Biodiesel production from various oils
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Transcript of Biodiesel production from various oils
INVESTIGATION OF BIODIESEL PRODUCTION FROM VARIOUS OILS BY USING DIFFERENT EXCHANGED HYDROTALCITE CATALYSTS
BYMr. Chaitanyakumar. D
(06031 G 1426)
Under the esteemed guidance ofDr.Sreedhar.B (Scientist-E1)
Inorganic & Physical Chemistry Division, IICT.
A dissertation submitted toJawaharlal Nehru Technological University
KUKATPALLY, HYDERABAD
OVERVIEWPollution is the introduction of contaminants into an environment that causes instability, disorder, harm or discomfort to the physical systems or living organisms.
Thermal Pollution
Radioactive Pollution
Noise Pollution
Land Pollution
Water Pollution
Air Pollution
POLLUTION
AIR POLLUTION
Direct method Indirect Method
Hydrogen gas Biodiesel
What is Biodiesel ? A mixture of fatty acids lower alkyl esters, Ex: FAME Alternative fuel for diesel engines Made from vegetable oil or animal fat Meets health effect testing Lower emissions, Safer Biodegradable, Essentially non-toxic. Chemically, biodiesel molecules are mono-alkyl esters
produced usually from triglyceride esters
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
160
GasolineCNGLPG
DieselEthanol 85%
B20Diesel Hybrid
ElectricB10
0
Data from “A Fresh Look at CNG: A Comparison of Alternative Fuels”, Alternative
Fuel Vehicle Program, 8/13/2001
B100 = 100% BiodieselB20 = 20% BD + 80% PD
Relative Greenhouse Gas Emissions
** B100 (100% biodiesel) with NOx adsorbing catalyst on vehicle
0 20 40 60 80 100
Total Unburned HCsCO
Particulate Matter**NOx
SulfatesPAHs
n-PAHsMutagenicity
CO2
Percent
B100 **B20Diesel
Relative emissions: Diesel and Biodiesel
METHODOLOGYSource Oil BiodieselExtraction Trans-
esterification
CHEMISTRY INVOLVED IN THE REACTIONS:Its a multi-step process:
TYPES OF CATALYSTS
CATALYST
Homogeneous catalystsDefined on
molecular level, scope, variability
Heterogeneous catalystsSeparation, recovery, handling,
Stability,reuse
Clays
Cationic clays Anionic clays
------------------------
------------------------
++++++++++++++
+++++++++++++++
+++++++++++++++
--------------------------
e.g., SiO2 and Al(OH)3
e.g., Hydrotalcite-Mg6Al2(OH)16(CO32-).4H2O
DIFFERENT PROCESSES USED IN BIODIESEL PRODUCTION
This involves the following:
Acid-Catalyzed ProcessesBase-Catalyzed ProcessesLipase-Catalyzed ProcessesNon-Ionic Base-Catalyzed Processes
EXPERIMENTAL For our convenience experimental work divided into three steps
i) Catalyst screening
Catalyst Reaction time Stirring speed (rpm) Temperature Result
Mg-La 6h Medium 650C-700C No reaction
Mg-Cl 6h Medium 650C-700C No reaction
SiHClO4 6h Medium 650C-700C No reaction
3-Amino Propyl fictionalized silica gel
6h Medium 650C-700C No reaction
Boric acid 6h Medium 650C-700C No reaction
DABCO 6h Medium 650C-700C No reaction
KOtBu 1h Medium 650C-700C Reaction occurred
ii) Heterogenisati
on 1.Preparation of HT-NO3 (Mg-Al, 3/1 ):
(Mg(NO3)2.6H2O+ Al(NO3)3.9H2O)
solution KOH solution
precipitate
Drying
398K
HT
+
2.Preparation of HT-NO3(Ni-Al, 2/1):: (Ni(NO3)2.6H2O + Al(NO3)3.9H2O)
solution
+ NaOH+Na2CO3 solution
precipitate
HT
Drying
1250C
3. HT-O tBu:
HTcalcined at 723 K
Calcined HT
KOtBu in freshly dried THF stirred for 24 h in a nitrogen atmosphere
HT-OtBu
+
iii ) OptimizationThree parameters are considered for optimization and that
include the following i) Methanol ii) Amount of catalyst and iii) Temperature.
Methanol molar ratio table.
Methanol molar ratio
Methanol volume
Isolated yield
5% 0.14mL 69.1%
10% 0.28mL 75.0%
15% 0.43mL 78.6%
20% 0.56mL 94.5%
25% 0.70mL 98.6%
Catalyst percentage tableCatalyst amount
Isolated Yield
10% 34.5%
15% 62.5%
20% 90.0%
25% 90.5%
Temperature: We started the reaction at 65-700C, as a part of optimization we had
carried out the reaction at room temperature and this
yielded best results.
RESULTS & DISCUSSION:Catalyst characterization
FTIR Result
Mg-Al 3/1 pure
Mg-Al 3/1 calcined
Mg-Al 3/1 exchanged
Ni-Al 2/1 pure
Ni-Al 2/1 calcined
Ni-Al 2/1 exchanged
XRD Result:
Mg-Al 3/1 pure
Mg-Al 3/1 calcined
Mg-Al 3/1 exchanged
Ni-Al 2/1 pure
Ni-Al 2/1 calcined
Ni-Al 2/1 exchanged
XPS Results:
SEM quantity results
SEM Exchanged catalyst photograph
SEM Used catalyst photograph
Transesterification reaction result:
Type of Oil Isolated yield%
Coconut oil 96.0Soybean oil 88.0
Sun flower oil 78.5Sesame oil 73.5
Palm oil 68Castor oil 20
Reaction conditionsAmbient temperature, 25% methanol molar ratio 20% catalyst amount with respect to oil.
PROTON NMR
RESULTS
CONCLUSIONMg-Al LDH gave lower methyl ester yield, but calcined Ni-Al HT did not have the ability to do transesterification reaction .After exchanging HT with strong base like KOt Bu Mg-Al HT gives 86% isolated yield. Where as Ni-Al HT gave 94% yield for the 1st cycle and after 5th cycle it will gives 62% isolated methyl ester yield .Highest biodiesel yield was obtained at an ambient temperature, 25% methanol molar ratio and 20% catalyst amount with respect to oil. The highest yield observed in the coconut oil, i.e 96%, soybean oil 88.0%, sun flower oil 78.5%, sesame oil 73.5%, palm oil 68.0% and lowest yield observed in the castor oil 20.0%.Here we for the first time reported that the reaction can be carried at ambient temperature by using HT.