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Biocontrol of Water Framework Directive Weeds

Yearly progress

Rob Tanner, Sonal Varia, Djamila Djeddour and Dick Shaw

September 2011

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Contents

Himalayan balsam…………………………………………………………….3 Test plant list……………………………………………………………5 Australian swamp stonecrop………………………………………………...7 Test plant list……………………………………………………………9 Floating pennywort……………………………………………………………11

Test plant list……………………………………………………………13

General Introduction This report provides brief introductions to each of the three Water Framework Directive projects being carried out on behalf of Defra/Environment Agency1, before providing summaries of the activities since the last report up to September 2011. The contract for 2011-2014 was only signed at the end of August 2011, but CABI has been able to continue activities relatively seamlessly. A new Steering Committee has been established and it is assumed that the previous summaries will have been provided in advance of the receipt of this report. Nonetheless, the current test plant lists have been included at the end of each sub-project report for discussion and agreement since these are live documents and changes have been made.

1 And the Scottish Executive (Himalayan balsam )

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Introduction Since September 2010, research into the biological control of Impatiens glandulifera has focused on evaluating the host specificity, infection parameters and the life cycle of the autoecious rust pathogen Puccinia komarovii Tranz. (Fig. 1) which was imported into CABI‟s quarantine facility following the survey to the Indian Himalayas in June 2010.

Personnel Rob Tanner- Project Manager and Biological Control Scientist Carol Ellison- Principal Pathologist Sonal Varia- Biological Control Scientist Lynn Hill- Technical Support Suzy Wood has joined the Himalayan balsam team in June 2011. Suzy has been working with the team on all

aspects of the biological control programme.

Outputs Oral and poster presentations , both specific to the biological control of Himalayan balsam, and more generally as an overview of CABI‟s European biocontrol initiative have been given at numerous conference including:

RT presented at AAB advances in biological control (17th Nov, Peterborough, UK)

RT presented at AAB Keeping up with non-native species (7th- 8

th Dec., Edinburgh, UK)

RT presented at EMAPi (31st Aug. – 4

th Sept.Szombathely, Hungary)

RT to present at the IEEM conference in Scotland on the 5th October

RT highlighted the biological control programme on BBC Countryfile (July 2011). In collaboration with Queen Mary University, a chapter titled „Himalayan balsam (Impatiens glandulifera Royle)‟ has been published in the „A Handbook of Global Freshwater Invasive Species‟. In collaboration with Imperial College, a paper has been submitted to Biological invasions titled „An investigation into the capacity of invasive plant species to support native invertebrate herbivores in the UK‟.

Factors affecting targets There are currently no anticipated factors that will impact on the 2011 targets.

Test plant list The test plant list is appended to this summary report and will be regularly updated to incorporate any new

Impatiens species becoming available and potentially removing those species that suppliers no longer stock. So

far in 2011, over 25 plant species have been sourced from suppliers. Three additional species of Impatiens have

been added to the test plant list, replacing three hard to obtain Impatiens species.

Overseas research In May 2010, CABI scientists undertook a survey in Hungary, in collaboration with Dr Levente Kiss of the

Hungarian Academy of Sciences, to collect Puccinia komarovii (ex. I. parviflora). This material was used to

increase the geographic range and sample size of balsam rusts for the molecular comparison studies and for

cross inoculation studies in quarantine.

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UK research

To-date 39 plant species (68% of the total test plant list) have been screened against the rust pathogen,

including 36 replicates of the European native Impatiens noli-tangere from two distinct UK populations.

Host range testing uses the uredinial spore stage. All spores stages have been successfully germinated

in quarantine

One non-target species I. balsamina is susceptible to the rust where viable urediniospores are formed.

This is a commercial variety which is sold in seed form. Although the species is widely available, it does

not have the economic value of the more commonly grown commercial Impatiens (I. walleriana and I.

hawkeri).

P. komarovii (ex. I. parviflora) also infects I. balsamina under quarantine conditions though there are no

records of this association in mainland Europe.

In 2011, in collaboration with Royal Holloway University, research has been conducted to evaluate the

impact of I. glandulifera on the mycorrhizal community. This research will continue throughout 2012

where RT will co-supervise an MRes into the potential allelopathic impacts of I. glandulifera

Data evaluation of a two year ecological study into the impacts of I. glandulifera on invertebrate

populations clearly shows that I. glandulifera has a significant negative impact on the invertebrate

community

Work will continue to complete the host range safety testing of the rust as well as generate data for

future application to release.

Engaging with FERA on licensing the potential release of P. komarovii

On the 29th September 2011, RT, MS (Marion Seier) and RS (Richard Shaw) will travel to York for the first

meeting with FERA to discuss the process and licencing requirements for the potential release of P. komarovii

into the UK. RT will present a detailed evaluation of the research conducted to-date and all will discuss potential

hurdles in licencing pathways.

Figure 1. The life cycle of Puccinia komarovii Tranz. on Impatiens glandulifera in the Himalayas

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The proposed test plant list for the biological control of

Impatiens glandulifera

I = Introduced, O = ornamental, N = Native and E = Economically important species

Order Family Genus species Status

Ericales Balsaminaceae Impatiens glandulifera I

Ericales Balsaminaceae Impatiens namchabarwensis O

Ericales Balsaminaceae Impatiens balfourii O

Ericales Balsaminaceae Impatiens balsamina O

Ericales Balsaminaceae Impatiens capensis I

Ericales Balsaminaceae Impatiens walleriana O

Ericales Balsaminaceae Impatiens hawkeri O

Ericales Balsaminaceae Impatiens auricoma O

Ericales Balsaminaceae Impatiens noli-tangere N

Ericales Balsaminaceae Impatiens textori O

Ericales Balsaminaceae Impatiens parviflora I

Ericales Balsaminaceae Impatiens sodenii O

Ericales Balsaminaceae Impatiens arguta O

Ericales Balsaminaceae Impatiens omeiana O

Ericales Balsaminaceae Impatiens rothii O

Ericales Balsaminaceae Impatiens repens O

Ericales Balsaminaceae Impatiens kilimanjaro x pseudoviola O

Ericales Balsaminaceae Impatiens kerriae O

Ericales Balsaminaceae Impatiens stenantha O

Ericales Balsaminaceae Impatiens puberula O

Ericales Balsaminaceae Impatiens uniflora O

Ericales Balsaminaceae Impatiens niamniamensis O

Ericales Balsaminaceae Impatiens apiculata O

Ericales Balsaminaceae Impatiens flanaganae O

Ericales Balsaminaceae Impatiens tinctoria O

Ericales Balsaminaceae Impatiens keilii O

Ericales Balsaminaceae Impatiens gomphophylla O

Ericales Balsaminaceae Impatiens parasitica O

Ericales Balsaminaceae Impatiens scabrida O

Ericales Balsaminaceae Impatiens pseudoviola O

Ericales Balsaminaceae Impatiens tuberosa O

Ericales Polemoniaceae Polemonium caeruleum N

Ericales Polemoniaceae Phlox divaricata O

Ericales Primulaceae Primula veris N

Ericales Primulaceae Primula vulgaris N

Ericales Primulaceae Anagallis arvensis N

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Ericales Myrsinaceae Ardisia japonica O

Ericales Theaceae Camellia japonica var. Tama no ura O

Ericales Symplocaceae Symplocos sawafutagi O

Ericales Diapensiaceae Shortia uniflora O

Ericales Actinidiaceae Actinidia kolomikta O

Order Family Genus species Status

Ericales Clethraceae Clethra alnifolia O

Ericales Cyrillaceae Cyrilla parvifolia O

Ericales Ericaceae Erica ciliaris N

Ericales Ericaceae Calluna vulgaris N

Ericales Ericaceae Andromeda polifolia N

Ericales Ericaceae Vaccinium oxycoccos N

Ericales Ericaceae Vaccinium myrtillus N

Ericales Ericaceae Rhododendron var percy wiseman O/E

Genaniales Geraniaceae Geranium parviflorus N

Genaniales Geraniaceae Geranium robertianum N

Ericales Actinidiaceae Actinidia deliciosa E/O

Ericales Ericaceae Vaccinium corymbosum var. Bluetta O/E

Ericales Ericaceae Vaccinium macrocarpon var. Howes O/E

Ericales Theaceae Camellia sinensis O/E

Rosales Urticaceae Urtica dioica N

Rubiales Rubiaceae Galium aparine N

Rosales Rosaceae Rubus fruticosus N

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Introduction

Crassula helmsii, or Australian swamp stonecrop, is an invasive aquatic weed from Australia and New Zealand. Since its introduction via the aquarium trade in 1911, C. helmsii has gradually spread throughout the UK, dominating ponds, lakes and other slow moving water bodies. Many ecologically sensitive areas have been infested with this weed, with negative impacts on native plants and animals recorded. Research conducted thus far, consisted of a brief scoping survey to the native regions of C. helmsii (New Zealand, Australia and Tasmania) to determine whether this weed could be the target of a full biological control programme. The survey revealed that the plant incurs considerable damage from natural enemies, particularly in Tasmania and Victoria, Australia. Two weevils in particular were prioritised for further investigation. Molecular studies have since been carried out by Dr G. Houliston at Landcare Research New Zealand which show that the most likely origin of C. helmsii in the UK, based on limited material, is found to be Australia rather than New Zealand. A test plant list of 54 species had also been produced, and this is attached as an appendix to this section of the report.

Personnel

Suzy Wood has been recruited to give support to the project alongside Corin Pratt. Sonal Varia has taken over the day to day management of the project, with Richard Shaw supervising and maintaining overall responsibility.

Outputs

The biological control of Crassula helmsii was included in a presentation given at the Association of Applied Biologists‟ meeting of Advances in Biological Control (30

th November 2011)

A poster on the „Potential for the biological control of Crassula helmsii‟ will be presented at the International Symposium for the Biological Control of Weeds (11-16

th September 2011).

Factors affecting targets Heavy rains and flooding have limited access to the native sites so far identified. This has delayed the research in the native range since the plant has been underwater for much of the early season this year. It is not known how this will have impacted the natural enemy complex but mitigation measures include expanding the geographical range of the surveys during 2011.

Research

Agents and laboratory studies Following the 2010 survey, two weevil species were prioritised for further study. In February 2011, CABI received a shipment of Crassula stems infested with larvae from collaborators in Tasmania. Flooding in Victoria prevented Australian collaborators from sending weevils at that time. Since the shipment, considerable effort has been expended establishing its life-cycle and breeding requirements. The larvae were successfully reared through to adult (right) and a sustainable culture has been established in quarantine; a task which had previously proved difficult. From the development time, egg to adult is around 6 weeks under laboratory conditions.

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Preliminary feeding and oviposition tests have been conducted with related plants indicating a preference for the host plant. Development tests are currently in progress to determine whether larvae can develop and feed on test plants. Pinned specimens of weevils collected in 2009 were sent to experts at the Natural History Museum, London for identification. Agreement on the exact identification of the Australian weevils is proving difficult to achieve without further study, however experts agreed the specimens could be members of the Steriphus genus UK Field work Permissions are being sought to carry out ecological studies to conduct comparisons with native populations of C. helmsii “home and away” studies. Some data has already been recorded from local sites. The parameters being recorded so far are selected with consideration of weevil natural enemies but can be adjusted should there be any further potential agents.

Test plants

The test plant list for C. helmsii has been amended with several new species added (see appendix) Ten %of these have been sourced and maintained in our greenhouse facility. The majority of plants appear relatively easy to obtain however there could be possible issues sourcing native, or threatened species. For example, C. aquatica was last recorded in the UK between 1987 and 1999 and further assistance may be required to successfully locate this rare species.. Crassula helmsii has been collected from various regions in the UK including different growth forms and are currently being propagated in the greenhouse facility and in ponds in the CABI grounds..

Australia

Sustained negotiations have been underway to determine the best collaborators within the native range. A survey to Australia and Tasmania is planned for November/ December 2011 in order to coincide with the start of the spring period with another possible survey towards the middle of the summer. Natural enemies will be collected and shipped to quarantine facilities at CABI for rearing and identification. Special attention will be paid to the weevil species already recorded so as to build up a strong culture for full host range studies. The options for complementary Australian research will be discussed and a plan formulated.

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Test plant list for Crassula helmsii

I = Introduced, O = ornamental, N = Native and E = Economically important species

Order Family Genus Species Status

Saxifragales Crassulaceae Crassula helmsii I

Saxifragales Crassulaceae Crassula aquatica N

Saxifragales Crassulaceae Crassula tillaea N

Saxifragales Crassulaceae Crassula ovata O

Saxifragales Crassulaceae Crassula perforata O

Saxifragales Crassulaceae Crassula sarcocaulis O

Saxifragales Crassulaceae Crassula muscosa O

Saxifragales Crassulaceae Crassula multicava O

Saxifragales Crassulaceae Kalanchoe blossfeldiana O

Saxifragales Crassulaceae Cotyledon orbiculata O

Saxifragales Crassulaceae Aeonium arboreum cv. zwartkop O

Saxifragales Crassulaceae Rhodiola rosea E/O

Saxifragales Crassulaceae Echeveria secunda var. glauca O

Saxifragales Crassulaceae Echeveria elegans O

Saxifragales Crassulaceae Sedum acre N

Saxifragales Crassulaceae Sedum album N

Saxifragales Crassulaceae Sedum spurium var. Ruby Mantle N

Saxifragales Crassulaceae Sedum forsterianum N

Saxifragales Crassulaceae Sedum villosum N

Saxifragales Crassulaceae Sedum spectabile O

Saxifragales Crassulaceae Sedum rupestre/ reflexum O

Saxifragales Crassulaceae Umbilicus rupestris N

Saxifragales Crassulaceae Sempervivum arachnoideum ‘Rubin’ O

Saxifragales Haloragaceae Myriophyllum verticillatum N

Saxifragales Haloragaceae Myriophyllum alterniflorum N

Saxifragales Haloragaceae Myriophyllum spicatum N

Saxifragales Haloragaceae Myriophyllum aquaticum I

Saxifragales Grossulariaceae Ribes nigrum E/N

Saxifragales Grossulariaceae Ribes rubrum E/N

Saxifragales Grossulariaceae Ribes uva-crispa E/N

Saxifragales Grossulariaceae Ribes sanguineum O

Saxifragales Saxifragaceae Saxifraga granulata N

Saxifragales Saxifragaceae Saxifraga oppositifolia N

Saxifragales Saxifragaceae Saxifraga hirculus N

Saxifragales Saxifragaceae Saxifraga cernua N

Saxifragales Saxifragaceae Saxifraga cespitosa N

Saxifragales Paeoniaceae Paeonia officinalis O

Saxifragales Paeoniaceae Paeonia lactiflora O

Saxifragales Paeoniaceae Paeonia delavayi O

Saxifragales Altingiaceae Liquidambar styraciflua O

Saxifragales Hamamelidaceae Hamamelis mollis O

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Order Family Genus Species Status

Saxifragales Cercidiphyllaceae Cercidiphyllum japonicum O

Saxifragales Daphiphyllaceae Daphniphyllum macropodum O

Scrophulariales Lentibulariaceae Utricularia vulgaris N

Callitrichales Callitrichaceae Callitriche stagnalis N

Alismatales Alismataceae Damasonium alisma N

Alismatales Alismataceae Alisma plantago-aquatica N

Alismatales Alismataceae Luronium natans N

Hydrocharitales Hydrocharitaceae Hydrocharis morsus-ranae N

Typhales Typhaceae Typha latifolia N

Najadales Potamogetonaceae Potamogeton crispus N

Najadales Potamogetonaceae Potamogeton natans N

Salviniales Marsileaceae Pilularia globulifera N

Poales Cyperaceae Cyperus fuscus N

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Introduction Hydrocotyle ranunculoides is a floating weed with its origins in South America and is spreading very rapidly in

England and parts of Europe to the detriment of native species, navigation, flood defence and leisure activities.

The following provides a brief summary of project activities since the last report in September 2010.

Personnel In April 2011, Ghislaine Cortat left CABI-UK to return to CABI-Switzerland and Kate Jones was subsequently

recruited to the Hydrocotyle team in June 2011, taking on Ghislaine‟s previous roles.

Outputs Posters and oral presentations were given at various conferences: 6th NEOBIOTA Conference (Copenhagen, Denmark, September 2010), the Combined workshop of the Dutch non-native species working group (Werkgroep Exoten Waterschappen en Werkgroep Exoten of NECOV), Leiden, Netherlands (December 2010) and the 21st COLUMBA International meeting on weed control (8th-9th of December, Dijon, France) (December, 2010) The Hydrocotyle team hosted Judy Fisher (Adjunct Lecturer and Director of Fisher Research Pty Ltd) from the University of Western Australia to discuss the project and opportunities for collaboration (Jan 13

th 2011)

Dick Shaw and Janny Vos went to Brussels to talk to DG Environment about CABIs work on biological control of invasive weeds inc. Hydrocotyle. (March 2011). Numerous meetings have also been held in the Netherlands by Janny Vos with the National Plant Protection Organisation (NPPO) of the Netherlands, STOWA (foundation for applied science on behalf of waterboards in the Netherlands) and Director General Ministry of Economic affairs, Agriculture and Innovation (EL&I) (also attended by CABI CEO) to discuss the potential for invasive species collaboration including H. ranunculoides (Jan-May 2011)

Factors affecting targets Protracted negotiations have been on-going at the highest level to resolve the issues linked to the embargo on biological exchange in Argentina. We have therefore accelerated our pursuit of contingency collaborations in Brazil. In April 2011, CABI opened an office in Brazil (Sao Paulo) which should facilitate activities in country and help strengthen collaborations with national institutions. An MoU has been signed with one of Brazil‟s largest and most important Universities, UNESP (Universidade Estadual Paulista) and ESALQ (Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture), one of the most important institutions in science, technology, teaching and extension in Brazilian agriculture. In addition, key meetings were held by CABI‟s CEO and the Head of the Brazil office with the Ministry of Environment and Ministry of Science and technology, EMBRAPA HQ and Environment to discuss Technical Cooperation Plans (TCP). A detailed TCP was sent to EMBRAPA to outline the project targets and collaboration focus for 2011 and discussions are on-going over necessary protocols, to allow surveys and collections to be undertaken and scoping of potential sites in anticipation of surveys.

Renewed collaboration with SABCL in Argentina remains the preferred option and positive news is rumoured to

be imminent. So the continuation of this excellent collaboration can hopefully be expected and the potential to

ship promising natural enemies and/or survey still remains, if the bureaucratic hurdles can be overcome.

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Survey RS and DD carried out a survey to Argentina 20

th Nov – 3

rd Dec

2010 in anticipation of permits to export being released. Eleven sites were visited across 5 Provinces and once again Listronotus elongatus damage was considerable together with petiole-mining fly damage and other ubiquitous Lepidoptera and leafspot. A Puccinia rust (right) which had not been found on H. ranunculoides since 2007 was once again found in Corrientes Province and a culture was established in the field garden of the SABCL lab. Other Puccinia rusts were also found on H. modesta, H. verticillata, H. bonariensis but there are no previous records in the mycological databases of it on H. ranunculoides in Argentina. Furthermore, H. ranunculoides plants growing adjacent to other Hydrocotyle spp. infected with Puccinia have always been rust-free, suggesting that there may be species specific strains of this ubiquitous rust.

UK work Slides of Puccinia rusts collected from H. ranunculoides, H. bonariensis and H. verticillata in Argentina were identified by CABI‟s taxonomist as Puccinia hydrocotyles which the literature reports to have an almost global distribution (see Flora of North America 7(7): 489 (under Bullaria hydrocotyles)). Phytoplasma collected from the River Soar on necrosed and dwarfed Hydrocotyle ranunculoides was identified as 16Sr VI „Candidatus Phytoplasma Trifolii. Phytoplasmas are cell wall-less bacteria that cause numerous diseases in several hundred plant species but this is thought to be a new disease record for the UK. Aimee Smith, a Bsc. student at Edinburgh University was provided with distribution data for L. elongatus from the surveys in Argentina and her thesis will assesses the potential distribution in the UK and Europe of L. elongatus using the CLIMEX 3.0 computer modelling system under current climate conditions and with predictions for the effects of climate change on distributions. A Puccinia rust also found on H. vulgaris in Swinley forest in the UK but only in its spermogonial phase so

regular monitoring will be carried out to identify the rust from later spore stages.

The test plant list is attached to this summary report. Plant sourcing and propagation is progressing apace according to the proposed test plant list. Where a few native species (9) have proved nationally scarce and/or environmentally protected, sourcing and field collection potential is under investigation.

Argentina work A comprehensive report was received from our SABCL collaborators detailing the research results of the lab studies on natural enemies and field ecology of the plant undertaken throughout 2010 and into early 2011. The report details the specificity studies undertaken with L. elongatus in no choice feeding tests (on excised leaves and functional plant material), oviposition and multiple feeding tests. Lab results using 28 species from the test plant list confirm the high specificity of L. elongatus. In the field this was its only host and no weevil like damage was ever found on other Hydrocotyle species. SABCL collaborators reported finding H. ranunculoides with Listronotus damage in Tandil (avg. temp =13.3

oC),

the hilly area south-centre of the province of Buenos Aires. The climate here appears to be more closely climatically matched to the UK and considerably cooler than the lower Delta and La Plata river coast, where most of the previous collections were made. This area will be prioritised for future study. Surveys in both Brazil and Argentina are planned for early November.

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Test plant list for Hydrocotyle ranunculoides

I = Introduced, O = ornamental, N = Native and E = Economically important species

Order Family Genus Species Common Name Status

Apiales Araliaceae Hydrocotyle ranunculoides Floating pennywort I

Apiales Araliaceae Hydrocotyle vulgaris Marsh pennywort N

Apiales Araliaceae Hydrocotyle sibthorpoides

Lawn or Water

pennywort. H.

"maritima". O

Apiales Araliaceae Thrachymene coerulea

Blue lace flower,

'Didiscus coerulea'. O

Apiales Araliaceae Panax ginseng Asiatic ginseng E

Apiales Araliaceae Schefflera arboricola Dwarf umbrella tree O

Apiales Araliaceae Fatsia japonica Japanese aralia O

Apiales Araliaceae Eleutherococcus sieboldianus Five-fingered aralia O

Apiales Araliaceae Hedera helix Common ivy N

Apiales Apiaceae Angelica sylvestris Wild angelica N

Apiales Apiaceae Anthriscus caucalis Bur chervil N

Apiales Apiaceae Apium graveolens var dulce Celery E

Apiales Apiaceae Apium inundatum Lesser Marshwort N

Apiales Apiaceae Apium nodiflorum Fool's watercress N

Apiales Apiaceae Astrantia carniolica Great masterwort O

Apiales Apiaceae Berula erecta

Lesser water

parsnip N

Apiales Apiaceae Carum verticillatum Whorled caraway N

Apiales Apiaceae Chaerophyllum temulum Rough chervil N

Apiales Apiaceae Conium maculatum Hemlock N

Apiales Apiaceae Coriandrum sativum Coriander E

Apiales Apiaceae Daucus carota subsp.sativus Carrot E

Apiales Apiaceae Eryngium agavifolium Sea holly O

Apiales Apiaceae Foeniculum vulgare Fennel E

Apiales Apiaceae Heracleum sphondylium

Cow parsnip,

hogweed. N

Apiales Apiaceae Oenanthe aquatica

Fine-leaved water

dropwort N

Apiales Apiaceae Oenanthe crocata

Hemlock water-

dropwort N

Apiales Apiaceae Pastinaca sativa Wild parsnip N

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Order Family Genus Species Common Name Status

Apiales Apiaceae Pastinaca sativa subsp.sativa Garden parsnip E

Apiales Apiaceae Petroselinum crispum Garden parsley E

Apiales Apiaceae Pimpinella saxifraga Burnet saxifrage N

Apiales Apiaceae Silaum silaus Pepper saxifrage N

Apiales Apiaceae Sison amomum Stone parsley N

Apiales Apiaceae Sium latifolium Great water parsnip N

Apiales Apiaceae Torilis japonica

Upright hedge

parsley, Japanese

hedge parsley N

Harloragales Harloragaceae Myriophyllum spicatum Spiked water milfoil N

Callitrichales Callitrichaceae Callitriche hamulata

Intermediate water

starwort N

Lamiales Lentibulariaceae Utricularia vulgaris Large bladderwort N

Alismatales Alismataceae Alisma plantago-aquatica Water plantain N

Alismatales Alismataceae Luronium natans

Floating water

plantain N

Hydrocharitales Hydrocharitaceae Hydrocharis morsus-ranae Frogbit N

Poales Typhaceae Typha latifolia

Bulrush, great

reedmace N

Najadales Potamogetonaceae Potamogeton perfoliatus Perfoliate pondweed N

Najadales Potamogetonaceae Potamogeton natans

Broad-leaved

pondweed N

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