Biochemistry and Water Test Review

The Subatomic Particles, Charges and Where They are Found

Protons Electrons NeutronsPositive + Negative - NeutralIn Nucleus Around

Nucleus---Electron Shell/Cloud

In Nucleus

Why do unstable atoms bond?

To fill outer shells so they can become STABLE..

Difference between Bonds

COVALENT---SHARE electrons---

IONIC—1 atom loses an electron (OXIDATION) 1 atom gains an electron (REDUCTION)

Most Likely to form an IONIC bond---Na or Cl

WATERWhy is it Polar?

Because when it bonds….Oxygen holds electron more so it becomes slightly NEGATIVEHydrogen becomes slightly POSITIVE

But OVERALL the molecule has NO CHARGE

WATERUniversal Solvent

Because of its Polarity/Charges---It attracts other Polar molecules breaking them

apart---Dissolving themNo substance can cause WATER to break apart

WATER3 Properties based on Hydrogen Bonds:

a. Cohesive---stick to each otherb. Adhesive—sticks to other molecules

c. Capillary Action---moving through tubes as a liquid

Organic CompoundsALL Organic Compounds MUST have

Carbon----HydrogenC-H

All About the ENZYMESOrganic Compound-----PROTEIN

Scientists Consider it---BIOLOGICAL CATALYST

Active Site---the place on the ENZYME where the Substrate attaches and the reaction takes place.

Substrate– the compound that the enzyme works on to make a new product.

All About the ENZYMESWhen something else than the substrate attaches

—It will inhibit the enzyme from working or

working properly

What happens when the temperature goes up?The enzyme does not work..because

temperature changes its shape…shape allows it to work properly

Monomers and PolymersMonomers—Also known as a Building Block or a

Subunit of an organic molecule/compound1 unit of an organic molecule

Polymers– Many MONOMERS bonded togetherForm Macromolecules

Dehydration Synthesis AKA CondensationVs.

Hydrolysis

Dehydration---when 2 monomers bondto create a polymer---water is removed

Hydrolysis---when a polymer is broken down into monomers---water is added

Soluble vs Insoluble

Soluble---dissolves in water because it is Polar(charged) and attracted to water

Insoluble—does not dissolve in water because it is NONPOLAR(not charged) and not attracted to

water

Metabolism AND Homeostasis

Metabolism---sum of all chemical processes in the body

Homeostasis– an organism’s ability to maintain a stable internal environment

Ex pH and Temperature

Cell Membrane Molecule made of CH2(lipid) and phosphate?

Phospholipid

Function:To allow things in and out of cell

Organic Molecule Info:Carbohydrates

Subunits/Monomers/Building Blocks---Glucose (monosaccharides)

Main Function:SHORT Term energy

Soluble or Insoluble---MOST Soluble

Examples---Cellulose, Starch

Organic Molecule Info:Lipids

Subunits/Monomers/Building Blocks---Fatty acids

Main Function:LONG Term energy and Insulation

Soluble or Insoluble---Insoluble

Examples---Fats, oils

Organic Molecule Info:Proteins

Subunits/Monomers/Building Blocks---Amino Acids

Main Function:Transport nutrients,

support,defense,motion,regulation,metabolism,

Soluble or Insoluble---MOST soluble

Examples---Collagen, Hemoglobin

Organic Molecule Info:Nucleic Acid

Subunits/Monomers/Building Blocks---Nucleotide

Main Function:Building Blocks of Heredity

Soluble or Insoluble---Soluble

Examples---DNA, RNA

Know the Following Molecules and Their Structures:

WATER

PROTEIN

Know the Following Molecules and Their Structures:

Carbohydrate

Lipid

Constructive ResponseGeneral Composition of a Protein

Elements: C, H, O, N

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen

Building Block/Monomers:Amino Acids

Constructive ResponseDifference Between Protein and Carbs

PROTEIN CarbohydratesElements: Elements:C, H, O, N C,H,OCarbon, Hydrogen, Carbon, HydrogenOxygen and Nitrogen Oxygen

Building Block/Monomers: Building Blocks/MonomersAmino Acids Glucose/Monosaccharides

Constructive ResponseDifference Between Protein and Carbs Functions

PROTEIN CarbohydratesSupport SHORT term energyTransport StructureMetabolism ProtectionRegulationDefenseMotion