BiochemistryBiochemistry

Chapter 3Chapter 3

WaterWater

polar compound polar compound one end is slightly one end is slightly negative while negative while

the other the other is slightly is slightly positivepositive results from unequal sharing of results from unequal sharing of

electronselectrons molecule itself is neutralmolecule itself is neutral

WaterWater

hydrogen bonding hydrogen bonding attraction that attraction that holds holds different different water molecules water molecules togethertogether the slightly negative O is attracted to the the slightly negative O is attracted to the

slightly positive H of another moleculeslightly positive H of another molecule

WaterWater

cohesion cohesion attractive force of particles attractive force of particles of of same kind (stick together)same kind (stick together)

adhesion adhesion attractive forces between 2 attractive forces between 2 particles of different particles of different

substances (stick substances (stick to other things)to other things)

WaterWater

capillary action capillary action the movement of the movement of water up water up through through small tubes, small tubes, against against the force of gravitythe force of gravity

Heat sinkHeat sink it takes a lot of energy to it takes a lot of energy to change the change the

temperature of water temperature of water

Carbon CompoundsCarbon Compounds

Most important element for living Most important element for living thingsthings

Can make 4 bonds because it has Can make 4 bonds because it has only 4 electrons on the outer shellonly 4 electrons on the outer shell

Carbon CompoundsCarbon Compounds

Functional groupsFunctional groups clusters of atoms clusters of atoms that that influence influence thethe properties of the properties of the

molecules they molecules they composecompose

molecules with the same molecules with the same functional groups act similarfunctional groups act similar

Ex: hydroxyl, amine Ex: hydroxyl, amine

Carbon CompoundsCarbon Compounds

MonomersMonomers simple molecules that join simple molecules that join together to make large compounds together to make large compounds

Ex: monosaccharides, amino acidsEx: monosaccharides, amino acids

PolymersPolymers several monomers joined several monomers joined together to form complex together to form complex molecules molecules

Ex: polysaccharides, proteinsEx: polysaccharides, proteins

Carbon CompoundsCarbon Compounds

MacromoleculesMacromolecules very large very large polymerspolymers

Ex: DNA Ex: DNA

Condensation reaction Condensation reaction

Reaction that links monomersReaction that links monomers

Removes a water Removes a water moleculemolecule

take an Htake an H++ from one from one molecule molecule & a OH& a OH-- from from anotheranother

make polymersmake polymers

Hydrolysis reaction Hydrolysis reaction

Reaction that breaks apart polymersReaction that breaks apart polymers

by addition of a water moleculeby addition of a water molecule

one molecule gets an Hone molecule gets an H++ & & one gets one gets OHOH – –

It is used to turn ATP into It is used to turn ATP into ADPADP

ATP & ADPATP & ADP

ATP has 3 phosphates ATP has 3 phosphates

(adenosine triphosphate)(adenosine triphosphate) ADP has 2 phosphatesADP has 2 phosphates

(adenosine diphosphate)(adenosine diphosphate)

hydrolysis breaks off a phosphate from ATP hydrolysis breaks off a phosphate from ATP to to make ADP make ADP

this releases a great deal of energythis releases a great deal of energy

cells use the energy released to function & cells use the energy released to function & livelive

Molecules for LifeMolecules for Life

1.1. CarbohydratesCarbohydrates

2.2. ProteinsProteins

3.3. LipidsLipids

4.4. Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates

made of Carbon, Oxygen, & Hydrogen made of Carbon, Oxygen, & Hydrogen 1.1. MonosaccharidesMonosaccharides

monomer – it is a single unitmonomer – it is a single unit 3 types - Glucose, Fructose, & 3 types - Glucose, Fructose, &

GalactoseGalactose all 3 have same chemical formulaall 3 have same chemical formula

CC66HH1212OO66

they have different structural formulas (shape)they have different structural formulas (shape) molecules that have the same chemical molecules that have the same chemical

formula but different structural formulas are formula but different structural formulas are called called isomersisomers

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates

2. Disaccharides2. Disaccharides

are two monosaccharides are two monosaccharides joined joined

Ex: Sucrose Ex: Sucrose 3. Polysaccharides 3. Polysaccharides

many monosaccharides are joined many monosaccharides are joined

Plants store starchPlants store starch

Animals store glycogenAnimals store glycogen

ProteinsProteins contain C H O Ncontain C H O N made up of Amino Acids (monomers)made up of Amino Acids (monomers)

Peptide bonds join amino acidsPeptide bonds join amino acids20 different amino acids20 different amino acids

dipeptide – 2 amino acids joined togetherdipeptide – 2 amino acids joined together

polypeptide – long chain of amino acidspolypeptide – long chain of amino acids- usually bent or folded- usually bent or folded- shape will change because - shape will change because

of of heat, acidity, & other factorsheat, acidity, & other factors

ProteinsProteins

Enzymes Enzymes special proteins that are special proteins that are biological catalystbiological catalyst

lock & key fit with enzyme & lock & key fit with enzyme &

substratesubstrate

substrate – is the substance substrate – is the substance that binds to enzymethat binds to enzyme

substrate changes enzyme substrate changes enzyme does notdoes not

LipidsLipids

large non-polar molecules that do not large non-polar molecules that do not dissolve in waterdissolve in water

fatty acids (monomers) fatty acids (monomers)

Have a water loving end – Have a water loving end – hydrophilichydrophilic

Polar endPolar end

Has a water fearing end – Has a water fearing end – hydrophobichydrophobic

Non-polar endNon-polar end

LipidsLipids

Triglyceride – 3 fatty acids & a Triglyceride – 3 fatty acids & a glycerolglycerol

Saturated – unhealthy Saturated – unhealthy Solid at room tempSolid at room temp

Unsaturated – healthyUnsaturated – healthyLiquid at room tempLiquid at room temp

LipidsLipids

Phospholipids – 2 fatty acids & a Phospholipids – 2 fatty acids & a glycerolglycerol

Make up cell membranesMake up cell membranes

LipidsLipids

Wax – long chain fatty acidsWax – long chain fatty acids Plant leaf covers & earsPlant leaf covers & ears

Steroids – lipids shaped in a ring Steroids – lipids shaped in a ring instead of a chaininstead of a chain

Ex: cholesterol, Ex: cholesterol, testosterone & testosterone & estrogenestrogen

Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids

large molecules that store genetic large molecules that store genetic informationinformation

DNA info for cell functionsDNA info for cell functions RNA info for making proteinsRNA info for making proteins Nucleotides (monomers)Nucleotides (monomers)

made of made of 1.1. Phosphate groupPhosphate group2.2. SugarSugar3.3. Nitrogen BaseNitrogen Base