Biodiversity and human well-being
Transcript of Biodiversity and human well-being
BiodiversityBiodiversity andand human human wellwell--beingbeingPatricia Patricia BalvaneraBalvanera
CenterCenter forfor EcosytemEcosytem ResearchResearch (CIECO)(CIECO)NationalNational UniversityUniversity ofof MexicoMexico (UNAM)(UNAM)[email protected]@cieco.unam.mx
OurOur planetplanet has has beenbeendeeplydeeply transformedtransformed totocopecope withwith thethe increasingincreasingdemanddemand fromfrom human human societiessocieties
Rockstrom et al. 2009 Nature 461: 472-475
We have crossed various planetary boundariesof unacceptable environmental change
Safe operatingspace
Currentcondition
Exceededboundaries
Nu
mbe
rof
exti
nct
ion
spe
rm
illio
nye
ars
per
spec
ies
Pereira et al. 2010. Science DOI science.1196624
Extinction rates are much higher today than in thepast and will increase in the near future
Past rates
Present rates10 to 100Times higher
FutureSimilar to1000 timeshigher
ThisThis biodiversitybiodiversity lossloss isislikelylikely toto havehave negativenegativeconsequencesconsequences onon human human wellwell--beingbeing
BIO
DIV
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COMPONENTS OFHUMAN WELL-BEING
BENEFITS SOCIETIESOBTAIN FROM ECOSYSTEMS
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment 2005
Biodiversity is linked to human well-beingbecause it affects the ability of ecosystemto provide benefits or services to societies
Biodiversity is the variability among living organisms
Diversity at differentlevels of organization
Genetic diversitywithin populations
Population diversitywithin species
Species diversitywithin communities
Community diversitywithin landscapes
Biome diversity
Different types of diversity
Number of species
Relative abundance
Composition
Range of functionaltraits
Spatial distribution
Vertical diversity
Díaz et al. 2006 PLOS 4:277
Ecosystem processes and services underpin well-beingEcosystem processes: interactions among abioticand biotic components ofecosystem
Ecosystem services: thebenefits people obtain fromecosystems
Basic ecologicalprocesses thatunderpinecosystemfunctioning andthe ability todeliverecosystemservices
Resources thatcan be consumed,accounted for
Processes thatregulate thevariability in ecosystem conditions
Benefits thatarise fromHuman-ecosystemrelationships
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment 2005, Maass et al 2005, Chan et al. prep.
Human well being can be assessedthrough its constituents
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment 2005
The relative importanceof these constituentsof well-beingvaries among stakeholdersand among societies
REGIONAL
LANDSCAPE
LOCAL
We will analyze what we know about the links betweenbiodiversity and well-being at various spatial scales
BIO
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ECOSYSTEMPROCESSES
ECOSYSTEMSERVICES
HUMANWELL-BEING
The availability of information onthe topic is uneven
ISI Web of Knowledge 2010
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Only a small fraction of these references provideinformation relevant to the posed question
LOCAL
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ECOSYSTEMPROCESSES
ECOSYSTEMSERVICES
The links between biodiversity and ecosystem processes isvery well know.
That for ecosystem services is not so well known
Experimental studies have allowed the exploration ofthe links between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning
There has been an exponential increasein the number of publications from experiments
What is the shape of the relationship?
The dominant shape has been the rivet one
Cardinale et al. in press American Journal of Botany
Species richness
EcosystemFunction
r
103 studies (1954-2004)ca. 450 diversity “effects”
Balvanera, Pfisterer, Buchman, He, Nakashizuka, Rafaeeli, Schmid2006 Ecology Letters 9: 1146–1156
What is the direction of the relationship?
º abundance
º
º
40-1 0
1ª/2
ª/3ª
prod
uctiv
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1º Consumer abundance
2 º Consumer abundance
Ecosystemproperty
Mycorrhiza abundance
Plant root biomass
Decomposer activity
Plant nutrient concentration
Nutrient supply from soil
1º Consumer diversity
1° Consumer (Plant disease severity)
(Invader fitness)(Invader diversity)
Invasion resistanceConsumption resistance
Drought resistanceResistance to other disturbancesNatural variation
0 80Number of measurementsResponse to
increasing biodiversity 1-Ecosystem service
Nut
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clin
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Decomposer diversity
Reg
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ofB
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tySt
abili
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cont
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Plants
1ª Consumers
Micorrhiza
Decomposer
Multitrophic
Balvanera et al. 2006 Ecology Letters 9: 1146–1156
We found clear positive We found clear positive effects of biodiversity on effects of biodiversity on most ecosystem services most ecosystem services analyzedanalyzedTheseThese effectseffects werewere analyzedanalyzedaccrossaccross multiplemultiple ecosystemecosystem typestypes, , multiplemultiple trophic trophic levelslevels, , andandmultiplemultiple functionsfunctions pointingpointingtowardstowards consistencyconsistency
Yet, little is known for many types ofecosystems, e.g. very diverse systems suchas tropical forests
Increasingrichness andmagnitudeof servicealongsuccession
Aboveground carbon storage
Pasture
Earlysuccessional
Latesuccessional
Old growth-forest
0.E+00
1.E+05
2.E+05
3.E+05
0 20 40 60 80Cummulative species richness
To
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acc
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carb
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(Kg
/h
a)
Balvanera et al 2005 Ecological Applications 15:360-375, Balvanera et al in prep.
We are analyzing links between biodiversity andecosystem services for successional tropical forests
LOCAL
BIO
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ECOSYSTEMPROCESSES
ECOSYSTEMSERVICES
HUMANWELL-BEING?
Much less is known for the links to well-beingat the local scale
How different components of well-being are relatedto biodiversity?
LANDSCAPE
BIO
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ECOSYSTEMPROCESSES
ECOSYSTEMSERVICES
HUMANWELL-BEING
Little is known on the links between biodiversity, ecosystem services and well-being at landscape scales
Biodiversity within mangrovesprovides human well-being
Barbier et al. Science 319: 321
Mangroves provide habitat for fisheries
Coastal protection
Decreasing shrimp farmingProfit as mangrove area increases
300,000,000300,000,000WorldWorld
22,000,00022,000,000CaCa 7,0007,000MexicoMexico
200200397397San Lorenzo San Lorenzo PPáápalopalo
NUMBER OF NUMBER OF PEOPLE PEOPLE BENEFITEDBENEFITED
NUMBER OF NUMBER OF NONNON--TIMBER TIMBER FOREST FOREST PRODUCTSPRODUCTS
EXAMPLEEXAMPLE
Solís 2006 MSc Thesis, Balvanera et al. 2009 Capital Natural de México
Biodiversity is a direct source of food, fuel, medicine for rural populations of the world
Various componentsOf well-being
Basic materialsHealthSecurityGood social-relations
Biodiversity within Satoyama and Sataoumiis important for human well-being
SatoyamaSataoumi
High species diversity
High diversity ofcommunities/ecosystems
Widevarietyofecosystemservices
MultiplecomponentsofWell-being
Basic materialsHealthSecurityGood social-relations
Japan Satoyama Sataoumi Assessment 2010
BiodiversityBiodiversity isis importantimportanttoto servicesservices andand wellwell--beingbeingat at landscapelandscape scalesscales, , thoughthough thethe patternspatterns are are notnot simplesimple
REGIONALB
IOD
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SITY
ECOSYSTEMPROCESSES
ECOSYSTEMSERVICES
HUMANWELL-BEING
Some studies have analyzed the link between biodiversity,ecosystem services and well-being at regional scales
Ostfeld & Keesing. 2000. Conservation Biology 14: 722–728
BacteriaBorreliaburgdorferi
The higher the biodiversity the lower the disease incidence
White-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus)
Tick
Many studies have now confirmed the links betweenbiodiversity loss and increased disease transmission
A- host/vector abundanceB- host/vector/parasite behaviour
Kessing et al. 2010 Nature 468:647-652
Many studies todate havemappedbiodiversityanddelivery ofmultipleecosystemservices
Patterns of corrrelations between biodiversity andecosystem services are not clear cut
Chan et al 2006 PLOS 4 e379
Low overall correlationbetween biodiversityand services- California
High spatial variance inconcordance or discordance
Turner et al 2007 BioScience 57: 868-873
Onlybiodiversity
Only services Both
Anderson et al 2009 J Appl Ecol 46 888–896
Spatial co-variance among serviceschange with resolution
and service - UK
100Km2
4Km2
100Km2
Carb
on
Agric
ultu
reVa
lue
Rec
reat
ion
Nelson et al 2009 Front EcolEnviron 7: 4–11
Future scenariosfor biodiversityand for ecosystemservices have beendeveloppedto informdecision making
Pereira et al. 2010. Science DOI science.1196624
Yet modelsthat predictimpactsonecosystemservicesbased onchanges inbiodiversityare not yetavailable
BiodiversityBiodiversity isis importantimportanttoto ecosystemecosystem servicesservices andandwellwell--beingbeing, , yetyet thetherelationshiprelationship at regional at regional scalesscales isis veryvery complexcomplex
BIO
DIV
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COMPONENTS OFHUMAN WELL-BEING
BENEFITS SOCIETYOBTAINS FROM ECOSYSTEMS
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment 2005
Biodiversity underpins the delivery of ecosystem servicesand human well-being
Yet the relationship between biodiversity andhuman well-being is scale dependent and complex
WhatWhat do do wewe needneed toto know?know?Role Role playedplayed by a by a rangerange ofof biologicalbiologicalgroupsgroups andand differentdifferent diversitydiversitycomponentscomponentsImpactsImpacts onon a a widerwider rangerange ofofecosystemecosystem servicesservicesExplicitExplicit links links toto human human wellwell--beingbeingRelationshipsRelationships andand relativerelative importanceimportanceat at multiplemultiple spatialspatial scalesscalesSynthesisSynthesis toto understandunderstand generalitiesgeneralitiesandand particularitiesparticularities
WeWe havehave shownshown thatthatbiodiversitybiodiversity lossloss willwill threatenthreatenecosystemecosystem servicesservices deliverydelivery andandhuman human wellwell--beingbeing
In In thethe faceface ofof thethe newnewPlatformPlatform forfor BiodiversityBiodiversityandand EcosystemEcosystem Services Services muchmuch more more informationinformation isisneededneeded toto explicitlyexplicitly link link biodiversitybiodiversity toto wellwell--beingbeingat at multiplemultiple spatialspatial scalesscales
AckowledgementsAckowledgements
Sandra Sandra QuijasQuijasMariaMaria JoseJose MartMartíínez nez HarmsHarmsFrancisco MoraFrancisco MoraRadikaRadika BhaskarBhaskarManuel Manuel BeteramsBeteramsAdinaAdina MerelenderMerelenderAlicia CastilloAlicia CastilloElena LazosElena LazosHelena Helena CotlerCotlerMarisa Marisa MazariMazariKarina CaballeroKarina Caballero
Manuel Manuel MaassMaassPatricia Patricia AvilaAvilaFabiana Fabiana CastellariniCastellariniAmericoAmerico SaldivarSaldivarEk del Ek del ValValErnesto VegaErnesto VegaEnrique MartEnrique Martííneznez--MeyerMeyerBernhard SchmidBernhard SchmidBradleyBradley CardinaleCardinaleHenriqueHenrique PereiraPereira…….. more .. more studentsstudents, , assistantsassistants andand collaboratorscollaborators
Science Coucil of Japan