Biochemistry Notes

Biochemistry

•bios-__________

•chemistry-____________________ ______________________________

History•Aristotle… the philosopher

•conclusion ____________________

•all things composed of four elements:

○ _______ ○_______

○ _______ ○ _______

Matter

•anything that has _____ and takes up _____…

•mass vs. weight

•four forms of matter

○ _______ ○ _______

○ _______ ○ _______

TYPE OF MATTER

SPACE BETWEEN

PARTICLES

AMOUNT OF MOVEMENT

TAKES SHAPE OF

CONTAINER

FILLS CONTAINER

LIQUID

SOLID

GAS

PLASMA

Atoms- ________________________ ____________________________…

Elements- ______________________ ____________________________…

Atomic Structure-

_______

______________

The atom is composed of three particles…what are they???

PARTICLE LOCATION CHARGE MASS

Atomic Number- the number of ________________________________

○” _____________________”

○atomic number = ___

Atomic Mass- the mass of an atom…_________________________ …why?

○atomic mass = ______________

Atomic Charge- the charge of the atom __________________________…

○charge =_____________________ ……………………………………………….

If you change the number of :

1. protons you will get a(n)…???

2. neutrons you will get a(n)…???

3. electrons you will get a(n)…???

ION -_____________________

-gains e- = _______ charge

-loses e- = _______ charge

-the number of electrons lost or gained

is the type and quantity of charge

ex. lose 2 electrons = ___ charge

gain 3 electrons = ___ charge

biological uses

-_____________________

-_________________________________

ISOTOPE – a form of an atom with a different number of _______…different ______ and same “______________”

biological uses-______________-_____________________-C14 dating…__________________________…

-based on ______________- C14 decays (changes to something

else) at a regular rate…it loses half its mass every ______________

Amount of C14 Time (years)

10.0 g 0 (today)

5.0 g _______

2.5 g _______

1.25 g _______

.625 g _______

MOLECULE-___________________________________…ex. H2O, CO2, C6H12O6, Cl2, O2

COMPOUND-__________________________________…ex. H2O, CO2, C6H12O6

PHYSICAL CHANGE -___________________________ __________________________________________…

ex. -______________-______________-______________

CHEMICAL CHANGE -__________________________ __________________________________________…

ex. -_____________________-_____________________

ENERGY-_____________________________________…ex. light, sound, electricity

POTENTIAL ENERGY -_________________________…ex. -rock on a hill

-food that is eaten

KINETIC ENERGY -____________________________….ex -rock rolling down a hill

-jumping

ACTIVATION ENERGY -_________________________ ___________________________________…

ex. -pushing a rock down the hill-digesting food

What can we do to reduce the amount of activation energy needed? Why is this important to cells?

CHEMICAL REACTIONS -a summary what takes place during a chemical change of matter…the materials to the left of the arrow are the ___________ and the materials to the right of the arrow are the ___________

ex. __CO2+ __H2O → __C6H12O6+__O2

-the little numbers equal…______________-the big numbers equal…______________

1-What are the elements in the reactants?-______________ -______________ -______________2-What are the elements in the products?-______________ -______________ -______________3-How many atoms of each element are found in the

reactants?-______________ -______________ -______________4- How many atoms of each element are found in the

products?-______________ -______________ -______________

5-Is it balanced? ________

CHEMICAL BONDS -_______________ ________________________________…

IONIC BOND -_____________________…

formed by a giving and taking of _______…

ex. Na+1 with Cl-1 produces NaCl

each line represents a covalent bond… or where a pair of electrons is being shared between the

atoms…

COVALENT BOND -a bond between atoms where the ________________…in other words, the electrons travel around both atoms in the outer energy levels of each…ex.

H

H C H

H

HYDROGEN BOND

-a very weak bond between a hydrogen atom (which is already in a molecule…slightly positive and another atom (also already in another molecule…slightly negative)…an individual bond is very weak but many of them are very stable…

ex. DNA, RNA

ELEMENTS IN A COMPOUND• most elements will combine with other elements

except…________________________

• each element has a characteristic combining ability depending upon …________________________

• a compound exhibits different qualities than the elements that make up the compound…

ex. -Na and Cl in NaCl-C, H, and O in C6H12O6

MIXTURES- ____________________________ _____________________________________…

• their formation is a _____ change…

The qualities of a mixture are:• substances are associated _________________

______________________________________• substances may be separated by ________

________…ex…. ________________• proportions of the ingredients are ________…• the mixture ____________________________

_____________________________________…

SOLUTIONS, SUSPENSIONS and COLLOIDS

a solution is a ________________ mixture…• the dissolving medium is the ________...• the dissolved substance is the ________...

ex. sugar and water… Which is which??

a suspension is a solution in which the particles of the solute are large enough to be seen with the microscope…these particles will… ________________

a colloid is a special example of mixture somewhere between a suspension and solution…without any change in solvent content the colloid will change states of matter…

ex. jello, egg white, cell…

INORGANIC MOLECULES VS.

ORGANIC MOLECULES

• the biologist’s definition…________________

• the chemist’s definition…________________

WHICH IS CORRECT? WHY?

______________________________________

MONOMERS VS. POLYMERS…

MONOMER…is a small molecule that may become chemically bonded to other monomers to form a polymer

ex. ____________, ____________

POLYMER…a complex molecule composed of repeating molecules (monomers) that are connected by covalent bonds

ex. ____________, ____________

CARBOHYDRATES

• …________________

• …____ : ____ : ____…(CXH2XOX)

• …produced by _______ during _______

• …___ calories per gram (no matter the type)

• …should be 55-60% of your daily calories

Sugars

Monosaccharides -single 5C or 6C ringEx. -________ -_______ -________

Disaccharides -double ring of C Ex. -________ -_______ -________

Starches or polysaccharides -many sugars linked together

Ex. -________ -_______ -________ -________ -_______, etc.

LIPIDS• __________ and ____________________

• composed of __, __, and __ (ratio of H:O is greater than __________)

• lipids contain _______ than carbohydrates

• Contains ___ calories per gram

• saturated vs. unsaturated

A. Fats– __________ at room temperature– __________+ __________ (by __________

__________)– digested by __________– Examples…__________, __________

B. Oils– __________ at room temperature– Examples…__________, __________

C. Waxes– __________ at room temperature– Examples…__________, __________

D. Phospholipids -make up _________________E. Steroids -cholesterol, hormones

PROTEINS• ____________________of living material• used for growth, maintenance, repair• control chemical reactions (__________)• contain __, __, __, __• __ calories per gram• composed of _________________ (only

20 types but there are proteins …???)• amino acids joined together by peptide

bonds to form peptides …polypeptides…

• A typical amino acid

• chains formed by ___________________

• __________AA form a protein

Types of Proteins

•enzymes-control chemical reactions

•transport-in RBC…cell membranes

•structural-tendons, hair, horns, etc

•storage-store AA…egg white, milk

•hormonal-coordinate body activities

•receptors-detect chemical signals

•contractile-muscles, cilia, flagella

•defensive-antibodies

NUCLEIC ACIDS•most complex biological molecule•control _________________ controls life•__________ in all species•________ and ________ code that directs

all cells•DNA is __________ in each generation•RNA reads DNA and controls the synthesis of proteins

NUCLEIC ACIDS-structure•made up of __________ •Nucleotides are composed of three parts

1. _____________ -deoxyribose (DNA) -ribose (RNA)

2. _____________ group3. _____________-4 types in DNA…adenine,

guanine, cytosine, thymine-4 types in RNA…adenine,

guanine, cytosine, uracil