Biochemistry Review Sheet
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Transcript of Biochemistry Review Sheet
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Biochemistry Review Sheet
Biology Class
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DISACCHARIDE
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MONOSACCHARIDE
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AMINO ACID
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LIPID
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POLYSACCHARIDE
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NUCLEOTIDE
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GIVE MONOMERS FOR:
• Proteins: amino acids• Carbohydrates: monosaccharide• Nucleic Acids: nucleotides• Lipids: fatty acids
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Which elements are found mostly in living organisms?
C arbonH ydrogenN itrogenO xygenP hosphorusS ilicon
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pH ranges•pH range of acids: 1-6.99•PH range of bases: 7.01-14•pH for weakest acid: 6.99•pH for weakest base: 7.01
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Name the property of enzymes this represents.
Specific shape
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• What property of enzymes determines function?
Shape• What particular function is taking place?
Synthesis• Define the term ”substrate.”
Molecule that has the chemical reaction
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Define the following:
•Acids: excess H+ ions•Bases: excess OH-ions
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UNSATURATED FATTY ACID
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SATURATED FATTY ACID
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POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACID
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What happens at the active site?
CHEMICAL REACTION
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Why enzymes are important?• A fundamental task of proteins is to act as enzymes
—catalysts that increase the rate of virtually all the chemical reactions within cells.
• Most biological reactions are catalyzed by proteins.
• In the absence of enzymatic catalysis, most biochemical reactions are so slow that they would not occur under the mild conditions of temperature and pressure that are compatible with life.
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• Enzymes accelerate the rates of such reactions by well over a million-fold, so reactions that would take years in the absence of catalyst can occur in fractions of seconds if catalyzed by the appropriate enzyme.
• Cells contain thousands of different enzymes, and their activities determine which of the many possible chemical reactions actually take place within the cell.
Why enzymes are important?
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• Enzymes are essential to sustain life. It work together cooperating with vitamins and minerals and act as a catalyst to accelerate chemical reaction.
• Because most chemical reactions in biological cells would occur too slowly. Enzymes don't only act as a catalyst.
• When the body has an abundance of enzymes, it can protect itself and repair the damage from almost all degenerative disease disorders!
• Without enzymes, we age more quickly, get disease earlier in life, and acquire physical impairments and mental retardation as our bodies degenerate.
• Neither a human being nor an animal can live without enzymatic function. As it were the leading part of the life activities and it is the source.
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List the properties of carbon that enables it to form long chains:
• can bond with 4 atoms• covalent bonding• forms long chains of carbon•has 4 valence electrons
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What is the main element of most molecules in living organisms?
Carbon
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• What property of water allows it to help organisms to cool off and maintain body temperature?
• What property of water keeps lakes and ponds from freezing solid?
Evaporation of sweat carries excess heat from body
Less dense ice floating on top of water as an insulation
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Which property of water does this represent?
POLARITY
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What properties of water make it a universal solvent?
•POLAR•COVALENT
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Enzymes• What does denature mean?
• Which kind of molecule may become denatured?
• How does it become denatured?
nonfunctional
enzymes
Changes in temperature and pH
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List functions of Proteins• Structure:
• Function:hair, horns, muscles, are some examples
hormones, enzymes, and hemoglobin are some examples
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List functions of carbohydrates
• Provide energy• Structure in plants (cellulose)
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List functions of Lipids
• Long term energy storage• Cell membrane structure• Waxes• Steroids• Cushioning• Protection• Insulation
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Name of this reaction isDehydration Synthesis
(Removal of water to join molecules)
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Name of this reaction isHydrolysis
(Using water to split a molecule)