Biochemical Pathways Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration.
-
Upload
sonny-crook -
Category
Documents
-
view
233 -
download
3
Transcript of Biochemical Pathways Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration.
![Page 1: Biochemical Pathways Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062300/56649ca45503460f94965184/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Biochemical Pathways
Photosynthesis and
Cellular Respiration
![Page 2: Biochemical Pathways Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062300/56649ca45503460f94965184/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
AUTOTROPHS
○make their own food.
○ Ex: Phototrophs….Use light energy○ Ex: Chemotrophs…Use inorganic compounds
HETEROTROPHS
○Must eat org. mol. for energy (carbon source).
![Page 3: Biochemical Pathways Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062300/56649ca45503460f94965184/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
LightLight Form ofForm of energy energy
Other forms: Other forms: ○ thermal, electrical, kinetic, sound, chemicalthermal, electrical, kinetic, sound, chemical
Travels in waves Travels in waves (diff. wavelengths) (diff. wavelengths)
![Page 4: Biochemical Pathways Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062300/56649ca45503460f94965184/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Wavelength (λ)
![Page 5: Biochemical Pathways Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062300/56649ca45503460f94965184/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
FM
TheElectromagneticSpectrum
![Page 6: Biochemical Pathways Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062300/56649ca45503460f94965184/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Photosynthesis (Psyn):
Process: Process:
Light energy Light energy converts to converts to chemical energy (sugars) chemical energy (sugars)
Pigments used to capture light energy
![Page 7: Biochemical Pathways Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062300/56649ca45503460f94965184/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Pigments
![Page 8: Biochemical Pathways Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062300/56649ca45503460f94965184/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Chlorophyll a
Chlorophyll aC55H72O5N4Mg
Molecular wt. 893.5
Blue-Green
(Not on test)
![Page 9: Biochemical Pathways Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062300/56649ca45503460f94965184/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Chlorophyll b
Chlorophyll bC55H70O6N4Mg
Molecular wt. 907.5
Yellow-Green
(Not on test)
![Page 10: Biochemical Pathways Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062300/56649ca45503460f94965184/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
![Page 11: Biochemical Pathways Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062300/56649ca45503460f94965184/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Anthocyanin C15H11O+
Blue, red, pppp fruit, flowers fruit, flowers
(Not on test)
![Page 12: Biochemical Pathways Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062300/56649ca45503460f94965184/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
ß Carotene
C40H56
Mol. wt. 536.9 OrangeOrange, RedRed
(Not on test)
![Page 13: Biochemical Pathways Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062300/56649ca45503460f94965184/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Xanthophyll
C40H56O2
Mol. Wt. 568 Yellow
(Not on test)
![Page 14: Biochemical Pathways Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062300/56649ca45503460f94965184/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Chromatography
Splitting pigmentsapart
![Page 15: Biochemical Pathways Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062300/56649ca45503460f94965184/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
![Page 16: Biochemical Pathways Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062300/56649ca45503460f94965184/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Evergreen plantspsyn. year round.
Deciduous plants affected by temp. and light changes;
leaves change color - drop.
Factors affecting the rate of psyn.TemperatureWater availabilityIntensity of lightCO2 availability
![Page 17: Biochemical Pathways Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062300/56649ca45503460f94965184/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Vocabulary ChloroplastChloroplast-- plant cell organelle ; uses light energy
to make chemical energy thru psyn., has chlorophyll ChlorophyllChlorophyll-- pigment: captures light energy Stoma- opening under leaves; allows CO2 and O2 to
diffuse in/out of leaf. (stomata, pl.) ThylakoidsThylakoids-- saclike body in chloroplast;
made of photosynthetic membranes GranumGranum-- stack of thylakoids (grana, pl.) StromaStroma- fluid region outside thylakoid membranes in
chloroplast. NADPNADP++- - molecule that carries energy and hydrogen -
becomes NADPH ATPATP- chemical compound used to store energy
![Page 18: Biochemical Pathways Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062300/56649ca45503460f94965184/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
A closer look at leaves:
![Page 19: Biochemical Pathways Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062300/56649ca45503460f94965184/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
![Page 20: Biochemical Pathways Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062300/56649ca45503460f94965184/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
![Page 21: Biochemical Pathways Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062300/56649ca45503460f94965184/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
See this web page
![Page 22: Biochemical Pathways Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062300/56649ca45503460f94965184/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
![Page 23: Biochemical Pathways Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062300/56649ca45503460f94965184/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
![Page 24: Biochemical Pathways Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062300/56649ca45503460f94965184/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
PHOTOSYNTHESISPHOTOSYNTHESIS
Let’s draw this process…
6 CO2 + 6 H2O → C6H12O6 + 6 O2
light energylight energy
Carbon dioxide and water are used to make sugar, with oxygen as a byproduct.
Balanced equation
![Page 25: Biochemical Pathways Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062300/56649ca45503460f94965184/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
![Page 26: Biochemical Pathways Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062300/56649ca45503460f94965184/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
ChloroplastChloroplast Psyn. occurs here Inside:
Thylakoids = flattened membrane-bound sacks; has chlorophyllschlorophylls.
Grana- stacks of thylakoids.
Stroma= fluid matrix surrounding stacks.
![Page 27: Biochemical Pathways Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062300/56649ca45503460f94965184/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Photosynthesis: two Photosynthesis: two stagesstages
Light Dependent Reaction (LDR)
Light Independent Reaction (LIR) or Calvin Cycle(used to be “dark Rx”)
Both occur in chloroplast
![Page 28: Biochemical Pathways Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062300/56649ca45503460f94965184/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Photosynthesis: Light Dependent Rx light energy captured by chlorophyll H2O split – photolysis
O2 released
only takes place in light occurs in thylakoids makes NADPH & some ATP
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-oxidase
![Page 29: Biochemical Pathways Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062300/56649ca45503460f94965184/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
(Not on test)
![Page 30: Biochemical Pathways Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062300/56649ca45503460f94965184/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Light Rx Process (site) (Light
reaction animation)(Not on test)
![Page 31: Biochemical Pathways Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062300/56649ca45503460f94965184/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
ATP Production during Aerobic Respiration involving the ETC and Chemiosmosis (Not on test)
Chemiosmosis
![Page 32: Biochemical Pathways Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062300/56649ca45503460f94965184/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Photosynthesis: Light Independent Rx (Calvin Cycle) No light needed occurs in stroma fluid outside thylakoids NADPH & ATP powers cycle. CO2 is carbon source to make glucose
![Page 33: Biochemical Pathways Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062300/56649ca45503460f94965184/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
RESPIRATION: all organisms Converts sugars to other power molecules Stages:
1. Glycolysis
THEN:
2a. Aerobic Resp. of Mitochondrion (in eukaryotes)
OR:
2b. Anaerobic Resp. (Fermentation) (in pro/eu)
![Page 34: Biochemical Pathways Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062300/56649ca45503460f94965184/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
How do cells get energy from glucose?
GLYCOLYSISGLYCOLYSIS Splits glucose into 2 Splits glucose into 2 pyruvic acidspyruvic acids Takes place in the cytosolcytosol Doesn’t need oxygen (anaerobic) Very fast process
GLYCOLYSISGLYCOLYSIS Splits glucose into 2 Splits glucose into 2 pyruvic acidspyruvic acids Takes place in the cytosolcytosol Doesn’t need oxygen (anaerobic) Very fast process
![Page 35: Biochemical Pathways Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062300/56649ca45503460f94965184/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
C6H12O6 2 Pyruvic acids (3C ea.)
C6H12O6 2 Pyruvic acids (3C ea.)
2ATP2ATP
4 ADP4 ADP
2NAD+2NAD+
4ATP4ATP
2NADH2NADH
2ADP2ADP
CCCCCC
CCCCCC
![Page 36: Biochemical Pathways Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062300/56649ca45503460f94965184/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Cellular Respiration
Step 1
Glycolysis Glycolysis (in cytosol, anaerobic)(in cytosol, anaerobic) Requires 2 ATP to start the Requires 2 ATP to start the
process process Net gain of 2 ATP and 2 NADH 2 pyruvic acids made
![Page 37: Biochemical Pathways Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062300/56649ca45503460f94965184/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Cellular RespirationCellular Respiration
Step 2, 3 (in mitochondrion of eukaryotes)Step 2, 3 (in mitochondrion of eukaryotes) Kreb’s Cycle-Kreb’s Cycle-
In matrix fluid- breaks pyruvic acids into acetyl CoA In matrix fluid- breaks pyruvic acids into acetyl CoA and COand CO22 ( (2 ATP 2 ATP formed)formed)
Electron Transport chain-Electron Transport chain- In cristae membrane: In cristae membrane:
ATP synthaseATP synthase converts ADP to ATP ( converts ADP to ATP (32 ATP 32 ATP formed)formed)
![Page 38: Biochemical Pathways Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062300/56649ca45503460f94965184/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
CO2
O2
H2O
![Page 39: Biochemical Pathways Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062300/56649ca45503460f94965184/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Total ATP YieldsTotal ATP Yields
Glycolysis 2 ATPGlycolysis 2 ATP Krebs Cycle 2 ATPKrebs Cycle 2 ATP Electron Transport 32 ATPElectron Transport 32 ATP
Total ATP from one glucose = Total ATP from one glucose = 36 molecules36 molecules.. CC66HH1212OO66 + + 66OO22 66COCO22 + + 66HH22O + O + 36ATP36ATP
This is the balanced equation for resp.This is the balanced equation for resp.
![Page 40: Biochemical Pathways Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062300/56649ca45503460f94965184/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Respiration
schematic
![Page 41: Biochemical Pathways Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062300/56649ca45503460f94965184/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration form a continuous cycle : the products of one process are the
reactants for the other.
Photosynthesis
6CO2 + 6H2O lightlight C6H12O6 + 6O2
Cellular Respiration
C6H12O6 + 602 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy (ATP)
What’s the actual difference between the two (besides the order in which things appear)?
How Energy Cycles
![Page 42: Biochemical Pathways Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062300/56649ca45503460f94965184/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
If NO Oxygen present… Fermentation occurs (in cytosol)
Sustains glycolysisKeeps 2 ATPs forming from each glucoseTwo types:
○ Alcoholic ferm. (in prokaryotes, some eukaryotes)Some bacteria, yeast.
Byproducts: Ethyl alcohol and CO2
○ Lactic Acid ferm. (in YOU, and other eukaryotes)Muscle tissue
Byproduct: Lactic acid
![Page 43: Biochemical Pathways Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062300/56649ca45503460f94965184/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
![Page 44: Biochemical Pathways Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062300/56649ca45503460f94965184/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
How fermentation sustains glycolysisKeeps NADH cycle going