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BIOCONTROL OF GANODERMA WILT(BASAL STEM ROT) DISEASE OF COCONUT

B.SRINIVASULUPrincipal Scientist (Plant Pathology) & Head

A.SUJATHASenior Scientist (Entomology)

M.KALPANAScientist {Horticulture)

A.PAVANI RANIAgricultural Extension Officer

B.SATYA RATNA SUBHAS CHANDRANJunior Research Fellow (Path) - CDB Adhoc Project

Y.RAMA KRISHNASenior Research Fellow (Hort) - CDB Adhoc Project

AICRP ON PALMS (ICAR)ANDHRA PRADESH HORTICULTURAL UNIVERSITY

HORTICULTURAL RESEARCH STATIONAMBAJIPETA - 533 214, E.G. Dist., A.P.

2008

AICRP of Palms, HRS, Ambajipeta Technical Bulletin

Coconut industry provides sustenance to over 10 million people

in India. Andhra Pradesh is one of the major coconut growing states in

India and the crop is grown in an area of one lakh hectares with an

annual production of 1092 milion nuts and about 60 per cent of the

area is distributed in the light soils. Coconut palms are normally affected

by various insect pests and diseases resulting in considerable reduction

in nut yields and nut quality. Among the various fungal diseases affecting

Andhra Pradesh Horticultural University

Dr. S. D. ShikhamanyM.Sc (Ag), Ph.D

Vice- Chancellor, A.P.H.U.

(Dr. S.D. SHIKHAMANY)Date: 10-11-2008VENKATARAMANNAGUDEM

FOREWORD

the coconut palm, Basal stem rot (Ganoderma Wilt) is the most destructive one espicially in

the light soils of Andhra Pradesh. Though, wilting is a common symptom associated with the

disease in the early stage, death of the affected palm is the ultimate manifestation of the

debilitating disease resulting in total loss of the palms. The disease prevalence in the State

extends up to 20 per cent.

Earlier research on this disease carried out at Horticultural Research Station, Ambajipeta

had led to certain chemical control recommendations only. The recent efforts made at the

research centre to manage this disease through biocontrol approach through the use of

Trichoderma viride. T.harzianum and T.hamatum which are the biocontrol approach in the

management of disease of perennial crops such as coconut would certainly works well when

planned on a long-term basis which is cost effective and easily adaptable by the farmers.

On this occasion, I congratulate Dr. B. Srinivasulu, Principal Scientist (Plant Pathology)

and his colleagues for bringing out this useful booklet.

VENKATARAMANNAGUDEM

Near Tadepalligudem

West Godavari District, A.P.

All INDIA COORDINATED RESEARCH PROJECT ON PALMS

(Indian Conucil of Agricultural Research) CPCRI, KASARAGOD -671 124, India

Phone & Fax: (04994) 232733; E-mail: aicrppalms@yahoo. com

Dr. S. ARUL RAJM.Sc (Ag), Ph.D

Project Coordinator (Palms)

(S. ARUL RAJ)Date: 27-11-08Place: Kasaragod

FOREWORD

India has made significant progress in coconut production due to research and developmentefforts as well as diverse favourable agro-climatic conditions in the country. However, coconut productionin India is hampered by many constraints of which the threat posed by biotic stresses, the diseasesplay a major havoc causing considerable reduction in yield levels. Among the coconut diseases reportedfrom our country, Basal stem rot (Ganoderma wilt) caused by Ganoderma spp is a serious one andcauses death of coconut palms. The disease is popularly known as 'Ganoderma wilt' (Andhra Pradesh);'Anabe Roga' (Karnataka); 'Thanjavur wilt' (Tamilnadu) and 'Basal stem rot' (Kerala, Maharastra, Gujarat,and Orissa).

Though a few management practices were available for combating the disease, none of themwere effective in eliminating the problem completely. The research work carried out at All IndiaCoordinated Research Project of Palms Centre, Horticultural Research Station, Andhra PradeshHorticultural University, Ambajipeta during the last 15 years on various aspects of biological controlusing the potential bioagents like Trichoderma viride, T.harzianum, T.hamatum as well as etiologicaland epidemiological studies is laudable. The integrated disease management package formulatedagainst the basal stem rot disease using biocontrol and cultural methods is a success and is gainingpopularity among the farming community.

It is essential that the researchers take efforts to popularize the research results and successstories in any branch of knowledge and I am happy that a technical bulletin entitled 'Basal stem rot(Ganoderma wilt) of coconut' encompassing all the salient aspects of research carried out on basalstem rot disease including management are brought out by the Centre. I congratulate Dr. B. Srinivasulu,Principal Scientist (Plant Pathology) Head, AICRP on Palms, HRS, Ambajipeta and his team membersfor finding a solution to the dreadful coconut basal stem rot disease and bringing out such a worthwhilepublication.

BIOCONTROL OF BASAL STEM ROT

5

BIOCONTROL OF BASAL STEM ROT(GANODERMA WILT) DISEASE OF COCONUT

INTRODUCTION

In India, coconut palms are grown in an extent of 1.84 million ha with a production of 12597.3million nuts and a productivity of 6847.nuts/ha annually, predominantly in States of Kerala,Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. Basal Stem Rot (Ganoderma wilt) disease causedby Ganoderma applanatum (Pers.) Pat., and G,lucidum (Leys) Kant. is the most destructivedisease of coconut, as the ultimate infection leads to death of palms, Though, several researchershave reported different practices for the management of the disease, the results are inconsistentand not much work has been done relating to the aspects of ecological sustainability, keepingin view the minimal use of fungicides. Hence, an attempt was made to find out and exploit theefficacy of native biocontrol agent, Trichoderma spp against the basal stem rot of coconut.

OCCURRENCE AND DISTRIBUTION

A survey conducted in Andhra Pradesh during 2000-'02 revealed that the diseaseincidence is more prevalent in lighter soils in the coastal districts, though distributed all overthe State. Maximum incidence of the disease was noticed in East Godavari district with amean of 22.2 per cent followed by in Srikakularn and West Godavari districts with meanincidence of 14.5 and 11.5 per cent respectively. Generally, the disease incidence was more inpalms in the age group 10 to 30 years.

SYMPTOMATOLOGY

Roots: The disease first starts in theroot system. Initially, a few roots getinfected and rot. Decay and death ofthe fine roots is the first under groundsymptom of the disease.Discoloration and extensive rotting ofroot system are observed which arecharacteristic of the disease. Therotting proceeds towards the bole.Cortical tissues disintegrate and thestele turns brown. There is aprogressive reduction in regeneration of new roots. In severely diseased palms, more than 70per cent root rotting was observed. The root decay was more (up to 70.%) at 0-30 cm depththan at deeper layers (up to 30%). Thus, with increase in depth from soil surface, extent ofroot rotting decreased (Plate-l).


6

Stem: Exudation of reddish brown viscous fluid from the basal portions of the stem is the firstvisible symptom of the disease in the affected palm (Plate-2). By that time, the rotting wouldhave progressed from the bole to the basal portion of stem. The bleeding patches begin fromthe base and extend up to 3 meters upwards as the disease progresses. The internal tissues ofthe affected stem turn brown in colour and rotting in the stem can be seen up to the height ofbleeding. In advanced stages, basal portion of the stem decays completely. In some palms,the bark from the base of the stem peels off. Occasionally, some infected palms do not showbleeding symptoms. Sporophores of the fungus, Ganoderma lucidum, appear at the base ofthe affected trunk (Plate-3) in palms prior to wilting or just after the death of the palm (Plate-4).

Leaves: The leaflets exhibit wilting symptoms and outer one or two whorls of leavesturn yellow. Later, they exhibit light to moderate browning followed by drooping and drying.As the disease advances, the remaining leaves also droop down in quick succession and thespindle alone remains. Under prolonged infection, the outer leaves fall off one by one, leavingonly the spindle with a few unhealthy leaves around. The spindle leaves which emergesubsequently are reduced in size and do not unfold properly. Production of new leaves isdelayed. Leaves break off near the base along the midrib. In certain cases, soft rot sets in thebud resulting in loss of humidity and death of cells due to break down of conducting elements.The affected bud emits a foul smell and in advanced stages, the crown is blown off leavingthe decapitated stem. Stem shrivels and dries up (Plate-4).

Plate -2 : Bleeding symptom ondiseased coconut palm

Plate -3 : Sporophores ofGanoderma


7

FLOWERS

Normal development of flowers and bunches isarrested with the progress of the disease. The leaves droopdown resulting in hanging down of the subtendedbunches. This leads to button shedding. The nuts becomebarren. Most of the palms bear profusely, just prior toand at the time of initiation of symptoms. In severelydiseased palms, whole nut weight, kernel weight, watercontent, copra weight and oil content decreased verymuch.

The time taken from the initial appearance of bleedingpatches on the stem to the death of the palm varies from6 to 54 months, the average being 24 months. The scolytidbeetle, Xyleborus perforans and the weevil, Diocalandrastigmaticollis are found infesting the stem in large numberof the bleeding patches. These insects accelerate the deathof the palm.

Plate - 4: Dead palmETIOLOGY

The basal stem rot pathogens, Ganoderma applanatum (Plate-5) and G.lucidum (Plate-6)were isolated from brackets, root tissues and from the stem tissues beneath the base of thebracket formation.

EPIDEMIOLOGY

The disease is mostly prevalent in sandy soils and where coconut gardens are raised underrainfed conditions. Lack of soil moisture during summer months, presence of old infectedstumps in the garden, injury to roots and non-adoption of recommended cultural practicesfavoured the disease spread. The spread of the disease was found to be negatively correlatedwith total rainfall and number of rainy days.

PLATE- 5 & 6: BASAL STEM ROT DISEASE PATHOGENS


8


Isolation of native biocontrol agents: Soil samples were collected from rhizosphereregions in coconut gardens of coastal agro ecosystem of Andhra Pradesh. Trichoderma specieswas isolated by adopting serial dilution technique and the Trichoderma spp were identified asT.viride, T.harzianum and T.hamatum (Plate-7). Trichoderma spp population was found in allthe types of soil i.e., red, sandy and black soil, existing in Andhra Pradesh.

Studies on Trichoderma spp: Trichoderma spp growth was found to be maximum andcontinuous on PDA while the growth was restricted and was in discontinuous fashion on maltextract media. No difference in mycelial growth (90 mm growth) of Trichoderma spp wasrecorded at pH levels namely 3.9,4.6,5.6,6.6,7.6,8.3 except 8.9. Sporulation was noticed atall the pH ranges. This indicates the wide adaptability of Trichoderma spp to different soils.Seven day old culture of Trichoderma was grown faster on PDA and covered total plate (90mm) after 3 days. Where as 15 day old culture of Trichoderma covered 90mm only after 7days at room temperature (30°c). No difference in mycelial growth of Trichoderma on PDAwas observed when exposed to total light, alternating light and darkness complete darkness(Table-l).

Antagonistic effect of Trichoderma spp on Ganoderma spp: In dual culture technique,T.viride, T.harzianum and T.hamatum were found to inhibit the mycelial growth ofG.applanatum and G.lucidum on PDA under in vitro conditions (Plate-8 & 9). Among thethree species of Trichoderma tested, maximum suppression was noted with T.harzinaum toan extent of 72% in G.applanatum, 75 per cent in G.lucidum over control (Table-2 & Fig-l).This finding shows the biocontrol potentiality of native Trichoderma spp on Ganoderma spp,the pathogens of basal stem rot.

Plate - 7: Native Trichoderma spp


9

Plate - 8 : Efficacy of native Trichoderma sppon Ganoderma applanatum

Plate - 9 : Efficacy of native Trichoderma sppon G.Lucidum


10

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11

Table-2: Antagonistic effect of Trichoderma spp on Ganoderma spp

1. T.harzianum 10 (81.81)* 10 (84.61) + - Completemycoparasitism

2. T.hamatum 15 (72.72) 15 (76.92) + - Partialmycoparasitism

3. T.viride 20 (63.63) 10 (84.62) + - Yellow haloobserved

4. Control 55 65 --- --- ---

* Figures in parentheses are percent inhibition over control

Radial growth in mm Mode of actionAntagonistic Fungi(Trichoderma spp) G.applanatum G.luctdum

RemarksAntibiosis

(+ or -)

Mycopa-rasitism(+ or -)

Fig - 1: Inhibition effect of Trichoderma spp on Ganoderma sppunder in vitro conditions


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Effect of volatile and non-volatile metabolites of Trichoderma spp on Ganoderma spp: All

the three species of Trichoderma were found to produce volatile and non-volatile metabolites

specific to both the Ganoderma spp. Iristudies on volatile metabolites (Table-3 & Fig-2),

positive correlation was observed between the inhibition of radial growth of both the

Ganoderma spp and the age of Trichoderma spp before exposure with maximum inhibition

by 20 day old culture of Trichoderma spp (28.42 to 46.42% inhibition). Regarding the non-

volatile metabolite production (Table-4 & Fig-3), among the three species of Trichoderma,

maximum inhibition in mycelial growth of both the spp of Ganoderma was obtained with

Trichoderma viride and greater inhibition was obtained with an increase in concentration of

the culture filtrate (7.14 to 57.0%)

Table-3: Effect of volatile metabolites of Trichoderma spp

against Ganoderma spp

Per cent inhibition at days before exposure

Treatments G.applanatum G.lucldum

0 10 20 0 10 20

T.viride 17.85b 25.00a 28.42a 36.56b 39.45b 42.40a

T.harzianum 14.28a 28.57b 46.42c 27.02a 32.43a 41.30a

T.hamatum 17.85b 25.00a 35.71b 35.13b 39.37b 40.00a

Numbers in each column followed by the same letter are not significantly different.

Values represent the mean of 6 replicates.


13

Fig. 2: Effect of volatile metabolites of Trichoderma sppon Ganoderma spp

Table-4: Effect of non-volatile metabolites of Trichoderma sppagainst Ganoderma spp

% inhibition at various culture filtrate concentration

Treatments G.applanatum G.lucidum

10 20 50 100 10 20 50 100

T.viride 7.14a 28.57b 42.85c 43.00c 20.27b 50.75c 56.35c 57.00c

T.harzianum 7.85a 10.71a 21.42a 23.00a 6.75a 12.50a 16.20a 16.20a

T.hamatum 9.64b 10.71a 28.51b 30.35b 18.91b 22.00b 28.00b 28.00b

* Numbers in each column followed by the same letter are not significantly different.Values represent the mean of 6 replicates.


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Compatibility of Trichoderma spp with fungicides & botanicals: Fu,ngicides viz., Copper

oxychloride (0.1 %), Bordeaux mixture (1 %), Bitertanol (0.1%), Tridemorph (0.1 %),

Hexaconazole (0.1 %), which were inhibitory to G.applanatum and G.lucidum were also found

to be inhibitory to T.viride, T.harzianum and T.hamatum under in vitro conditions (Table-5 &

Fig-4). This finding suggests the avoidance of indiscriminative use of fungicides against

basal stem rot. Among the nineteen plant extracts screened, garlic extract (10%) completely

inhibited the mycelial growth of T.viride, T.harzianum and T.hamatum under in vitro conditions

(Tab.le-5, Fig-4 & Plate-l0).

Fig. 3: Effect of non-volatile metabolites of Trichoderma sppon Ganoderma spp


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Plate -10 : Effect of fungicides, chemicals & botanicals on Trichoderma viride

Table-5: Compatibility of commonly used agrochemica.ls with Trichodermaspp & Ganoderma spp under in vitro conditions

AgrochemicalslPlant Con. Per cent inhibition over control

Product (%) T.vir T.har T.ham G.app G.luc

Bordeaux Mixture 1.0 100 100 100 100 100

Copper oxychloride 0.3 100 100 100 100 100

Bitertanol 0.1 100 100 100 100 100

Tridemorph 0.1 100 100 100 100 100

Hexaconazole 0.1 100 100 100 100 100

Triademifon 0.1 100 100 100 100 100

Zinc Sulphate 2 22.22 44.44 22.22 100 100

Neem cake 2 0 0 0 6.19 6.87

Urea 1 0 0 0 5.31 4.58

Potash 2 0 0 0 4.42 3.05

Neem Oil 2 22.22 22.22 22.22 5.31 5.34

Garlic Extract 10.0 100 100 100 100 100

* Control - 90 90 90 56.5 65.5

* Mycelial growth in mm


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Mass multiplication of biocontrol agents: Various substrates viz., coconut leafbits, coconut

coir, oil palm stem bits, oil palm leafbits, farm yard manure, seeds of redgram, bajra,

bengalgram, wheat grains, 30% neem cake and 7% neem cake were tested for mass

multiplication of T.viridr, T.harzianunt and T.ltaniatlon under in vitro conditions. Mass

multiplication studies indicated that maximum growth of three spp of Trichoderma was

recorded on neem cake, wheat grains followed by on FYM (Table-6 & Plate-11). It was

interesting to note that neem cake restricted the growth of both the species of Ganoderma.

Fig. 4 : Compatibility of commonly used agrochemicals with

Trichoderma spp & Ganoderma spp


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Plate -11 : Mass multiplication of Trichoderma spp on Neem cake

Table-6 : Substrate for Mass Multiplication of Trichoderma spp

Compatibility among Trichoderma spp: Dual culture technique was employed among the

Trichoderma spp (Trichoderma viride & T.harzianum, Trichoderma harzianum & T.hamatum

and Trichoderma viride & T.hamatum) to test the compatibility among the Trichoderma spp

under in vitro conditions. No inhibition among the Trichoderma spp was recorded.

Mycelial Growth (after 7 days)

Substrate

T.viride T.harzianum T.hamatum G.applanatum G.lucidum

Neem Cake +++ +++ +++ --- ---

FYM ++ ++ ++ ++ ++

Wheat grains +++ +++ +++ ++ ++

Coconut coir --- --- --- --- ---

Coconut dry --- --- --- --- ---leaf powder

Poultry manure --- --- --- --- ---

---No growth, + Slight growth, ++ Moderate growth, +++ Maximum growth


18

Talc formulation of Trichoderma spp:

Talc formulations of native Trichoderma spp viz., Trichoderma viride,

T.harzianum and T.hamatum were developed under laboratory conditions by

multiplying the bioagent on potato dextrose broth and incubating at room

temperature for 7 days. The cultures were transferred to talc powder (carry

material) at 1 : 2 ratio along with 1% Carboxy methyl cellulose (Plate-12). This

talc formulation of Trichoderma spp was used for field experimental studies.

Protocol for Talc formulation of Trichoderma spp

Trichoderma spp multiplication on Potato Dextrose Broth

Incubate at room temperature for 7 days

Homogenation of Mycelial mat of 'Trichoderma spp

Mix homogenate with talc powder at 1 : 2 ratio,

Add carboxy methyl cellulose (5 g/kg)

Shade dry the talc Trichoderma mixture at room temperature

Talc formulation of Trichoderma spp


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Plate-12: Talc formulation of Trichoderma spp

Biocontrol of basal stem rot of coconut: To test the efficacy of native

Trichoderma viride under field conditions, experiments were conducted during

the year 2000-01 and 2001-02. Among the various treatments evaluated, a

combination of T.viride (50 g of talc formulation) with neem cake @ 5 kg/palm/

year was found to be effective in checking the spread of the disease (26.05 cm),

followed by root feeding with 100 ml of 1 % Hexaconazole per palm + neem

cake (5 kg)/palm/year (31.25 cm) and root feeding with 100 ml of 2% Tridemorph

+ T.viride 50 g + Neem cake (5 kg) / palm / year (37.35 cm). The control palms

recorded a mean disease spread of 80.25 cm (Table-7 & Fig-5).


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In another field experiments conducted during the years 2002-03 & 2003-04 with

native biocontrol agents as talc formulation indicated that all the three Trichoderma

spp viz., T.viride, T.harzianum & T.hamatum were found to be highly effective in

controlling the spread of basal stem rot disease in coconut when applied in combination

with 5 kg neem cake. The vertical spread of disease being 12.6,16.9 and 17.8 cm in 50

g T.hamatum + 5kg neem cake, T.harzianum + 5 kg Neem cake and T.viride + 5 kg

neem cake applied treatments respectively. The biocontrol agents performed better

when applied in combination with neem cake (5 kg) than when used in combination

with FYM (100 kg). The control palms recorded a disease spread of 74.4 cm (Table-8

& Fig-5). This finding highlights the field efficacy of native Trichoderma spp against

basal stem rot, as this strategy happens to be a low cost, farmer feasible and ecofriendly

technology to manage basal stem rot disease of coconut.

Table-7: Management of basal stem rot disease

Mean vertical Treatments / palm / year spread (cm)

2000-01 2001-02 Mean

T1

Root feeding with 100 m12% Trideomorph 38.1 43.2 40.65per palm at Quarterly interval.

T2

T1 + 5 kg Neem cake 42.5 48.7 45.60

T3

T.viride 50 g + Neem cake 5 kg 22.0 30.1 26.05

T4

Root feeding with 100 ml 1% Hexaconazole 47.3 52.4 49.85per palm at Quarterly interval.

T5

T4 + Neem cake 5 kg 28.2 34.3 31.25

T6

T1 + T

335.4 39.3 37.35

T7

T3 + T

440.5 42.1 41.30

T8

Control 77.6 82.9 80.25

CD (p=0.05) 4.7 5.2 ---

* Mean of three replications with 3 pahris per replication


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Population of native Trichoderma spp in Ganoderma sick soil: Population density of

Trichoderma in rhizosphere soil collected from different biocontrol treatments imposed

to coconut palms existing in Ganoderma sick soil (Table-9 & Fig-5) indicated that

maximum increase in the population density of Trichoderma hamatum (up to 240.7 x

103 cfu g-l soil), T.harzianum (up to 212.3 x 103 cfu g-l soil) and T.viride (up to 209.7 x

103 cfu g-l soil) when these biocontrol agents were applied in combination with 5 kg

neem cake. While, the increase in population density of Trichoderma spp was only

from 79.3 to 92.7 x 103 cfu g-l soil when applied in combination with farmyard manure

as against very low in treatments where Trichoderma spp applied alone (from 26.7 x

103 to 29.0 x 103 cfu g-l soil) and in untreated control (10.0 x 103 cfu g-l soil).

Table-8: Efficacy of native Trichoderma spp on basal stem rot

Treatments per palm Mean vertical spread (cm)

2002-03 2003-04 Afean

T1

Trichoderma viride (50 g) 70.4 59.0 64.7

T2

Trichoderma harzianum (50 g) 72.3 62.3 67.3

T3

Trichoderma hamatum (50 g) 72.5 62.7 67.6

T4

T.viride (50 g) + Neem Cake (5 kg) 18.9 16.7 17.8

T5

T.harzianum (50 g) + NC (5 kg) 18.4 15.3 16.9 .

T6

T.hamatum (50 g) + NC (5 kg) 13.9 11.3 12.6

T7

T.viride (50 g) + FYM (100 kg) 30.6 26.3 28.5

T8

T.harzianum (50 g) + FYM (100 kg) 33.1 28.3 30.7

T9

T.hamatum (50 g) + FYM (100 kg) 28.8 24.3 26.6

T10

Neem cake (5 kg) 23.2 19.7 21.4

T11

FYM (100 kg) 36.5 31.7 34.1

T12

Control 80.2 68.7 74.4

CD (p=0.05) 2.67 2.01 2.72


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Table-9: Population of native Trichoderma spp in Ganoderma sick soil

Trichoderma spp populationTreatments (x 103 cfu g-l soil)

Initial Mid Final

T1

Trichoderma viride (50 g) 3.7 26.3 29.0

T2

Trichoderma harzianum (50 g) 4.7 31.0 37.7

T3

Trichoderma hamatum (50 g) 4.0 20.0 26.7

T4

T.viride (50 g) + Neem cake (5 kg) 3.7 199.7 209.7

T5

T.harzianum (50 g) + NC (5 kg) 5.0 214.0 212.3

T6

T.hamatum (50 g) + NC (5 kg) 4.3 240.7 240.7

T7

T.viride (50 g) + FYM (100 kg) 4.0 72.3 79.3

T8

T.harzianum (50 g) + FYM (100 kg) 3.7 78.3 84.7

T9

T.hamatum (50 g) + FYM (100 kg) 4.0 88.0 92.7

T10

Neem cake (5 kg) 4.0 36.0 37.7

T11

Farmyard Manure (100 kg) 4.7 60.3 69.3

T12

Control 4.0 9.0 10.0

CD (p=0.05) 0.144 1.98 1.97


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Trichoderma spp population in coconut ecosystem: Studies were conducted to

enumerate the population of biocontrol agents i.e. Trichoderma viride, T.harzianum

and T.hamatum at various depths of soil. Population density of 110 x 103 cfu g-l soil

was detected in the rhizosphere region of coconut only next to that of mangoginger,

which recorded highest Trichoderma spp population of 140 x 103 cfu g-1 soil. However,

Turmeric and Oil palm recorded a population of 0.4 x 103 and 0.15 x 103 cfu g-1 soil in

their rhizosphere (Table-10)

Table-l0: Trichoderma spp population in coconut ecosystem

Trichoderma population (x 103 cfu g-1 soil)

Crop Non-rhizosphere

Rhizosphere Upper 15 cm 30 cm Meansurface depth depth

Mangoginger 140 12 6 4 7.33

Coconut 110 18 11 9 12.67

Coffee 100 0.6 0.05 0 0.22

Ginger 100 0.5 0 0 0.17

Banana 75 13 7 6 8.67

Cocoa 75 15 10 9 11.33

Lemongrass 60 3 1 0 1.33

Cinnamon 18 0.25 0.6 0.25 0.37

* Rice 16.5 0.65 0.05 0 0.23

Colocasia 7.25 0 0 0 0.00

Mango 1.65 7 12 20 13.00

Patchouli 0.65 0.65 0.05 0 0.23

Turmeric 0.4 0 0 0 0.00

Oilpalm 0.15 0.35 0.45 0.45 0.42

* Rice fields surrounded by coconut palms on bunds.


24

The economic analysis indicates that coconut plantations can be protected fromdeadly basal stem rot disease just by spending an amount of Rs. 2,4001/- per acre peryear (Fig-6).

Fig-6: Ecocomic analysis of biocontrol package againstBSR disease (Rupees/acre (60 palms)

Economic analysis of biocontrol package:

Biocontrol package Cost /palm

Cost/acre(60 palms)

1. Application of talc formulation of T. viride (50 g) incombination with 5 kg neem cake / palm / year.

40 2,400

Total 2,400

Quantity /palm Unitcost

Talc formulation of T.viride 50 g 7.50

Neem cake 5 kg 25.00

Labour charges for application Charges 7.50of formulation in basins

Total cost 40.00

1. The disease part of the garden should be isolated from healthy area by digging isolation

trench (1 m. deep and 0.5 m width).

2. Removal and burning of diseased and dead palms along with roots.

3. The pit for replanting should be filled up with a mixture of soil and farmyard manure in

equal quantities along with 50g of Trichoderma viride talck power + 1 kg neem cake.

4. Seedlings for new plantations should be raised in disease free fields.

5. Injury or damage to roots and pruning or cutting of roots should be avoided to prevent

infection through injured roots.

6. Since the disease is more severe in light soils with poor water holding capacity, raising

and ploughing in situ of green manure crops like Sunnhemp and Sesbania is advised

to increase soil organic matter and antagonistic microflora.

7. Selection of seedlings for new garden from Ganoderma infected soil should be avoided.

8. Frequent watering / irrigation should be done during summer months. While irrigating,

care should be taken to avoid flow of water from diseased trees to others. Basin system

or irrigation to individual palms should be adopted.

9. Talc formulation of Trichoderma vi ride (50g) in combination with 5 kg neem cake /

palm / year should be applied to all trees in garden whee diseased palms are noticed.

10. Even if one diseased palm is noticed in a garden, talc formulation of Trichoderma vi

ride (50 g) in combination with neem cake (5 kg) / palm / year should be imposed to all

the palms in the garden.

11. The biocontrol agent (Trichoderma viride) should not be applied in combination with

fungicides.

12. Application of fertilizers must be done as per recommendation.

Acknowledgement: The authors acknowledge the All India Coordinated Research Project

on Palms (Indian Council of Agricultural Research) CPCRI, Kasaragod for the financial support.

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