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Biodiversity
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Why is Biodiversity Important?
• Genetic diversity:
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Why is Biodiversity Important?
• Species Diversity:
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Why is Biodiversity Important?
• Ecosystem Diversity:
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Diversity = Richness + Evenness• richness: count of # species
• evenness: relative abundance of speciesEcosystem A Ecosystem B
4 oak species 3 oak species
bl oak = 40 bl oak = 120
wh oak = 30 wh oak = 60
r oak = 20 r oak = 20
pin oak = 10 pin oak = 0
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A = B = alpha () diversity – within habitatC = beta () diversity – among habitatD = gamma () diversity – geographic scale
Three Scales of Diversity
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Alpha & Gamma Species Diversity Indices
• Shannon-Wiener Index – most used
- sensitive to change in status of rare species
s
iii ppH
1
))(ln('
H’ = diversity of species (range 0-1+)
s = # of species
pi = proportion of total sample belonging to ith species
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Alpha & Gamma Species Diversity Indices
• Shannon-Wiener Index
s
iii ppH
1
))(ln('
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Alpha & Gamma Species Diversity Indices
• Simpson Index – sensitive to changes in most abundant species
s
iipD
1
2)(1
D = diversity of species (range 0-1)
s = # of species
pi = proportion of total sample belonging to ith species
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Alpha & Gamma Species Diversity Indices
• Simpson Index
s
iipD
1
2)(1
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Alpha & Gamma Species Diversity Indices
• Species Evenness
max'
'
H
HJ
H’max = maximum value of H’ = ln(s)
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Beta Species Diversity Indices• Sorensen’s Coefficient of Community
Similarity – weights species in common
cba
aSS
2
2
Ss = coefficient of similarity
(range 0-1)
a = # species common to both samples
b = # species in sample 1
c = # species in sample 2
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Beta Species Diversity Indices• Sorensen’s Coefficient of Community
Similarity
Dissimilarity = DS = b + c / 2a + b + c
Or 1.0 - Ss
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Species Sample 1 Sample 2
1 1 1
2 1 0
3 1 1
4 0 0
5 1 1
6 0 0
7 0 0
8 1 0
9 1 1
10 0 0
11 1 1
12 0 0
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Sorensen’s Coefficient• Sample 1
– Total occurrences = b = 7- # joint occurrences = a = 5
• Sample 2– Total occurrences = c = 5- # joint occurrences = a = 5
• Ss = 2 * 5 / 10 + 7 + 5 = 0.45 (45%)
• Ds = 1 – 0.45 = 0.55 (55%)
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Species-of-the-Week
American woodcock (Scolopax minor)
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Habitat
• Woods & thickets with moist soil, small openings near woody cover
• aspen, alder, willow cover types (early successional = seedling/sapling stage; <3 in dbh)
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Food
• Diet = 50-90% earthworms
• Diurnal foraging in spring/summer
• Nocturnal foraging in winter
• Long bill used as probe (foot stomping)
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Reproduction
Courtship behavior = males on breeding fields Mar-Apr -- polygynous
Clutch size = ~4 eggs
I.P. = 21 days; near full grown in 28 days
Behavior
- Migratory – winters in SE U.S.
- Nonvocal calls = wing position
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Estimating Abundance of Wildlife
• Terms
- Population
- Relative vs. Absolute Abundance
- Parameter vs. Statistic
- Population Index- Accuracy
- Precision
- Bias
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Estimating Abundance of Wildlife
• Complete Counts (Census)
- open habitat = visible wildlife
- concentration of activity
- small study area
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Estimating Abundance of Wildlife
• Complete Counts (Census)
- Drives
* Biased (under- or overestimate)
- Territorial (Spot) Mapping
e.g., breeding birds
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Territorial (Spot) Mapping
Limitations:- territorial species (grouse, songbirds)- sex ratio known or
assumed-nonterritorial males? (floaters)-ability to id species & map territories
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Estimating Abundance of Wildlife
• Complete Counts (Census)
- Aerial Counts & Sensing
- must see animal to count it!
- Aerial Photos or IR Thermal Scans
- photos of migratory waterfowl
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Estimating Abundance of Wildlife
• Complete Counts (Census)
- Aerial Counts & Sensing
• Aerial line-transect counts
- must see animal to count it!
• Aerial Photos or IR Thermal Scans
- photos of migratory waterfowl
- IR scans of wildlife (bowhunting study in MN – loss rate)
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Estimating Abundance of Wildlife
• Complete Counts - Sample Plots
- Line transects (ground or aerial)
- e.g., flush count for grassland birds
- assumes 100% detection
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Indices of Relative AbundanceIndices of Relative Abundance• …dependent on the
collection of samples that represent some relatively constant but unknown population size
– Traps, number of fecal pellets, vocalization frequency, pelt records, catch/unit effort, number of artifacts, questionnaires, cover, feeding capacity, roadside counts
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Indices of Relative AbundanceIndices of Relative Abundance
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Capture TechniquesCapture Techniques
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Capture TechniquesCapture Techniques
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Radio Telemetry
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Female
Male
Spatial Organization
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Scent Stations
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Remote Camera Systems
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DNA Fingerprinting
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GPS
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