BIOCHEMISTRY - Putnam Valley Central School...
Transcript of BIOCHEMISTRY - Putnam Valley Central School...
BIOCHEMISTRY FILL IN NOTES
Organic ChemistryStudy of _________________________________ and their reactions with each other
MoleculesTwo or more atoms bonded together
Examples: N2, O2
CompoundsTwo or more _____________________atoms bonded togetherExample: Octane, C8H18
Properties of WaterCohesionAttraction between molecules of the ___________________________Adhesion–Attraction between 2 molecules of _____________________–This is also known as capillary action
Attraction between 2 molecules of different substances
Hydrogen Bonds_____________________between _____________________ molecules that can be easily broken.
Hydrogen Bonds in Waterhttp://programs.northlandcollege.edu/biology/Biology1111/
animations/hydrogenbonds.html
Dissolving PropertiesWater is slightly charged = _____________________This allows it to _____________________ other substances
AcidA compound that will give off hydrogen ions(H+) when put in waterHas a __________ in its chemical formulaEx: HCl H2SO4
BaseA compound that will give off hydroxide ions (OH-) when put in waterHas _____________ in the chemical formulaEx: NaOH
pHA way to tell if a substance is an _____________________Range is 0-14
The pH ScaleAcids have a pH between and .A strong acid would have a pH of .A weak acid would have a pH of .
Bases have a pH between and .A strong base would have a pH of .A weak base would have a pH of .
IndicatorsPhenolphthaleinChanges to _____________________ in presence of
Bromothymol BlueChanges to _____________________in the presence of
Universal IndicatorChanges to a different color for each pH
Buffershttp://www.mhhe.com/physsci/chemistry/essentialchemistry/flash/buffer12.swf
pH Indicator Testshttp://www.bgfl.org/bgfl/custom/resources_ftp/client_ftp/ks3/science/acids/
Organic vs. InorganicOrganicA compound that contains _____________________Examples:H2O CH4 CO2
HCl C6H12O6 COH4 H2SO4
Tell me if these compounds are organic or inorganic.CH4
CO2
HClC4H10
NaCl
MacromoleculesThere are 4 different Organic Molecules we will look at this year_____________________Lipids(Fats)Nucleic Acids_____________________
CarbohydratesWhenever you think carbs think….SugarCompounds that are composed of only _____________________End with_____________________Examples: Glucose Sucrose C6H12O6 C12H22O11
The ratio of H:O is 2:1!
Another word for carb is _____________________A simple sugar is called a ___________saccharide (__________means one)
Examples:________________: main energy source for animals________________: found in most fruits
What if I link 2 monosaccharides together?
A disaccharide! (2 sugar molecules)
Examples:Sucrose (table sugar) Glucose + _____________________Maltose (corn syrup) Glucose + _____________________
What happens if I join together hundreds of glucose molecules?_____________________Hundreds of thousands of _____________saccharides joined togetherExamples: glycogen and starch
Practice - Is it organic? Is it a carbohydrate?
C6H12O10
C6H6O12
C6H12O8
C6H12O6NC6H12
H12O6
Dehydration Synthesis2 molecules _____________________to form a more complex moleculeOne water molecule is _____________________C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 --> C12H22O11 + H2O Glucose + Fructose --> _____________________
HydrolysisThe opposite of dehydration synthesisComplex molecule is broken down into _________________molecules by adding waterC12H22O11 + H2O --> C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 Sucrose + Water --> Glucose + Fructose
LipidsWhen you think of lipids you think…__________________________________________Cholesterol, steroidsHormones
Uses for LipidsStore _____________________Used for _____________________Components of _____________________Used for cell communication (hormones)
Do lipids dissolve in water?Water is polar (has charge)Lipids are _____________________ (no charge)Lipids are _____________________ in water (won’t dissolve).
DefinitionComposed of only Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen (just like carbs)Have a lot more hydrogen than oxygen Examples: C51H98O6 Formed from 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol
Carb or Fat?C51H98O6
C6H12O6
C12H24O11
C30H48O6
C34H120O20
C12H22O11
ProteinsComposed of _____________________Help build muscle and complete reactionsExamples: meats, eggs, beans, insulin, tryptophan, steroids, _____________________The basic building blocks of a protein are called _____________________
Peptide Bond FormationBond between 2 amino acidsFormed by …Dehydration Synthesis2 amino acids = _______peptideMany amino acids = _________peptideMany polypeptides = _____________________
Protein FunctionDepends on the _____________________ of amino acidsExample:Glycine - Alanine - GlycineIS COMPLETELY DIFFERENT FROMGlycine - Glycine - Alanine
Activation EnergyThe amount of energy needed to_____________________a reaction
Enzymes (catalyst)_____________________ the activation energy
Not changed during a reaction_____________________End with -____________
Ex: Lactase - breaks down …_____________________
How an Enzyme WorksSubstrate
Molecule(s) enzyme works onActive Site
Place on enzyme where substrates bind
Enzyme Substrate ComplexThe formation of the enzyme and the substrates togetherSubstrates are either broken down OR bound together hereProduct is made and releasedEnzyme is _____________________
Lock and Key Model
CoenzymesNon-organic molecule that assists the enzyme in catalyzing a reactionExample: _____________________
4 factors that affect enzyme reactionsTemperatureIf too high, it becomes _____________________ (changes its shape so it can’t work)pH_____________________of enzyme or substrateSome enzymes need a coenzyme to function
Specific Environments: pH
Nucleic AcidsComposed of _____________________2 TypesDNA: _____________________-strandedRNA: _____________________-stranded
Both are composed of different nucleotides that bind together to form chains
Deoxyribonucleic acidDeoxy-missing _____________________Ribo- ribose, a 5 carbon sugarNucleic acid- composed of C,H,O,N,P
Double Helix2 DNA strands held together with _____________________ (weak
bonds) DNA discovered in the _____________________of cells.
Protein or Nucleic Acid?C12H22O11N6P5
C12H22O11N7
C2H72O21N2P3
C48H222O11N9P2
C7H42O11N6