today, however, the worldwide trend is towards dietarysimplification, with consequent negative impacts on food security,nutrition and health. Comparing the number of rice varieties cultivatedtoday with the past highlights this dramatic loss of biodiversity. In mostAsian countries, the number of rice varieties being grown has droppedfrom thousands to just a few dozen; for example, in Thailand the numberof varieties cultivated has fallen from more than 16,000 to only 37, and50% of the area cultivated with rice uses only two varieties.Globalization, industrial development, population increase andurbanization have changed patterns of food production and consumptionin ways that profoundly affect ecosystems and human diets. High-inputindustrial agriculture and long-distance transport increase the availabilityand affordability of refined carbohydrates and fats, leading to an overallsimplification of diets and reliance on a limited number of energy-richfoods. Diets low in variety but high in energy contribute to the escalatingproblems of obesity and chronic disease which are increasingly foundalongside micronutrient deficiencies and undernourishment. The causesand consequences of the dramatic reduction of food diversity and thesimplification of diets are complex and are not limited to specific cultures.The overall health of the population, agricultural practices, marketconditions and the situation of the environment within a given countryare factors contributing to this complexity. However, the potential rolethat agricultural biodiversity can play in moderating nutritional problemsis being increasingly acknowledged. The food systems of indigenouspeoples show the important role of a diversified diet based on local plantand animal species and traditional food for health and well-being. Inmost cases, the increase of processed and commercial food items overtime results in a decrease in the quality of the diet.Countries, communities or cultures that maintain their own traditionalfood systems are better able to conserve local food specialties with acorresponding diversity of crops and animal breeds. They are also morelikely to show a lower prevalence of diet-related diseases.
BIODIVERSITY AND NUTRITIONA COMMON PATH
Key points.Wild species and intraspecific biodiversity play key roles in global nutrition security..Different varieties of the same species have statistically different nutrient contents..Acquiring nutrient data on existing biodiversity needs to be a prerequisitefor decision-making in work on genetically modified organisms (GMOs)..Nutrient content needs to be among criteria in cultivar promotion..Nutrient data for wild foods and cultivars must be systematicallygenerated, centrally compiled and widely disseminated..Biodiversity questions and/or prompts should be included in food consumption surveys..Nutrient and intake data for different varieties must be collected andanalysed in order to understand the impact of biodiversity on food andnutrition security.
Documenting nutritional valueBiodiversity plays a key role in ensuring dietary diversity because nutrientcomposition between foods and among varieties/cultivars/breeds of thesame food can differ dramatically. For example, sweet potato cultivarscan differ in their carotenoid content by a factor of 200 or more; proteincontent of rice varieties can range from 5 percent to 14 percent by weight;provitamin-A carotenoid content of bananas can be less than 1 µg/100 gfor some cultivars to as high as 8,500 µg/100 g for other cultivars. Intake of one variety rather than another can make the difference betweenmicronutrient deficiency and micronutrient adequacy. Data on nutrientcontent is useful for plant breeders assessing genetic materials forimproving nutrient values of crop cultivars.Diversity in aquatic animal species, along with that in crops and livestock,makes a substantial contribution to nutrition by securing high-qualityprotein and fatty acid intakes for populations relying on wild or farmedfish or other animals that live in aquatic ecosystems. The calcium andvitamin A from small indigenous freshwater fish species can contributefrom one-third to one half of the total recommended intakes of thesenutrients. New market niches are being developed for a number ofless-common food species, varieties and breeds. Indeed, food biodiversity,with its greater or unique nutritional properties, provides products withadded value which appeal to consumers and thus provide income sourcesfor many rural people. FAO is promoting a series of activities towards “sustainable diets” linkinglocal food products, biodiversity, nutrition and sustainability. Thedevelopment of sustainable diet guidelines will serve to counteract thesimplification of diets as well as to promote the consumption of local andtraditional foods, as available sustainable sources of quality nutrition.
THE CROSS-CUTTING INITIATIVEON BIODIVERSITY FOR FOOD AND NUTRITION
THE CROSS-CUTTING INITIATIVEON BIODIVERSITY FOR FOOD AND NUTRITIONThe Cross-cutting Initiative on Biodiversity for Food and Nutrition isbeing jointly developed by the CBD and its partners, the Food andAgriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and BioversityInternational. This Initiative was established by decision VIII/23 A ofthe Conference of the Parties, in Curitiba, Brazil, held from 9 to 31March 2006. The overall aim of the Initiative is to promote andimprove the sustainable use of biodiversity in programmes contributingto food security and human nutrition, as a contribution to theachievement of Millennium Development Goal 1, Goal 7 and relatedgoals and targets and, thereby, to raise awareness of the importanceof biodiversity, its conservation and sustainable use. The Initiative'sframework is built around four elements:1: Developing and documentingknowledge; 2: Integration of biodiversity, food and nutrition issuesinto research and policy instruments; 3: Conserving and promotingwider use of biodiversity for food and nutrition; 4: Public awarenessand supporting activities. The framework of the Cross-cutting Initiativeon Biodiversity for Food and Nutrition identifies the contribution ofagricultural biodiversity as a priority for improving nutrition and healthof the rural and urban poor. It addresses major global health issuesand trends such as micronutrient deficiencies, the decline of dietarydiversity and the concomitant rise in chronic diseases that are affectingdeveloping countries, particularly among the poor. The Initiative promotesthe use of local biodiversity, including traditional foods of indigenousand local ecosystems with their many sources of nutritionally-richspecies and varieties as readily-accessible, locally-empowering andsustainable sources of quality nutrition. Furthermore, the Cross-cuttingInitiative recognizes that, in an increasingly global, urban andcommercial environment, fulfilment of the potential of local resourcesmust successfully integrate production, marketing, consumption andthe health of rural and urban dwellers alike as components ofsustainable food systems.
BIODIVERSITY AND NUTRITION A COMMON PATH
FOOD COMPOSITION AND BIODIVERSITYAchieving a worldwide system of compatible food composition databaseslies at the heart of the INFOODS (International Network of Food DataSystems) programme. Established in 1984, it operates under the auspicesof FAO and UNU (United Nations University). Its goal is to stimulate andcoordinate efforts to improve the quality and availability of food analysisdata worldwide and to ensure that anyone, anywhere, will be able toobtain adequate and reliable food composition data. It has establisheda framework for the development of standards and guidelines for thecollection, compilation and reporting of food component data.
Ever since human beings first began domesticating plants and animals,agricultural biodiversity has played a pivotal role in sustaining andstrengthening food, nutrition, health and livelihood security all overthe world. In the past, biodiversity was valued and utilized, andtraditional knowledge and practices ensured the conservation andsustainable use of food biodiversity within healthy ecosystems. Agriculture, diets and nutrition have changed so dramatically inrecent decades that now the main efforts must be concentrated inreturning to local crops and traditional food systems.
AFROFOODS Call for Action from the Door of Return for a Food Renaissance in Africa - December 2009
During the 5th AFROFOODS Meeting held in Dakar in December 2009,the delegates noted that the degradation of ecosystems and the loss offood biodiversity are contributing greatly to the increases in poverty andmalnutrition in Africa; recognized that returning to local crops andtraditional food systems is a prerequisite for conservation and sustainableuse of biodiversity for food and nutrition; acknowledged that local foodsare the basis for African sustainable diets; urged that food compositiondata be emphasized as the fundamental information underpinning almostall activities in the field of nutrition; and issued a call for action for a renewedcommitment to an African food renaissance, with biodiversity at its core.
FOOD COMPOSITION AND BIODIVERSITY
Table1. Nutrient composition ranges among varieties of the samespecies (per 100 g edible portion, raw)
Protein, g Fibre, g Iron, mg Vitamin C, Beta-carotene,mg mcg
Rice 5.6–14.6 0.7–6.4Cassava 0.7–6.4 0.9–1.5 0.9–2.5 25–34 < 5–790Potato 1.4–2.9 1–2.29 0.3–2.7 6.4–36.9 1–7.7Sweet potato 1.3–2.1 0.7–3.9 0.6–14 2.4–35 100–23100Taro 1.1–3 2.1–3.8 0.6–3.6 0–15 5–2040Breadfruit 0.7–3.8 0.9 0.29–1.4 21–34.4 8–940Eggplant 9–19 50–129Mango 0.3–1.0 1.3–3.8 0.4–2.8 22–110 20–4320Banana 0.1–1.6 2.5–17.5 < 1–8500Pandanus 0.4 5–10 14–902Gac 6180–13720Apricot 0.8–1.4 1.7–2.5 0.3–0.85 3.5–16.5 200–6939
(beta-carotene equivalent)
Table 2. Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) varieties: !–and "-carotene, mg/100g fresh wt (SD)
Variety %Moisture "-carotene !-caroteneOrange FleshedExcel 77.8 (0.8) 12.8 (0.1) < 0.1Kona B # 77.8 (0.6) 6.7 (0.2) 1.5 (0.2)Regal 77.2 (2.1) 13.1 (0.7) < 0.1UH 71-5 # 70.3 (1.1) 8.0 (0.1) < 0.1Yellow/White FleshedHoolehua Red # 70.4 (2.7) 0.2 (0.1) < 0.1Satsuma # 68.3 (0.2) 0.6 (0.1) < 0.1
# Varieties are recommended bythe University of Hawaii
Extension Service for good yieldand disease resistance.
Source: A. S. Huang, L. Tanudjaja,D. Lum., 1999, Journal of Food
Composition and Analysis, Vol. 12, No. 2, pp. 147-151.
Source: Burlingame et al.,2009, Journal of Food
Composition and Analysis, vol. 22, No. 5, pp. 361-365.
Bangkok Declaration - 8th International Food Data Conference, Bangkok, Thailand - 3 October 2009The delegates participating in the 8th International Food Data Conference,in recognizing the importance of food composition data to nearly allactivities in nutrition and food quality and safety, as well as the continuingneed for quality food composition data for public health, for agriculture,for the environment and for food trade, agreed to promote the science offood composition in multiple and diverse forums, including national,regional and international conferences; to undertake advocacy in thecontext of policy and programme development; to insure the integrationof food composition principles in relevant activities; and to support in
Tables are presented here with some examples of the range in quantityof nutrients among different varieties of the same plant (Table 1); anda particular example of the extremely wide differences in nutrientcomposition among varieties of one plant (sweet potato; Table 2).
BIODIVERSITY AND NUTRITION A COMMON PATH
various ways the continuing development, maintenance and updating offood composition databases within sustainable infrastructures.
Because nutrient composition can differ enormously among differentvarieties/cultivars/breeds of the same species, carrying out foodcomposition analyses provides an important link for biodiversity andnutrition.In the past, generic food composition data were considered sufficientfor most purposes. Today, there is more awareness about the needfor carrying out food composition studies that take biodiversity intoaccount, but compositional data at the variety/cultivar/breed level arenot yet widely generated or disseminated. Farmers and consumers,for example, are often not aware of the higher nutrient values of certainplant cultivars compared with others, and do not grow or consumethese fruits or vegetables. Introducing more compositional data onbiodiversity in food composition databases will improve the quality ofnutrient intake estimates and of dietary adequacy/inadequacy,especially for micronutrients. It is possible that wrong decisions havebeen made in nutrition and health programmes because the micronutrientvalues in a national food composition database did not reflect thecomposition of the varieties actually consumed by that country’spopulation.
With respect to rice varieties, the International Rice Commission, atits 20th Session held in Thailand in July 2002 and its 21st Sessionheld in Peru in May 2006, recommended the following:.Existing biodiversity of rice varieties and their nutritional composition
need to be explored before committing to transgenic varieties of rice..Nutrient content needs to be among the criteria in cultivar promotion..Cultivar-specific nutrient analysis and data dissemination should be systematically undertaken..The evaluation of the composition and consumption of rice cultivars should continue for the development of food biodiversity indicatorsto guide agro-biodiversity conservation and human nutrition.
The FAO/INFOODS “Journal of Food Composition and Analysis”publishes scientific articles concerning data on chemical compositionof human foods and it gives increasing emphasis on bioactivenon-nutrient and anti-nutrient components. The Journal regularlyreports findings on the nutrition composition of non-cultivated,non-commercial foods from various regions around the world, preferablybelow species level.
TRAINING IN FOOD COMPOSITIONAND BIODIVERSITYFAO’s support to member countries is based on a recognized linkbetween biodiversity, food and nutrition along with the need forenhancing sustainable use of food biodiversity to combat hunger andmalnutrition.Classroom-based food composition training courses have been heldin Europe, Africa, Asia, Latin America, the Near East and Oceania. Thecourses comprise lectures, group work, practical sessions and fieldtrips. Each course covers all relevant aspects of food composition,and targets professionals in food composition data generation,compilation and use—usually from fields such as nutrition science,food science, public health and analytical chemistry. These coursescontribute to capacity-building and strengthening of food compositionactivities at national and regional levels. They also aim to improve theavailability, comparability, quality and use of food composition data,and the training of trainers, which ultimately leads to improvedquality and quantity of compositional data and results in better dietaryassessments, policy decisions, food labels and consumer choice.
In many cases, former participants have taken up key positions intheir countries and regions in the implementation of food compositionprogrammes and have become trainers in subsequent courses.The number of sectors requiring food composition data is expandingto areas such as biodiversity, plant breeding, dietary diversity, foodindustry and food regulation. In line with the current trend wherebycontinuing education is no longer restricted to the classroom andprofessionals learning on the job using distance and e-learning tools,FAO and INFOODS have developed the Food Composition Study Guide,a self-study version of the classroom course. The Food CompositionStudy Guide is one of the several initiatives of FAO aimed at encouragingand promoting continuing education in food composition activitieswith a significant cost-reduction with respect to the organization ofon-site seminars and courses. An entire module of the Study Guide isdevoted to biodiversity and meets the growing need for knowledge ofthe composition of foods based on varieties/cultivars/breeds.
www.fao.org/infoods/training_en.stm
BIODIVERSITY AND NUTRITION A COMMON PATH
Analysis of food composition data on ricefrom a plant genetic resources perspectiveAnalysis of food composition data on ricefrom a plant genetic resources perspective
Table 2: Extent of genetic uniformity in rice
Country Number of varieties grown Past Present RemarkBangladesh 5,000 23 Japan 1,302 - >70% of area cultivated under three varietiesRep. of Korea 4,227 12 Philippines - 13 Sri Lanka 2,000 100 Taiwan Province 1,679 50 > 82% of area cultivated under three varietiesof ChinaThailand 16,185 37 50% of area cultivated under two varieties
Source: Paroda, 1999
Table two demonstrates that there were once thousands of rice varietiescultivated; this genetic diversity has dwindled to less than 100 cultivatedspecies in any given country.
Table 1: Varietal differences in nutrient composition
Variety with highestnutrient content
Nutrient Range Average Variety with lowestnutrient content
Protein(n=1339)
Iron(n=95)
Zinc(n=57)
Calcium(n=57)
Thiamin(n=79)
Riboflavin(n=80)
Niacin(n=30)
Amylose(n=1182)
5.55 – 14.58g/100g
0.70 – 6.35mg/100g
0.79 – 5.89mg/100g
1.0 – 65.0mg/100g
0.117 – 1.74mg/100g
0.011 - .448mg/100g
1.97 – 9.22mg/100g
1.0-76.0g /100g
8.55
2.28
3.34
26
0.475
0.091
5.32
22.36
ª These data come from Food Composition Tables, and do not strictly represent rice varieties
Indica CR1707(Costa Rica)
Indica Rd 19 (Thailand)
Long grainedªred (China)
Undermilled Redª(Philippines)
Ganjay Roozy(IRRI)
Long grainªFragrant (China)
ADT-21, red(India)
Brown Japonicaª(Korea)
Juchitan A-74(Mexico)
Glutinous riceªspecial grade (China)
Tapol Dark Purple(Philippines)
Mun-pu red(Thailand)
Long grainedªpurple (China)
Glutinous roundªgrained (China)
Ingra 410(Brazil)
Bpi-Ri-3(Philippines)
Varietal difference in nutrient composition were found for every nutrient analyzed. Table one provides the range and average found within varieties for protein, iron,zinc, calcium, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin and amylose. The difference in nutrient content for the highest and lowest values withinvarieties was large. For example, 9g/100g for protein and 64 mg for calcium.
Authors
Table three presents results of a study which analyzed the iron and zinc content oftwenty selected varieties.The study is particularly precise in defining differencesbetween varieties, as the plants were grown in a controlled greenhouse environmentand nutrient analysis for all samples was performed at the same laboratory. The study demonstrates that certain rice varieties contain 2.5 times more iron and1.5 times the more zinc than other varieties. The majority of varieties at the higherend of the spectrum are traditional varieties, while those at the lower end tend to bethe high yielding varieties.
Table 3: Iron and zinc content of selected varieties grown in greenhouse conditions (average of 3 replications)
Variety Iron mg/100g Zinc mg/100gGanjay Roozy 2.64 5.89Zuchem 2.34 5.10YR 4194 2.32 5.40Banjaiman 2.27 5.30Xue Bue Nuo 2.25 4.66IR 64446 2.22 5.35Kinmaze 2.17 5.17Tsuyake 2.12 4.25CNA 6187 2.07 5.45Miyazaki 7 2.03 4.25IR 10198 1.58 3.79Skybonnet 1.53 4.13IR 60864 1.50 4.11Heibao 1.49 3.16Alan 1.40 3.92IR 63877 1.31 3.64IR 74 1.30 3.64IR 72 1.17 3.25IR 36 1.01 3.14
Source: Adapted from Senadhira, Gregorio and Graham,1998
Food and Agriculture Organizationof the United NationsViale delle Terme di Caracalla00100 Rome, Italy www.fao.org
Gina Kennedy, ESNA Consultant [email protected]
Barbara Burlingame, Senior Officer, [email protected]
6 Conclusion There are large differences in nutrient composition within varieties of rice.However, many of the varieties which are higher in nutrient content are less favoredin the current yield driven market. Too often, nutritional considerations rank far lower than other aspects of cropproduction. Nutritionists, dietitians and health educators are in part responsible forthis, due to a lack of interest and attention drawn to differences within crop varieties. A concerted effort should be made to incorporate varietal information whenconducting food intake surveys, compiling food composition data and providingdietary guidance.
1
2
3
5 Practical Applications Preserving rice genetic diversity though a positive action in its own right, has additionalcritical importance given the global reliance on this important food staple. There is clear value to be gained from protecting the genetic source codes which holdthe key to future varietal improvements and refinements. Current practical applicationsof rice plant genetic resources have been realized in both the nutrition and agriculturesciences. Some current applications of rice plant genetic resources are: • Combining the traits of high iron and zinc content with high yield to produce more nutritious varieties • Analyzing, classifying and labeling rice varieties by amylose content to enable the classification of varieties as low or high glycemic foods • Merging the beneficial traits of Oryza glaberrima and Oryza sativa to create hardier, disease and drought resistant high yielding rice varieties, suitable for cultivation in West Africa • Intercropping, rather than monocropping rice varieties with different genetic characteristics to reduce reliance on pesticides and fungicides
Abstract Rice accounts for 21, 14 and 2 % of global energy, protein and fat supply respectively.There are thousands of different rice varieties; some have been in the diet for centuries,while others are new genetic hybrids promoted for qualities such as high yield anddrought and disease resistance. Little is known about the nutrient composition of many of the world’s rice varieties.This paper addresses the question of whether there are measurable differences inthe nutrient composition of rice by variety, and highlights practical applications forrice genetic resources.
Introduction This paper presents the nutrient composition of rice by variety, and sets outa preliminary basis for assessing the significance of differences among rice varietiesusing nutrient content as one marker for genetic diversity in rice. While many postharvest factors, such as milling, preparation and cooking can influence nutrientcontent of rice, this paper focuses on the importance of first understandingdifferences in the nutrient content of rice varieties. Rice is from the genus Oryza and is comprised of twenty-one species, only twoof which are cultivated: Oryza sativa and Oryza glaberrima. Oryza sativa can bedivided into three sub-species, indica, japonica and javanica. At present, 80% ofall cultivated rice is from the indica sub-species. Despite the world’s heavy reliance on this agricultural product, rice geneticresources are dwindling. The influence of modern agricultural practices and focuson high-yield crop varieties has contributed to this decline. Increasing land pressure,indiscriminate use of fertilizers and pesticides and destruction of much of the world’sforested areas have also contributed to the decline in plant genetic resources.
Methods A thorough literature search was performed to gather existing information onnutrient composition of rice by variety. Food composition tables from China, Korea,Malaysia, Nepal, Pakistan, the Philippines, Thailand and the United States, all providedsome information on the variety (or type) of rice analyzed. A series of journal articles and book chapters containing some nutrient informationof rice by variety were found, as was one book on protein content by variety.In order to draw comparisons across numerous data sources, only raw, unpolishedsamples were compared. Nutrients were standardized to g/100g dry matter, in the case of proximates andmg/100g dry matter for vitamins and minerals. All nutrients were standardizedto common units. For example, when protein values were expressed as N x 6.25they were recalculated to N x 5.95 for standardization purposes.
4 Results
Analysis of food composition data on ricefrom a plant genetic resources perspectiveAnalysis of food composition data on ricefrom a plant genetic resources perspective
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Azu
cena
M
onal
isa
m
g/10
0g
(n=5
3)
(Who
le, A
dg, S
pain
) (T
br, S
pain
)
Mag
nesi
um
10.8
-37.
6 20
.2
Puc
a H
uary
o
Mon
alis
a
mg/
100g
(n
=53)
(C
ha, P
eru)
(T
br, S
pain
)
Pho
spho
rus
33.1
-126
71
.4
CIP
703
315
K
ufri
Bah
ar
m
g/10
0g
(n=2
6)
(Gon
/G, P
eru)
(F
lesh
, Tbr
, Ind
ia)
Cal
cium
1.
3-27
.8
10.6
Ja
ncko
Anc
kanc
hi
Kuf
ri B
ahar
mg/
100g
(n
=127
) (W
hole
,CIP
7042
29, A
ja, P
eru)
(F
lesh
, Tbr
, Ind
ia)
Vita
min
C
Fl
esh
2.8-
42
16.6
C
haju
Li
seta
mg/
100g
(n
=88)
(T
br, K
orea
) (T
br, S
pain
)
Who
le
4.6-
40
17.1
V
oran
C
IP70
5172
mg/
100g
(n
=90)
(T
br, U
SA
) (P
hu, P
eru)
Hyd
roph
ilic
antio
xida
ntac
tivity
Fles
h 43
-892
38
6 S
. pin
nati
sect
um P
NT
S. b
rach
isto
tric
hum
mcg
Tro
lox
(n
=488
) (W
ild, U
SA
) 25
5528
TA
X 4
2 (W
ild, U
SA
)
eq
./g
W
hole
12
8-56
5 30
6 P
urpl
e P
eruv
ian
A
tlant
ic
(n=2
6)
(Tbr
, US
A)
(Tbr
, US
A)
Tabl
e 1
Iron
and
vita
min
C in
the
flesh
Var
iety
Ta
xono
mic
O
rigin
Iro
n
Vita
min
C
mg/
100g
m
g/10
0g
Neg
ra O
josa
Tb
r S
tn A
dg
Per
uvia
n
0.4
12.8
CIP
7041
43
A
ndes
Nat
in S
uito
Tb
r G
on/G
P
eruv
ian
0.
5
18.2
CIP
7024
64
Stn
/S
And
es
Mon
alis
a
Tbr
Spa
in
0.5
4.
6
Pum
a M
aqui
Tb
r A
dg
Per
uvia
n
0.6
11
.0 C
IP70
2 39
5
And
es
Mar
ia C
ruz
Tb
r G
on/G
P
eruv
ian
0.
6
34.0
CIP
704
393
A
ndes
Cuc
hi C
hucc
han
Tb
r A
dg
Per
uvia
n
0.6
8.
9 C
IP70
6 19
1
And
es
Run
tu C
IP70
3
Tbr
Gon
/G
Per
uvia
n
0.6
12
.8 98
5
And
es
Sup
erio
r
Tbr
Can
ada
0.5
26
.9
Kuf
ri
Tbr
Indi
a
3.8
14
.2 C
hand
ram
ukhi
Tabl
e 2
Res
ults
Hig
h le
vels
of v
aria
bilit
y w
ere
foun
d in
nut
rient
com
posi
tion
with
in v
arie
ties.
For
exa
mpl
e, th
e di
ffere
nce
for t
he h
ighe
st
and
low
est v
alue
was
as
muc
h as
10
mg/
100g
for i
ron
whe
n m
easu
red
in th
e w
hole
pot
ato,
and
37
mg/
100g
for m
agne
sium
(fl
esh)
and
694
mg/
100g
for p
otas
sium
(who
le) (
Tabl
e 1)
. A
hig
h va
riabi
lity
was
als
o fo
und
for v
itam
in C
and
die
tary
an
tioxi
dant
s, th
e hi
ghes
t ant
ioxi
dant
act
ivity
bei
ng m
easu
red
in w
ild S
olan
um s
peci
es.
Som
e co
mm
on p
otat
o cu
ltiva
rs a
nd b
reed
ing
lines
con
tain
bo
th h
igh
vita
min
C a
nd ir
on c
onte
nts
(Tab
le 2
).
Nut
rient
com
posi
tion
of th
e po
tato
Inte
rest
ing
varie
ties
from
hum
an n
utrit
ion
pers
pect
ive
Ref
eren
ces
Bur
linga
me,
B.,
Mou
illé,
B. &
Cha
rron
dièr
e, U
.R. (
2009
). R
evie
w: N
utrie
nts,
bio
activ
e no
n-nu
trie
nts
and
anti-
nutr
ient
s in
pot
atoe
s. J
FCA
IYP
Spe
cial
Issu
e, V
olum
e 22
, Num
ber
6, 4
94 -
502
.B
urlin
gam
e, B
., C
harr
ondi
ère,
U.R
. & M
ouill
é, B
. (20
09).
Food
com
posi
tion
is fu
ndam
enta
l to
the
cros
s-cu
ttin
g in
itiat
ive
on b
iodi
vers
ity fo
r fo
od a
nd n
utrit
ion.
JFC
A IY
P S
peci
al Is
sue,
Vol
ume
22, N
umbe
r 6,
361
- 3
65.
FAO
(200
9). N
ew li
ght o
n a
hidd
en tr
easu
re -
Inte
rnat
iona
l Yea
r of
the
Pot
ato
2008
- A
n en
d-of
-yea
r re
view
.Lu
tala
dio,
N. B
. & C
asta
ldi,
L. (2
009)
. Pot
ato:
The
Hid
den
Trea
sure
, JFC
A IY
P S
peci
al Is
sue,
Vol
ume
22, N
umbe
r 6,
491
– 4
93.
N
Nu
ut
rie
en
nt
tc
co
om
m
mp
po
os
it
io
on
no
of
ft
th
he
ep
po
ot
ta
ato
o
N
Nu
Inut
nterie
esren
stinnt
ngt c
vaco
arieom
tiem
sf
mp
omrpo
mh
os
humit
maio
anon
nun o
tritof
tion
f t
npth
pers
he
spe p
ect
po
tive
ot
eta
ato
o
In
nte
esr
stin
ng
va
arie
tie
s f
omr
m h
hum
ma
an
nu
trit
tion
n p
pers
sp
ect
tive
e
The
PotB
epo
tato
cta
to is
theo
Bac
kgr
culti
vate
dw
s n
e w
orld
’
ound
wor
ldw
ide
num
ber o
n
ebe
long
sne
non
-gra
toju
ston
ain
food
c
ebo
tani
caom
mod
ity
alsp
ecie
s.y
s
ofTO
fthe
pota
the
aim
of
Obj
ect
toin
term
this
pap
e
ives
sof
gene
tev
ir i
s to
r
ces
our
ticr
ew th
e na
cefo
rdir
atur
al v
aria
ectc
onsu
ratio
n in
the
umpt
ion
oe
nutri
ent
eed
rfor
brco
nten
t
ding
com
p
Me
posi
tion
d
etho
ds
data
ofpo
otat
oby
s
spec
ies
ato
gat
he
and
varie
ter
exi
stin
g
yg in
form
at
tion
on n
u
utrie
nt
Sol
The
lanu
m tu
be
pota
to c
.be
rosu
mcu
ltiva
ted
w
wor
ldw
ide
e be
long
s
to ju
st o
n
e bo
tani
ca
al s
peci
es
s,
pof
ogra
mm
erf t
he p
otat
es, a
nd in
to
in te
rm
elat
ion
tors
of g
enet
o nu
tritio
nces
our
tic r
oper
tal
pr
ce -
for d
ir
ies
and
huec
t con
sur
uman
die
tum
ptio
n o
and
hea
ltee
dr f
or b
r
th.
ding
d
com
p
ildS
l
posi
tion
d
i
data
of p
o
otat
o by
s
spec
ies
a
and
varie
t
. y
as
soi
a st
aple
fol a
nd c
lim
little
oo
d,
ate,
agr
icu
is k
now
nul
tura
l pra
n ab
out t
heac
tice,
pr
he n
utrie
npa
ratio
n a
nt c
ompo
and
cook
in
sitio
n of
mng
. Des
pit
man
y of
tte
the
pota
the
wor
lds
fund
ato’
s po
tato
’am
enta
l im
varie
ties
mpo
rtanc
e
.se
and
smTh
e an
d w
som
e an
tm
ajor
mac
wild
Sol
an
i-nut
rient
onut
rien
crum s
peci
e
ee
rts
wer
nts,
vita
mes
.
.ep
orte
dm
ins
and
m
min
eral
s
as w
ell a
s
s an
tioxi
d
dant
s
V
arie
tVVa
tal v
a
aria
b
bilit
y
in n
u
utrie
n
nt c
o
ompo
ositi
o
on
onIr
n an
d
d vi
ta
amin
C in
the
flesh
h
Dis
scus
sio
on
aD
and
expo
Dat
a fr
esse
d rm
raw
p
eon
a fr
pota
toe
esh
wei
es (fl
eshy
ght b
ash
or w
ho
sis.
ole
pota
ato)
p
pota
sD
epe
ssiu
m, m
aen
ding
on
agne
sium
ath
e va
riety
and
phos
p, p
otat
oey
phor
us, a
nes
can
be
a
nd a
lso
ofa
valu
able
f die
tary
an
ce o
e so
ur
ntio
xida
nts
of m
iner
als
s.
s su
ch a
s
N P
Nut
rien
t
Pro
tein
0.8-
Ran
nge
-4.2
2.1
vera
geAA
v
arie
ty
Roj
a R
VVa
Riñ
on
y w
ith h
igh
est
cont
en
a Re
VVant
evol
ució
n
arie
ty w
ith l
owes
t co
n
nten
t
Var
iety
Taxo
nom
Om
ic
nigirO
g00001/gm
norroI
g00001/gm
Cni
mattaiVVi
C
the
seq
uir
rp
ce o
f ou
rI
emen
ts.
r
enc
fer
difff
Inta
ke o
f
g
e be
twee
one
pota
pp
en n
utrie
nat
o va
riety
p
nt d
efici
eny
rath
er th
ncy
and
aha
n an
oth
y
adeq
uacy
her c
ould
. y be
T
able
TTa
e 1
FT
lesh
Tota
l fibr
e
g/10
g/10
0.3-
00g
00g
-3.3
(n=4
1)
(n=2
5)1.
7
(Adg
, Ar
(Fle
sh, T
Run
a
j
Tbr/
T, S
pain
)
rgen
tina)
(Tb
(Fle
Ka
esh,
Agd
, Arg
br, U
SA
)at
ahdi
n
entin
a)
abl
TTa
le 2
Nat
in S
CIP
704
Neg
ra O
uito
143
Ojo
sa
Tbr
Stn
A
Tbr
Gon
PeA
n/G
Pe
Adg
eruv
ian
And
eser
uvia
n
0.4
0.5
18.2
12.8
te
s
Co
ceo
ou nclu
sio
ec
ed on
ebe
tee
eut
e
tde
ce
cya
da
adeq
uacy
y
IrS
ron
Sta
rch
9.1-
2
22.6
16.1
(Fle
sh, A
Imill
a N
Adg
, Arg
entin
Neg
ra
na)
(Fle
Ku
esh,
Tbr
, Ind
iauf
ri B
ahar
a)
Pum
aM
Mon
alis
CIP
7024
Maq
ui
sa
464
Stn
/S
Tbr
Tbr
Ad
PeSA
dgS
eruv
ian
Spa
in
And
es
0.5
06
110
4.6
e M
orTh
is s
Co
data
on
vst
udy
show
nclu
sio
varie
tal n
uw
ed a
wid
on
tritio
nal d
ide
var
iabi
li
ence
s fe
rfffity
in n
utrie
e ne
ede
arent l
evel
s
ed to
stim
amon
g th
ulat
e th
e i
he p
otat
o v
iden
tifica
tiva
rietie
s.
ion
Who
le
Fles
h
0.7-
1
mg/
1
e
0.1-
100g
10.4
-3.8
1.4
(n=9
0)0.
7
(Tbr
, Ind
Pel
uca
Kuf
ri C
a dia)
Cha
ndra
mu
ukhi
(CI
Ca
Ne
ara
IP70
3671
, Adg
egri
ta
g, P
eru)
CIP
704
Mar
ia C
CIP
702
Pum
a M
393
Cru
z
395
Maq
ui
Tbr
Ad
Tbr
Gon
AA
Pe
n/G
Pe
dg
And
es
And
es
eruv
ian
eruv
ian
0.6
0.6
34.0
11.0
and
tof
hig
he c
onse
rgh
nut
rient
rvat
ion
of
t con
tent
v
pota
to b
iova
rietie
s, t
. od
ivers
ityoduc
the
pr
The
use
oct
ion
of m
of v
arie
tal
e nu
triti
mor
data
in fo
ous
varie
t
od c
ompo
ties,
ositi
on
P
Pot
assi
um
mg/
1
mg/
1
m23
9-
100g
100g
-6
94
(n=5
3)
(n=9
0)
443
(Tbr
/T, S
(Who
le,
Azu
ce
Adg
, Spa
in)
Spa
in)
ena
(Tb
(Tb
Mo
br, S
pain
)
br/T
, Spa
in)
onal
isa
CIP
706
Cuc
hi C
CIP
704
191
Chu
ccha
n
393
Tbr
Ad
AA
Pe
dg
And
es
And
es
eruv
ian
0.6
8.9
PM
Pho
spho
ru
Mag
nesi
um
33.1
-
mg/
1
usm10
.8-
100g
-126
-37.
6
71.4
(n=5
3)20
.2
(Cha
, Pe
CIP
70
Puc
a H
0331
5
eru)
Hua
ryo
(Tb
Ku
Mo
ufri
Bah
ar
br, S
pain
)on
alis
a
Sup
erio
985
Run
tu C
or
CIP
703
Tbr
Gon
Tbr
CAP
en/
G
anad
a
And
eser
uvia
n
0.6
0.5
26.9
12.8
C
Cal
ciump
mg/
1
mg/
11.
3-2
(
100g
100g
27
.8
(n=2
6)
(n=1
27)
10.6
(Who
le,
(Gon
/G,
Janc
k
, Per
u)
CIP
7042
29, A
ko A
ncka
nc
Aja
, Per
u)
chi
(Fle
(Fle
Ku
esh,
Tbr
, Ind
ia
esh,
Tbr
, Ind
iauf
ri B
ahar
a) a)
Cha
ndr
Kuf
ri
p
ram
ukhi
Tbr
I
Indi
a
3.8
14.2
V
Fles
hV
itam
in C
mg/
12.
8-
100g
-4
2
(n=8
8)16
.6
(Tbr
, Ko
Cha
ju
orea
)
(Tb
Lis
br, S
pain
)se
ta
Hig
hle
Res
ult
vels
ofva
ts
aria
bilit
yw
efo
und
wer
din
nutr
ie
entc
ompo
ositi
on
H
Hyd
roph
ilic
Who
le
mg/
1
ce4.
6-
100g
-4
0
(n=9
0)17
.1
(Tbr
, US
Vor
an
SA
)
(Ph
CI
hu, P
eru)
P70
5172
(fles
h)a
mea
sur
and
low
with
in v
Hig
h le
and
694
med
in th
e rw
est v
alue.
varie
ties
vels
of v
a
mg/
100g
fow
hole
pot
e w
as a
s m
For e
xam
aria
bilit
y w
orpo
tass
iuta
to, a
nd 3
muc
h as
10
mpl
e, th
e d
e fo
und
wer
um(w
hole
37 m
g/10
00
mg/
100g
ence
ffe
rifffd
in n
utrie
able
1(TT
ae)0g
for m
agon
wg
for i
rfo
r the
hig
ent c
ompo
)gnes
ium
whe
ngh
est
ositi
on
aaH
Fles
hct
ivity
ntio
xida
nH
ydro
phili
c
mcg
T
t
43-
c
(Tr
olox
-8
92
(n=4
88)
386
(Wild
, US
. pin
n
US
A)
nati
sect
um
PN
Tm
255
S.
5528
TA
X 4
2br
achi
stot
r
(Wild
, US
A)
rich
um
SS
in w
ildan
tioxi
dA
hig
h v
(fles
h) a
sSo
lanu
mda
nts,
the
varia
bilit
y an
d 69
4 m
tt
ltsp
ecie
s.e
high
est a
was
als
o m
g/10
0g fo
tid
antio
xida
nfo
und
for
or p
otas
siu
did
b
nt a
ctiv
ity b
r vita
min
Cum
(who
le
libein
g m
eaC
and
die
tab
le 1
(TTa
e)
ti
edas
urar
y.)
Who
le
128-eq
e
gg
q./g
-565
(
(n=2
6)
()
306
(,
(Tbr
, US
Pur
ple
SA
))
e P
eruv
ian
(Tb
Atl
br, U
SA
)la
ntic
(,
)
both
hig
Som
e c
gh v
itam
inco
mm
on p
on
C a
nd ir
pota
to c
ult
on c
onte
ntiv
ars
and
able
(TT
ant
see
ding
d br
.2)g lin
es c
on
ntai
n
S. ReSo
en
ces
. ste
noto
mum
olan
um tu
bero
eferr
e
goni
ocsu
bsp.
S
L. (
Tbr);
osum
S (G
on/G
); ca
lyxx
sS.
tube
rosu
m
(Aja
S. a
janh
uirii
tube
ros
subs
p.
a). n
= n
umbe
rS.
(T
br/T
); su
m
ent v
afe
rr o
f difff
sub
tube
rosu
m
arie
ties
anal
yze
andi
gena
bsp.
ed fo
r eac
h nu
tS.
cha
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Source: Indigenous Peoples’food systems: the many dimension
of culture, diversity and environment for nutrition and
health, 2009, CINE, FAO.
INDIGENOUS PEOPLE’S FOOD SYSTEMSA 2009 co-publication from the Center for Indigenous Peoples’ Nutrition andEnvironment (CINE) and FAO gives good examples of the worldwide trend tolink agricultural biodiversity and nutrition. Twelve case studies, carried outamong indigenous people around the world, are reported in this study; theoverall conclusion is that an increase of processed and commercial fooditems over time results in a decrease in the quality of people’s diets. Formany indigenous communities, the introduction of the foods typical ofindustrialized societies has created diets high in energy density but poor innutrient quality, leading to obesity and other lifestyle and health concerns.The study highlights the crucial role of a diversified diet based on localbiodiversity and traditional food for food security, nutrition and health. Locallyavailable food-species numbers varied considerably depending on theecosystem. The Maasai of Kenya documented 35 food species in an aridzone, while there were 381 local food species/varieties documented forPohnpei in the Federated States of Micronesia. The extent of local traditionalfood that was consumed also varied considerably among food systems: onlythe adults of Awajun and Igbo were found to obtain nearly 100 percent oftheir dietary energy from their own local food resources. For other groups -the Ingano, Dalit, Canadian Inuit, Gwich’in and Nuxalk, Pohnpei, and Maasai,for example - more than 50 percent of their dietary energy comes fromcommercial foods, increasing the intakes of energy derived from refinedflour, fats and sugar; in these cases, we can truly speak of “cultural erosion”.
Case study of Pohnpei (Federated States of Micronesia)In spite of a wide diversity of local foods (55 banana, 133 breadfruit and171 yam cultivars; nearly 1,200 species of edible fish) the consumption oflocal traditional food by the population of Pohnpei has been steadilydeclining as their diet has shifted towards increased consumption ofimported foods. An increasingly large percentage of the people inPohnpei now show serious nutrition-related problems, notably vitamin Adeficiency, obesity and diet-related non-communicable diseases. Although more people on the island are becoming aware of the problem,few people in Pohnpei know that some of their older local bananacultivars, including Karat and utin iap, contain the highest level ofbeta-carotene in the world, making them veritable treasures of biodiversity.A programme aimed primarily at introducing green leafy vegetables intopeople’s diets over a period of 15 years showed that little progress had beenmade, because these vegetables were neither indigenous nor well-liked.On the other hand, indigenous foods such as Karat and other local yellow-fleshed bananas, and yellow-fleshed giant swamp taro varieties, were notpromoted because there were no compositional data available for them.Now that proper analysis of the composition of the Karat variety bananas hasrevealed their high pro-vitamin A carotenoid content, more efforts are underway to systematically promote consumption of this and other carotenoid-richindigenous foods. This case study highlights the crucial importance forbiodiversity-oriented programmes in seeking solutions based onnutrient-rich local foods and for collecting data that add to compositionknowledge about foods in the local food system.
INDIGENOUS PEOPLE’S FOOD SYSTEMS
BIODIVERSITY AND NUTRITION A COMMON PATH
Adapted from “Indigenous andTribal Peoples: The importanceof Traditional Foods for Nutritionand Health, December 2009,Draft, CINE, FAO”.
Traditional food systems of Indigenous Peoples for betternutritionIn recent years reduced access to land and natural resources, environmentaldegradation, climate change, globalization and the westernization ofdiet and lifestyle have dramatically affected the role traditional foodsplay in indigenous societies. Perceptions about traditional foods canalso significantly affect the consumption behaviour of a communityor individual. Indeed, various studies have indicated that in somecommunities and/or urban centres, traditional foods are perceived as“poor people’s food”, especially among younger generations. As a result,even when traditional foods are available in abundant supply, theremay be resistance to their cultivation, harvesting and consumption. Studies have linked these changes to a wide range of negativeconsequences, including: food insecurity, poor health, nutritiondeficiencies, ecosystem deterioration and cultural erosion.The consequences of such a shift in production and consumptionpatterns are significant. Foods consumed from non-native resourcesare generally processed, have higher concentrations of saturated fats,sugar and are lower in micronutrients. Their appeal comes fromvarious factors: they often come ready to consume or are easier toprepare, and they are cheap to purchase, a fact which is of particularrelevance since many indigenous peoples come from lower-incomehouseholds. At the same time, however, this transition has caused asteady drop in health as processed food sources are generally inadequatein providing the necessary nutrient requirements. Indeed, manyindigenous peoples today suffer from malnutrition and undernutrition,as well as diabetes, heart disease, decayed and missing teeth, andother illnesses. Understanding and maintaining the inextricablerelationships between peoples and their cultures, biodiversity,traditional livelihood and knowledge systems are critical factors inensuring the food and nutrition security of indigenous peoples.Although many traditional food practices have been lost, there is stillscope to recover and strengthen local food systems so that indigenouspeoples can continue to reap the benefits of their long-standingtraditions. Finding solutions to these challenges is fundamental tothe mandate of FAO whose stated aim is to “improve agriculturalproductivity, raise levels of nutrition, better the lives of rural populations,and contribute to the growth of the world economy”.
BIODIVERSITY AND NUTRITION A COMMON PATH
NUTRITION INDICATORS FOR BIODIVERSITYThe development of indicators, tools and methodologies to measureand monitor biodiversity-related food composition and food consumptionis critical in promoting sustainable diets.The identification and monitoring of nutrition indicators for biodiversityis an international collaborative process, led by FAO together withBioversity International and other partners. This initiative responds toan emerging global consensus that (1) the simplification of diets, thegrowing incidence of chronic diseases related to nutritionally-poor,energy-rich diets, and the neglect and decline in the use of locallyavailable nutritionally-rich foods are linked, and that (2) biodiversity isthe source of many foods and dietary components that can reverse thisunhealthy trend. While food biodiversity is considered essential for foodand nutrition security, and can contribute to the achievement of theMillennium Development Goals (MDGs) through improved dietarychoices and positive health impacts, it is seldom included in nutritionprogrammes or interventions. This is largely because of insufficientdata for foods counting for food biodiversity, such as, missingscientific identification, composition and methods for obtaining, analysingand using these data in food consumption studies and nutritionalprogrammes.Food consumption data on wild, underutilized, indigenous and traditionalplant and animal foods are limited and fragmented. Dietary surveys donot always collect intake information on species or varieties, partlybecause: (1) dietary assessment instruments have been developed tocapture the usual or habitual intakes of foods as reported by subjectsrather than detailed information on specific varieties of the foodsconsumed; (2) the corresponding compositional data are rarely available;and (3) it is widely believed that survey participants are not able torecognize foods at the taxonomic level below species. However, recentresearch suggests that this is not the case. A survey in Bangladesh hasshown that more than 80 percent of households were able to identifyrice by cultivar, and 38 different cultivars were named.As the importance of food biodiversity becomes increasingly acknowledged,more research should be undertaken to study the consumption andcomposition of these foods. There are a limited number of studies linking
NUTRITION INDICATORS FOR BIODIVERSITY
BIODIVERSITY AND NUTRITION A COMMON PATH
biodiversity, nutrition and health. It is therefore necessary to developresearch projects to analyse the composition of wild, underutilized,indigenous and traditional foods, to compile these data into accessibledatabases and to collect more consumption data on food biodiversity.In order to monitor biodiversity and nutrition, two indicators weredeveloped: one for food composition and another for food consumption.
Food composition indicatorThe food composition indicator relates to nutrients and bioactivenon-nutrients provided by biodiversity. It is a count of the number offoods with a sufficiently detailed description to identify genus,species, subspecies and variety/cultivar/breed, and with at least onevalue for a nutrient or other bioactive component. The indicator waselaborated through an Expert Consultation held in 2007. More than10,000 foods have been counted for the indicator so far. Of these, themajority (89%) were described at the taxonomic level below species,while 11% were wild and underutilized foods identified by speciesor with local names. Yearly reporting is undertaken.
Food consumption indicatorThe food consumption indicator relates to the dietary intakes of foodbiodiversity. It is a count of the number of foods enumerated in dietarysurveys identified as wild or underutilized and/or described at thetaxonomic level below species. This indicator was elaborated through anExpert Consultation in 2009, hence only baseline data have been collected.When different parts, shapes or stages of maturation of the same foodare reported to be consumed, they should be counted separately; forexample, the root and leaf, larva and adult animal, egg and bird, meat andmilk, muscle meat and organ meat, ripe or unripe. No minimum amountor frequency of consumption is required.
Monitoring the indicators involves examining food composition databasesand the scientific literature, and following the food consumptionsurveys conducted through national governments, UN agenciesand NGOs. These data will be useful in demonstrating the importanceof cultivar-specific composition data, their impact on nutrientintakes and the link between biodiversity, nutrition and food security.The indicator trends highlight the awareness level and the importancethat is accorded to biodiversity for food composition and foodconsumption. Increases in the number of relevant foods reported byfood composition databases and in food consumption surveys showthat governments, farmers, the food industry and consumers arebecoming more aware of the role of biodiversity for nutrition. Thissituation can be expected to lead to the conservation and sustainableuse of biodiversity, improved food and nutrition security, andsustainable diets for individuals and populations.
BIODIVERSITY AND NUTRITION A COMMON PATH
BIODIVERSITY AND SUSTAINABLE DIETS The alarming pace of food biodiversity loss and ecosystem degradationmakes a compelling case for re-examining agricultural systems anddiets. Sustainable diets take into account food for present and futuregenerations, are culturally appropriate, nutritionally sound and protectiveof ecosystems. Sustainable diets make nutritious and healthy foodsavailable and affordable to all, while protecting income of farmers andother workers, as well as cultures of consumers and communities.Sustainable diets position nutrition, food and biodiversity as central tosustainable development. FAO activities in biodiversity and sustainable diets aim to highlightbiodiversity, food production and food consumption as interconnectedelements. The declaration of the 2009 World Summit on Food Securitystates that FAO “will actively encourage the consumption of foods,particularly those available locally, that contribute to diversified andbalanced diets, as the best means of addressing micronutrient deficienciesand other forms of malnutrition, especially among vulnerablegroups”, and at the 21st Session of the FAO Committee on Agricultureit was recommended “to accelerate the transition toward sustainability”. The planned FAO activities aim to provide more eco-friendly foodrecommendations to consumers and help clarify what is required foran environmentally-sustainable food chain. The purpose is to promotea broader assessment of the link between local food products, biodiversity,nutrition, food security and sustainability. The promotion of the sustainable diets’ concept will serve to raiseawareness of consumers and governments of the role of food biodiversityin human nutrition and poverty alleviation. Sustainable diets from abiodiversity perspective will be further explored to show benefit tomany sectors and institutions. Also, close involvement of civil societyand the private sector will be fostered to directly engage stakeholdersin the fields of environment, agriculture, nutrition, health, education,culture and trade in supporting the worldwide promotion anddevelopment of sustainable diets.There is currently no internationally agreed definition of ‘sustainablediet’. In the early 1980s, the notion of “sustainable diets” started tobe explored to recommend diets which would be healthier for theenvironment as well as for consumers. With food globalization andthe increased industrialization of agricultural systems, with noattention to the sustainability of agro-foods ecosystems, the sustainablediets’ concept was neglected for many years. However, a definition,or set of guiding principles of sustainable diets, is urgently neededto address sustainability along the whole food chain, whileacknowledging the interdependencies of food production, foodrequirements and nutrient recommendations. It will also allow thedevelopment of a series of new projects and case studies to demonstratethe synergies of biodiversity, nutrition and sustainability for thebenefit of present and future generations, with particular focus ondeveloping countries. There is growing academic recognition of the
BIODIVERSITY AND SUSTAINABLE DIETS
BIODIVERSITY AND NUTRITION A COMMON PATH
complexity of defining sustainability, as well as a growing body of evidenceof the unsustainable nature of current diets.While good nutrition should be a goal of agriculture, it is imperativethat concerns of sustainability are not lost in the process. Many dietarypatterns can be healthy but they can vary substantially in terms oftheir resource cost. The notion of sustainable diets, by stressing theconcept of “getting biodiversity from the farm into the plate”, shouldguide an innovative intersectoral effort to further promote the use oflocal biodiversity, including traditional foods of indigenous and localecosystems with their many sources of nutritionally-rich species andvarieties as readily-accessible, sustainable sources of quality nutrition.
TECHNICAL WORKSHOP
BIODIVERSITY IN SUSTAINABLE DIETS31 May – 1 June 2010Philippines RoomFAO Headquarters, Rome
"IN COLLABORATION WITH
BIODIVERSITY AND NUTRITION A COMMON PATH
NUTRITION AND CONSUMER PROTECTION DIVISIONFurther information - www.fao.org/infoods/biodiversity