Biocontrol Para Problemas de Uva de Mesa
Transcript of Biocontrol Para Problemas de Uva de Mesa
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Biocontrolsolutionfor table grapeAndrea IodiceMassimo Benuzzi
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What are Biocontrol agents (BCAs) ? Why BCAs ?
Obstacles to BCAs BCAs and table grape (examples)
Conclusion
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What are biocontrol agents (BCAs) ?
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IBMA has divided BCSa in 4 groups
MicrobialsBotanicals
SemiochemicalsBeneficials (macrobials)
BotanicalsotanicalsSemiochemicalsBeneficials (macrobials)
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Why BCAs ?
Residue issue (GDO) Withdrawal of many old chemicals (EU) Development of resistant strains Minimize the impact of agriculture in the
environment
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Residues
Source: (Waldner W. Frutta e Vite, 2009)
Maximal pesticide Residue Level requested bySupermarket chains in Italy Maximal pesticide Residue Level requested bySupermarket chains in Germany
100% Legal MRL 100% Legal MRL
50%
40%
30% 33%
70%
80%
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Lack of available active ingredients Stone fruit: pest (OFM) active (AzinphosM)
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Resistance Up to few years ago resistance was the main reason to
look for alternative methods Only when chemical control was not working BCAs
became attractive Some examples:
Greenhouses: two spotted spider mites(Phytoseiulus permilis) Pome fruits: codling moth (MD + CpGV)
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Obstacles to large-scaleBCAs useBCAs Are more complex to be used Need technical support and more know-how Often need controlled storage conditions May have limited shelf-life
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Obstacles to large-scaleBCAs useRegistration Process was developed for chemicals BCAs usually are not broad spectrum but have a single/few targets Registration is a sort of black box Mean time required for registration: 3-5 years in EU (less than 1yr in USA) Often need controlled storage conditions Registration costs: 2-5 millions Results Many ideas remain in the Petri Dishes Need to find short cuts Need for registration procedure adaptations to the different nature of BCAs
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BCAs available on grapevine & table grapes (Italy)Active substance target notesAmpelomyces quisqualis Powdery mildew Close to harvest
(on table grape)
Aureobasidium pullulans Grey mould Close to harvestBacillus amyloliquefaciens subsp.plantarum D747 Grey mould & Sour rot Close to harvestBacillus subtilis strain QST 713 Grey mould Close to harvestBacillus thuringiensis (subsp.Kurstaki, Aizawai, various strains) European grapevinemoth IIgenerationBeauveria bassiana strains ATCC74040 and GHA Leafhoppers & Fruit Fly Close to harvestTrichoderma harzianum Soil borne diseases In nurseryAzadirachtin Leafhoppers & Thrips Mainly in OrganicPyrethrins Leafhoppers Mainly in Organic
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BCAs and table grape Mating disruption (against GVM) B. amyloliquefacens (against gray mold) A. quisqualis (against powdery mildew) B. thuringiensis (against GVM) B. bassiana (against thrips)
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Pheromone = Pherein (transport) + Hormone (stimulate)
Lepidoptera sexual pheromones
help females to attract malesof the same species for matingwhen their eggs are ready to befertilized.
Males detect pheromones scentsin the air through the specialorgans of their antennas calledsensilla
MATING DISRUPTION
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Homogenous concentration of artificialpheromone hinders the meeting of males andfemales, reducing the number of eggs and larvaeand, consequently, clusters damages il numero dilarve nate per generazione
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MATING DISRUPTION
calling female
Naturalpheromone
Sinteticpheromone
disrupted male
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Bacillus amyloliquefaciensBacillus amyloliquefaciens, aerobic gram-positive bacteria, was isolated from the soil anddescribed for the first time by Fukumoto in1943.
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Its name derived from the production capability(faciens) of one amilase (amylo) enzyme able todegrade (lique) complex sugar in simple sugar.Commonly present in the soil and on thevegetation all over the world.It does not produce harmfull toxine for humanbeign and is considered safety from EFSA(QPS=Qualified Presumption of Safety).
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A. quisqualisis a Deuteromycete fungus, which has been first described byTulasne & Tulasne more than 140 years ago
Conidiophores of PM
Pycnidia of A.quisqualis
A. quisqualisparasitizes more than 500 species (attacking more than 1500plant genera) of fungi belonging to Erysiphales(PMs).
Ampelomyces quisqualis
Conidiophores of PM
Pycnidia of A.quisqualis
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A. quisqualis prevents sporulation of the PM mycelium and kills allparasitized host cells by causing a gradual degeneration of of the cells.
Untreated PM Treated PM
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Benefits of Btk: tool for IPM against various spp of Lepidoptera environmentally friendly, harmless to humans and other vertebrates highly selective to beneficials, pollinators included different mode of action (resistance management) No MRL required
The ability ofBacillus thuringiensis (Bt),a naturally occurring, soil-dwelling, Gram-positive bacterium, to control pest insectlarvae was discovered more than 90 yearsago.
Bt serovar kurstaki was discovered in thelate 1960s. This serovar is considerablymore effective against Lepidopterans.
Bacillus thuringiensis
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Btk Modeofaction(alkaliner
pH
Wert)
Mode of action: ingestion.Larva stops feeding and dies within 2-3 days due tosepticemia.
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Beauveria bassiana (Ascomycota:Hypocreales) was first recognized in 1835
by Agostino Bassi as the causal agent of thewhite muscardine disease of the silkworm.
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Beauveria bassiana
B. bassiana can affect a wide range of arthropod pests, whiteflies included, and all
their developmental stages (eggs, immaturestages, and adults).
Various strains differ in their host range andselectivity.
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Mode of actionThe conidiospores, in contact with the insectscuticle, germinate and form an appressorium.
A fine penetration hypha perforates the
cuticle, grows, and differentiates into otherpenetration hyphae. The fungus invades theinsects body.
Major targets on protected cropsWhiteflies
Two-spotted spider mite
Thrips
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Beauveria bassiana
The mycelium proliferates by feeding on thehosts haemolymph, and blastospores are
produced.
The host dies within a few days due todepletion of nutrients and dehydration.
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Efficacy High level of reliability Capable of ensuring acceptable level of
control
Benefit of BCAs
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Conclusion
BCAs are not alternative to chemicals BCAs are additional opportunity for effective
and sustanaible pest control BCAs can be easily integrated in IPM
strategies
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Thanks for your attention