BIOASSAY OF TRICHLOROFLUOROMETHANE FOR POSSIBLE ...

6389 G-000-307 .I 5

BIOASSAY OF TRICHLOROFLUOROMETHANE FOR POSSIBLE CARCINOGENICITY CAS NO. 75-69-4, REPORT NO. '106,

REPORTS) PHS/NIH - (USED AS A REFERENCE IN OU1 AND OU5 RI

03/01 /78

PB-286 187 NCI 50 REPORT

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Bioassay of T~iclr!oo.o9suoromephune for Possible Carcinogenicity CAG NO. 75-69-4

(US.) National Concer Inst, lethesda, P;1D.

Mar 70

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National Cancer institute CARCINCGENESIS Technical Report Series No. 106 1978

PB 286 187

US. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE Public Health Service National Institu?es of Health

. RfPRODUCCD BY [ NATICNAL TECHNICAL i INFORMATI@N SERVICE ! u, s. DLPARTMLNl OF COHYERCC ' I SPRINGFIELD. VA. 22161

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Bioassay of Technical-Grade Trichlorofluoromethane f e r Possible Carcinogenicity

I March 1978 6.

I - Ambod.) Carcinogeriesis Testing Program, Div l s lon of Cancer 8. Ycrtormin~ OIp>im:icn Wrpt.

10. Ptojeei/Taak/~~wk Unit No.

91 . Contract/Grsnt No.

Cause a nd Prevent ion. Nattonal Cancer I n s U t e No'NCI-CG-Td-106 I. Performin8 O q s n i r a h a Name rad Addremi

Carelnogenesis Testing Program

Natdonal Cancrr Inst i tute Bethesda, MD 20014

Division o f Cancer Cause & Prevention

Rethesda, MD 20014

Division o f Cancer Cause L Prevention

13, Cppc of Rapon & Parid I% Sponsorin6 &gsauatioa Name and Addrams Carcinogenesis Testing Program C-wered

Technl cal Rcoort National Cancer Inst i tute 11.

1% Supplemaotay Hotes h I

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16. AbsuPets The bioassay of technical-wade trichlorofluoromethane for possible carcinoqenici t y was cor ducted using Csborne-Vendei rats and B6C3F1 mice. Trichlorofluoromethan? in corn o i l was administered by gavage for 78 weeks a t cit1i.r of two dosages, t o grouDs of .50 male and 50 female animals of each species, 5 days a week. TI& tine-weighted average h i g h and lok dosages were, respectively, 977 end 481r mg/kg/day for male rats, 7077 and 538 mg/kg/day for female rats, and 3925 ard 1962 mg/kg/day fo r mice of b o t h sexes. For each species, 20 animals of each species and sex were placed on tes t as vehicle contrcl and 20 animals of each sex were placed on tes t as untreated control;. A high rate of early deaths occurred among male and female rats i n this bioassay. Survival of mice was adequate fcr meaninsfrti statist ical analysis of late-develwing tumors. Results of a time-adjusted statist ical analysis of tumor incidence i n rats ind ica t ed no sic n i f i cant positive associations between adrnini s trati on of tri chl orofl uoromethane (cont i wed)

a i oassay Rats Mice . Tri chl orof 1 uoromethane + --

7. Key Vodm and D&mm Analysis. 170. Descriptors

Ib ldenrificrr/Opce-End~d f6-

IC. COSATI Field/Group

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Page 2 - Continuation: Bioassay of Trichlorofluovomethane for Possible Carcinogenicity

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No groups of male or fenale mice dosed w i t h trichlorofluoromethane had significant?y increased tumor incidences relative to their respective control groups.

Under the conditions d f this bioassay, trich,lorofluorornethane was n o t carcinogmic t o male or female B6C3F1 mice. not conclusive because inadequate numbers of rats survived long enough t o be a t ,-isL. from late-deveioping tumors.

The results of the bioassay of Osborne-Mendel rats are

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BIOASSAY OF

TRICHLOROPLUOROHETHANE

FOR POSSIBLE CARCINOGENICITY

Carcinogenesis Tes t ing Program D i v i s i o n of Cancer Cause ax?! Prevention

Nat ional Cancer I n s t i t u t e Nat ional I n s t i t u t e s of Health

Bethesda, Maryland 20014

U.S. DEFARTHENT CiF HEALTS, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE Publ ic Heal th Service

Nat ional Int4titutes of Health

DHEW Publ i ca t ion No. (NIH) 76-1356

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REPORT ON THE BIOASSAY OF TRICHLOROFLUOROMETHNE FOR POSSIBLE CARCINOGEWICITY

CARC INOGENE SI S TEST1 NG PROGRAM DWISION OF CANCER CAUSE AND PREVENTION

NATIONAL CANCER INBTJTUTE, NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH

FOREWORC: This r e p o r t p re sen t s the r e s u l t s of t h e b i cas say of t r i - chlorof luoromethsnc conducted f o r t h e Carcinogenesis Tes t ing Program, Div is ion of Cancer Cause and Prevent ion , Nat ional Cancer I n s t i t u t e (NCI), National. I n s t i t u t e s of E e a l t h , Bethesda, Maryland. This is one of a serieu of experiments designed t o determine whether s e l e c t e d chemicals have the capac i ty t o produce cancer i n animals. Yegat ive r e s u l t s , i n which the t es t animals do not have a s i e n i f i c a n t l y g r e a t e r i nc idence of cancer than c o n t r o l an imals , ao not n e c e s s a r i l y mean t h e t e s t chemical is not a carc inogen because t h ? experiments a r e conducted under a l in i i ted set of c i t c u m s t s x e s . P o s i t i v e r e s u l t s demonstrate t h a t t h e t es t chemical is carc inogenic f o r animals under t h e cond i t ions of the tea t and i n d i c a t e a p o t e n t i a l r i s k t o man. The a c t u a l de te rmina t ion of t he r i s k t o man from ar'imal carcinogens re- q u i r e s a wider a n a l y s i s .

CONTRIBUTORS: This b ioassay of t r ich lorof luoromethane was conducted by Hezleton Labora to r i e s America, Tnc., Vienna, V i rg in i a , initially under d i r e c t c o n t r s c t t o t h e N C I and c u r r e n t l y under a subcont rac t t o Traco: J i t c o , In:. , prime c o n t r a c t o r f o r t h e N C I Carcinogenesis Test- ing Program

The experimental des ign was de'termined by-the N C I P r o j e c t Of f i - c e r s , D r . J. H. Weisburger (1 ,2) and D r . E. K. Weisburger (1) . The p r i n c i p a l i n v e s t i g a t o r s f o r t he c o n t r a c t d e r e D r . M. B. Powers ( 3 1 , D r . R. W. Voelker (31 , Dr . W. A. Olfon (3 ,4 ) and Dr . W. M. Weather- i t o l t z ( 3 ) . Chemical a n a l y s i i was performed by Dr . C. L. Guyton ( 3 , 5 ) and t h e ana ly t ica l . r e s u l t s were reviewed by D r . N. Zimmerrnan ( 6 ) ; t h e teciini,:al supc rv i so r of animal t reatment and obse rva t ion was Ms. K. J. P e t r o v i c s ( 3 ) .

1"qtopt : iologic e x a r h a t i o n s were performed by Dr. D. R. P a t t e r - son ( 3 ) and reviewed by D r . R. U. Voelker ( 3 ) a t the Hazleton Labo- r a t o r i e s America, Inc. , a?d the diagnoses included i n t i , i s r e p o r t r ep resen t t he i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of t hese pa tho log i s t s . Histopathology f i n d i n g s and r e p o r t s were tcviewed by D r . R. L. Schueler ( 7 ) .

Compilat ion of individlral ar5mal s u r v i v a l , pathology, and sun- mary t a b l e s was performed by EGdG Mason Research I n s t i t u t e ( 8 ) ; t h e s t a t i s t i c a l o a a l y s i s was performed by Mr. W,, W. Belew ( 6 ) and D r . J.

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R. J o i n e r ( 7 - , us ing methods s e l e c t e d f o r t he Bioassay P r o g r m by Dr. J. J. Gart ( 9 ) .

This r e p o r t wa3 prepared a t HETREK, a Div i s ion of The EITRE Cor- p o r a t i o n (6 ) under the t i i r e c t i o n of t he N C I . Those responsible f o r t h i s r e p o r t a t HETREK a r e the p r o j e c t c o o r d i n a t o r , Dr. L. W. Thcmas ( 6 1 , t he teak l e a d e r , D r . H. R. K o r n r e k h (61 , t he s e n i o r b i o l o g i s t , Hs. P. Walker (61 , and the t e c h n i c a l e d i t o r , Ms. P. A. M i l l e r ( 6 ) . The f i n a l r e p o r t was revieved by me?hers of t h e p a r t i c i p a t i n g organl- zat.i.ons.

Tbe s t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s i s was reviewed by members of t he Hathe- m a t i c a l S t a t i s t i c 3 and Appiied ?;.':hematics Sec t ion of t he N C I : D r . J. J. Gart ( 9 1 , Hr. .Ir N a m ( 9 1 , D r . H. H. Pe t t ig rew ( 9 1 , and D r . R. E. Tarone ( 9 ) .

The fol lowing o t h e r s c i e n t i s t s a t t h e Nat ional Cancer I n s t i t u t e were r e spons ib l e f o r eva lua t ing the bioassay experiment, i n t e r 3 r e t i n g t h e r e s u l t s , and r e p o r t i n g t h e f ind ings : D r . K. C. Chu (I), D r . C. Cueto, Jr. ( l ) , Dr. J. F. Douglas (11, D r . D. G. Goodman (11, D r . R. A. Griesemer (11, Dr. H . A. Milrtan (I), D r . T. W. Crme (11, D r . R. A. Squ i re (1,10), D r . J. M. Ward (11, and D r . C. E. Whitmire ( 1 ) .

1. Carcinogenesis T e s t h g Program, D i v i ~ i o n of Cancer Came and P reven t ion , Nat ional Cancer I n e t i t u t e , Nat ional I n s t i t u t e s of Hea l th , Bethesda, Maryland.

2. Now with the Naplor Dana I n s t i t u t e f o r Diseaae Prevent ion, .9,neri- can Heal th Foundation, Hammn Houee Road, Va lha l l a , N e w York.

3. Hazleton Laborator ies Amezica, Inc., 9200 Leesburg Turnpike, Vienna, Virginia .

4 . How with t h e Center f o r Regulatory Se rv ices , 2347 Paddock Lane, l:eston, V i rg in i e .

5 . NGW with Rhodia, Inc., 23 Belrnorit Drive, Someraet, New Jersey.

6. The MITRE Corporat ion, METREK Div i s ion , 1820 l i o l k y Madison Boulevard, HcLean, V i rg in i a .

7. Tracor J i t c o , Inc., 1776 Eas t J e f f e r s o n S t r e e t , Rockv i l l e , Nar yland.

t. EGdG Htraor. Research T n t t i t u t e , 1530 E n s t J e f f e r s o n S t r e e t , Rockv i 1 le , Mar y l ar,d .

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9 . Hathematical S t a t i s L i c s and A p p l i e d Mathamtics Sec t io i l , Biometry Branch, F i e l d Studies and S t a t i s t i c s Program, D i v i s i o n of Cancer Cause and Prevention, National Cancer I n s t i t u t e , National I n s t i - tutes of Health, Betheeda, Maryland.

Now with the Div i s ion of CDmporative Medicine, Johns Hopkins Univers i ty , School of Medicine, Traylor Bui ld ing , BalEimore, Nary1ar.d.

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Tb-. b ioassay of technical-grade t r i c h l o r o f luoroanthane f o r pos- s i b l e c a r c i n o g e q i c i t y was conducted us ing Ouborne-Flendel r a . s and B6C3F1 mice. 3:ichlorcfluoromethane i n corn o i l was adminis tered by gavage, a t e i t h e r of two dosages, to groups of 50 mile and 50 female animals of esch s p e c i e s , 5 days A week, over a per iod c f 78 weeks. The t ime-veighted average high and low dosages o f t r ichlorof luoromethane i n t h e chronic b ioassay were, r e s p e c t i v e l y , 977 and 488 mg/kg/ day for male rats, 1077 and 538 mg/kg/day f o r female r a t s , and 3925 and 1962 mg/kg/day f o r mice of both sexes. A f t e r thr! 78-week dosing pe r iod , rats were observed f o r an a d d i t i o n a l pzr iod of up t o 33 weelcs and mice were observed f o r an a d d i t i o n a l per iod o f up t o 13 weeks.

For each s p e c i e s , ?O animals o f each Eex were placed on tes t a s v e h i c l e c o n t r o l s . These animals were gavaged wi th co rn o i l a t the same t imes t h a t dosed animals were gavaged v i t h t r ichlorof luorome- '*bane. c o n t r o l s f o r each spec ies . These a n i a a l s were not p v a g e d .

Twenty an imals o f each sex 1:ere placed on tes t a s un t rea ted

A big.;; rate of e a r l y dea ths occurred among male and female r a t s An i n s u f f i c i e n t number of r a t s of e i t h e r sex sur- i n t h i s bioaseay.

vived long e. $ugh t o be a t r i s k from late-developing tumors. v i v a l of laic? was adequate f o r meaningful s t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s i s o f la te -developing tumors.

R e s u l t s c f a t ime-adjusted s t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s i s of tumor i n c i - .

Sur-

dence in r a t s i nd ica t ad no s i g n i f i c a n t p o n i t l v e a s s o c i a t i o n s between a d m i n i s t r a t i o n of t r ich lorof luoromethane and tumclr incidence.

No groups o f male o r female mice dosed wi th t r i c h l o r o f thane had s ig t i i f i c a n t l y increased tumor inc idences r e l a t i v e r e s p e c t i v e c o n t r o l groups.

The r e s u l t o o f the b ioassay of t r ich lorof luoromethane Mendel r a t s f o r ,voseible c a r c i n o g e n i c i t y -are na t conclus ive inadequate numbers o f r a t s survived long e x o g h t o be a t r i s k from la te -developing tumors. Under the cond i t ions o f t h i s b ioassay , t r i c h l o r o f luoromethane was not carc inogenic t o n a l e o r female 56C3F1 mi:e.

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n Osborne- because

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. INTRODUCTION

11. MATERIALS AND METHODS

A. B. C. D. E. F. G. 8.

Chemicals Dosage. Preparation Animals Animal Wintenance Cas t r i c l n tuba t ion Select ion of I n i t i a l Dose Levels Experimental Design C l in i ca l and Bietopathologic Examina ions

I. Data Recording and S t a t i s t i c a l Analyses

111. CHRONIC TESTING RESULTS: RATS

A. B. Survival C. Pathology D. S t a t i s t i c a l Analyses of Resu l t s

Body Weights and C l in i ca l Observations

IV. CHRONIC TESTING RESULTS: MICE

A. B. Survival C. Pathology I!. S t a t i s t i c a l Analyses of Results

Body Weights and C l in i ca l Observations

V. DISCUSSION

VI. BIBLIOGRAPHY

APPENDIX A S W R Y OF TEE INCIDENCE OF NEOPLASMS I N RATS TREATED WITH TRICHLOROFLUOROMETHHE

SUMMARY OF THE INCIDENCE OF NEOPLASMS I N MICE TREATED WITH TRICHLORGSLUOROMETHANE

S W R Y OF THE INCIDENCE OF NONNEOPLiSTIC LESIONS I N RATS TREATED WITH TRICHLORO- FLUOROMETHAWE

APPENDIX B

AP3ENDIX C

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6 6 8 8

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APPENDIX D

TABLE OF CONTENTS (Concluded)

SUMMARY OF THE INCIDENCE OF NOKNEOPLASTIC LESIONS IN MICE TRZATED WITH TRICHLURO- FLUOROMETHANE

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Table N u m b e r

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LIST OF I L L U S T R A T I O N S

CHEMICAL STRUCTURE O F TRICHLOROFLUOROHE- THANE

GROWTH CURVES FOR TRICHLOROFLUORCMETPANE cmoruc STL'DY RATS

SURVIVAL COMPARISONS OF TRICHLOROFLUORO- METHAEi3 CHRONIC STUDY RATS

GROWTH CURVES FO.9 TRICHLOROFLUOROHE TliANE CHRONIC STUDY MICE

SURVIVAL COMPARISONS OF TRICHLOROFLUORO- METYANE CHRONIC S'NDY MICE

L I S T OF TABLES

DESIGN SUMMARY FOR OSSORNE-HENDEL RATS-- TRICKL.OROFLUOROFETt??NE GAVAGE EXPERIMENT

DESIGN SUMMARY YO9 B 6 C 3 F 1 MLCE--TKXCHLORO- FLUOROMETHANE GAVAGE EXPSRIMENI

ANALYSES OF THE INCIDENCE OF PRIMARY T'JMORS AT S P E C I F I C S I T E S IN kIAi,E ?A;S TKEATED W I r H TRICKLOROFLUORCMETIUHE WHICH SYRVIVED AT UAST 52 WSEKS

ANALYSES OF THE I N C I E E N C E OF FRlMABY TUNORS n T S P E C I F I C S I T E S IN FEEALE KATS TREATED WITE T R I C H ! ~ O F O F L U O R ~ P ~ T H A N E WHICH LiCk'.'IVED AT LEAST 52 UEEKS

ANALYSES GF 'THE INCIDENCE OF PRIMARY 'I'UMORS AT S r E C I F I C SX'IES IN HALE MICE TREATED #IT11 ';RI : -HI~ROFLUOROETH~\NE

A Z i L Y S E S OF THE INCIDENCE OF PRIUIARY 'i L'HORS AT S P E C I F I C S I T E S IN F F , M . E MICE TREATED W T "ii TR ICHLOROFLUOROHETHA!1E

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LIST O F T A B L E S ( C o n c l u d e d )

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A 1 SUMMARY OF THE I N C I D E N C E O F NEOPLASMS IN MALE RATS TREATED WITH TRICHLOROFLUORG- METHANE

A 2 SUM-RY O F THE I N C I D E N C E OF NEOPLASMS I N FEMALE RATS TREATED WITH TRICHLOROFLUOHO- METHANE A-6

B- 3

81 SUMMARY O F THE I N C I D E N C E OF NEOPLASMS 1,. MALE MICE TREATED WITH TRICHLOROFLUORO- METHANE

B 2 SWMARY O F THE INCIU!:NCE OF NEOPLASMS I N FEMALE MILT TREATED WIT11 TRLCHLOROFLUORO- METHANE H-6

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c1 SUMMARY OF THE I N C I D E N C E OF NONNEOPLASTIC L E S I O N S I N MALE RATS TREATED WITH TRXCHLO- RO FLUOR 0 METHANE

c2 SUtlrMARY O F THE I N C I D E N C E OF RONNEOPLASTIC L F S I O N S I N FEMALE RATS TREATED WITH T R I CHLO.79 FLUOROMETHANE

D 1 SUMMARY OF THE I N C I D E N C E O F NONNEOPLASTIC L E S I O N S I N MALE M I C E TSEATED WITH THICHLO- RO FLUOR@ WTHANE

D 2 SUMMARY O F THE I N C I D E N C E O F NONNEOFLASTIC L E S I O N S 1'4 FEMALE H I C E TREATED IIITH TR ICHL@R2t'LUOkl)HE'Iit\NE

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I. INTRODUCTION

Trich lorof luoromethane (NCI No. C04637), a v i d e l y used ha loccrbon

ae roso l p r o p e l l a n t and r e f r i g i x a n t , wad s e l e c t e d f o r b ioas say by t h e

Nat iona l Cancer I n s t i t u t e because of the widespread exposure t o t h i s

compound r e s u l t i n g from the i n d i s c r i m i n a t e use of a e r o s o l s p r a y s , and

t h e well-documented hepa toca rc inogen ic i ty of t he s t r u c t u r a l l y analo-

gous compound, carbon t e t r a c h l o r i d e ( I n t e r n a t i o n a l Agency f o r Research

on Cancer, 1972).

The Chemical A b s t r a c t s Se rv ice (CAS) Ninth C o l l e c t i v e Index (1977)

name f o r t h i s compound is t r i c b l o r o f l u o r m e t h a n e .

trichloromonofluoromethane; I tuo ro t r i ch lo romethane ; f luorocarbon 11;

p r o p e l l a n t 11; Freon ll@; Arcton ll@; and F r i g e n 9 .

* It is a l s o c a l l e d

8

Trich lorof luoromethane is used as a l o r p r e s s u r e p r o p e l l a n t and

so lven t i n a wide v a r i e t y of a e r o s o l products , such as h a i r s p r a y s ,

deodorants , and o t h e r cosmetic goode; e x t e r n a l med ic ina l s ; house and

garden p e s t i c i d e s ; c leal iers tindlor d i s i n f e c t a n t s ; sp ray p a i n t s ; and

f l o o r and f u r n i t u r e p o l i s h e s ( B e i e j and Aviado, 1975; Gosse l in e t a l . ,

1976). The p r o p e l l a n t in such products u s u a l l y c o n s t i t u t e s 70 percent

o r more of t h e ccrritente o f t h e can (Crossland, 1974). A s r e c e n t l y as

1976, t r i ch lo ro f luo romethane was t he most vide!.y used a e r o s o l propel - l a n t (Gosse l in e t al., 1976); however, t he r e c e n t p u b l i c a t i o n of t hew.

r i e s which sugges t t h a t d e p l e t i o n c f t he E a r t h ' s s t r a t o s p h e r i c ozone

* The C k r e g i s t r y number i s 75-69-4.

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layer may result from the phcto1y:ic dissociation of chlorofluorme-

thanes (e.g., Holina and Rowland, 1974) has arouoed public sentiment

against aerosol products which coztain trichlorofluoromethane or

its congeners, and sales of such productrr have drastically declined

(Chemical and Engineering News, 1977).

Trichiorofluoromethane is also used to a substantidl degree in

refrigeration equipment reqt'iring a refrigerant that is ef fect ive at

negative pressures (Chemical Marketing Reporter, 1975; Windholz,

19761, and in smaller quantities as a blowing agent for polymeric

foams, and as an active component of liquid-type fire extinguishers

(Chemical Marketing Reporter, 1975; Gosselin et el. , 10;d).

In 1975, U.S. production and sales of trich?oroflaoromettane were

269,611,000 and 253,756,000 pounds, respectively (U .S . International

Trade Commission, 197?).

compound wae about 0.3 megaton per year (Molina and Rowland, 1974).

Proposed action by three federal agencies--the Environmental Protec-

tion Agency, Food and Drug hdministratioc, and Consumer Product Safety

Commission--to phase out all nonessential uses of chlorofluorocarbons

as propellants by April 15, 1979 (Chemical Regulation Reporter, 1977)

is expected to significantly reduce production and sales of trichloro-

fluoromethane.

The 1972 world production rate for this

The apparent global contamination of the biosphere by fluorocar-

bone (Molina and Rowland, 1974) has resulted in universal exposure to

low levels of trichlorofluoromethane.

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Measurable concentrations of

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the compound have been found throughout the troposphere:

parte per trillion (ppt) in Washington State (Grimsrud and Rasmusaen,

1975); 80 to 2200 ppt in the Los Angeles Basin (Simmonds et al.,

1974); 10 to 190 ppt in southwest Ireland (Lovelock, 1971); and 38 to

80 ppt over the Atlantic Ocean (from Antarctica to the United Kingdom)

(Lovelock et al. , 1973). In the latter study, trichlorofluoromethan:

was also detected in samples of seawater taken from correeponding lo-

cationo in the Atlantic.

124 t o 403

.

Concentrations of the compound ranged from

20 to 70 ppt (Lovelock et al. , 1973).

Users of aerosol sprays and workers at facilitiee which produce

or use trichlorofluoromethane are exposed, by both inhalation and

dermal contact, to concentrations of the compou%.rd that are consider-

ably higher than ambient levels. Dermal contact is presumably

unavoidable when using cosmetic or medicinal sprays.

trations may reach 400 parts per million during normal use of aerosol

sprays (Croealand, 1974) and vapor concentratione which are signifi-

cantly higher then ambient trichlarofluoromethane levels are routi,iely

found in hones and public buildings, and in or near factories at which

the compound is ueed.

levels in samples of air taken from homes in the Los Angeles area and

f o m d concentrations of trichlorofluoromethane as high as 12 parts per

biljion (ppb) in two of ten homes. In one instance, this was 67 times

higher than levels in outdoor samples collected at the same location at

approxjmately the same time.

Vapor concen-

Hester et el. (197B; measured fluorocarhon

. J

Concentrations of trichlorofluoromethane .>It,

\

. . . .

3

i f j f

i 1 I i

I I

I

i 1 ! I I I

I I

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i

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% - -

found i n pub l i c b u i l d i n g s and around Fac to r i e s were a l s o h igh:

ppb i n a drug s t o r e ; 10 ppb i n a supermarket; 50 ppb i n a beauty shop;

4.1 ppb i n a h o s p i t a l ; 8.1 ppb nea r t h e s t o r a g e a r e a of a coumetics

p l a n t (ou tdoors ) ; and 42 ppb a t a d i s t a n c e of 25 ya rds from a poly-

u re thane p l a n t (Heater et al., 1974).

o t h e r than f a c t o r i e s a r e not n e c e s s a r i l y s o l e l y a t t r i b u t a b l e t o aero-

sol use ; a s u b s t a n t i a l p o r t i o n may a l s o be 2ue t o leaksge from r e f r i g -

e r a t i o a equipment.

12

Elevated vapor l e v e l s i n p l aces

De l ibe ra t e i n h a l a t i o n of aeroscn; p r o p e l l a n t s f o r t h e purpose of

inducing a euphoric mental s ta te r e e u l t s i n exponure to v e r y h igh

concen t r a t ions o f t r ich lorof luoromethane (Po lk i s , 1975).

Regulatory act ion t o phase ou t ch lorof luorocarbon p r o p e l l a n t

uses would reduce the p o t e n t i a l f o r human exposure t o h igh concentra-

t i o n s o f t r ich lorof luoromethane; however, the compound i s r e l a t i v e l y

s t a b l e and atmospheric concen t r a t ions would only d e c l i n e s lowly over

R per iod of 10 yea r s o r more (Chemical Regulat ion Repor te r , 1977).

E s s e n t i a l items excluded from th2 ban would inc lude ae roso l bronchio-

d i l a t o r s f o r t he t rea tment o f asthma, con t r acep t ive vag ina l foams,

cy to logy f i x a t i v e s , a mine s a f e t y warning device , r e l e a s e agentc f o r

c e r t a i n p l a s t i c mo!ds, and some f l y i n g i n s e c t sorays used an a i r p l a n e s

and i n commercial food-handl i rg arean (Chemical Regulat ion Repor te r ,

1977).

4

3 4

5 B f i 3

f B i t

I I i

f

I

I t E. I

!

i

1 I

i i i

@ The Freons were o r i g i n a l l y cons idered t o have a IOU degree of

t o x i c i t y i n humans; however, numerous r e c e n t accounts of spontaneous

dea ths among pereons who d e l i b e r a t e l y inha led a e r o s o l p r o p e l l a n t s

f o r t h e i r n a r c o t i c e f f e c t has prompted new concein over t he t o x i c

e f f e c t s o f t he fluorochloromethanes (Cross land , 1974; P o l k i s , 1975).

These d e a t h s are thought t o be an example of the "sudden death"

syndrome which hee been a s soc ia t ed wi th many dea ths among workers i n

t h e chemical i n d u s t r y s i n c e the t u r a of t he cen ta ry (Cross land , 1974).

These compounds appa ren t ly s e n s i t i z e Lhe h e a r t t o ep inephr ine , r e s u l t -

@ i ng i n s e v e r e c a r d i a c arrhythmias and o f t e n death. Of the Freons ,

t r i ch lo ro f luo tomethane haa been shown t o have the h i g h e s t degree of

c a r d i o t o x i c i t y i n monbeye and ocher animals (Aviado, 1975; Gosse l in

et 81.. 1976); howsver, s i m i l a r human s t u d i e s a r e not f e a s i b l e . An

a n e e i n e t i c t r narcot ic . e f f e c t of Freons@ i n humans is r epor t ed t o

occur a t l e v e l s of 4 percent by volumc i n a i r , and exposed workers

have experienced f u i n t i n g end d i z z i n e s s (Croesland, 1974).

T t i c h l o r n f luoromethane ahowed no i n d i c a t i o n of ca rc inogen ic o r

tumorigenic a c t i v i t y i n 45 ICR/Ha Swies mica of both sexes following

neona ta l i n j e c t i o n s of 0.1 m l on days 14 and 2 1 (Eps te in e t a l . ,

1967).

\., 5

I

11. MATERIALS AND METHODS

A. - Chemicalq

One ba tch of technical-grade t r i c h l o r o f luorometkane (F igu re 1)

was purchased from A l l i e d Chemical Compzny a i d analyzed by Hazleton .

Labora to r i e s America, Inc., Vienna, Vi rg in ia . The purchased chemical

was i n i t i a l l y determined t o be g r e a t e r that: 95 percen t t r i c h l o r o f l u o -

r ome thane, u 8 i ng t o t a 1 -area ana 1. ys i 8 g a 8- 1 i q u i d c h r oma tog r a ph y ( GLC 1 . Five smal l peakt were p resen t i n add i t ion t o the &richlorof luorome-

thane peak.

dard GLC method, p u r i t y was ind ica t ed t o be approximately 97 percent .

When t h e m a t e r i a l was assayed us ing t h e i n t e r n a l s tan-

A second p u r i t y de te rmina t ion wab conducted approximately 2 years

a f t e r t h e f i r s t t o e s t ab l i - sh the s t a b i l i t y of t h c t r lch lorof luorome-

thane. GLC r e s u l t s were s i m i l a r t o those obtained i n the i n i t i a l anal-

y s i s , i n d i c a t i n g l i t t l e o r no <!-cmposition.

Throughout t h i s r e p o r t the tern tric'nlorofluo..omet!iane i o used t o

r ep resen t t h i s technica l -grade ma te r i a l .

B. Pasage P r e p a r a t i o n

Fresh s o l u t i o n s of t r i ch lo ro f luo romet t ane i n Duke' 3@ corE o i l

(S. F. Sauer Company , Richmond , Virg in ia ) were prepare4 weekly, sea led

and e tored i n dark b o t t l e s a t 1'C. E&;h time the s o l u t i o n was used, a

s l i g h t excess was poured i n t o a narrow-necked f l a s k . The s tock b o t t l e

vat3 immediately r e s e a l e d and returned t o t he r e f r i g e r a t o r . Dcring a l l

t r a n s f e r s the f l a s k was immersed i n an i c e bath. The concen t r a t ions

6

GI

C I - c - F I I CI

FIGURE 1 CHEMICAL STRUCTURE OF TRICHLOHO FLUOROMETHAPJE

7

of t r ich lorof luoromethane i n corn o i l were 37.5 t o 42.5 pe rcen t f o r

ra t s and 20 t o 40 pe rcen t f o r mice.

C. Animals

Two animals s p e c i e s , r a t s and mice, were used i n the carcinogeni-

c i t y bioassay.

comparcitive s tudy of the tumorigenic responsiveness t o carbon t e t r a -

c h l o r i d e c f f i v e d i f f e r e n t s t r a i n s of r a t s (Reuber and Glover , 1970).

The B6C3F1 mouse was s e l e c t e d because it. has been used by t h e NCI f o r

ca rc inogenes i s b ioassays and has proved s a t i s f a c t o r y i n t h i s capac i ty .

The Osborne-Mendel r a t was s e l e c t e d on the b a s i s of a

Rats and mice of bo th sexes were obtained through c o n t r a c t s with

t h e Div i s ion of Cancer Treatment , Nat ional Cancer I n s t i t u t e . The

Gsborne-Mendel r a t s were procured from t h e B a t t e l l e Me=lorial I n s t i -

t u t e , Columbus, Ohio, acd t h e B6C3F1 mice were obtained from t h e

Char les River Breeding Laba ra to r i e s , Inc., Wilmington, Massachusetts.

Upon r e c e i p t , animals were quarant ined f o r a t l e a s t 10 dpys, observed

f o r v i s i b l e s igns of d i s e a s e or p a r a s i t e s , and itssigned t o the va r ious

dosed and c o n t r o l groups.

D. Animal Maintenance

A l l animals were housed by s p e c i e s i n temperature- and humidity-

c o n t r o l l e d rooms. The temperature range was 20" t o 24°C and t h e

r e l a t i v e humidity was maintained between 45 and 5 5 percent .

cond i t ion ing system provided f i l t e r e d a i r a t a r a t e of 1 2 conple te

changes of room a i r per hour.

a 12-hour-daiiy cyc le .

The a i r

F luorescent l i g h t i n g was provided ori

* .

. . ..

The rats were ind iv idua l ly hcused i n suspended ga lv3nized-s tee l

The mice were housed by sex wire-mesh cages wi th per fora ted f loor8 .

i n groups o f 10 i n so l id -bo t toa polypropylene ceges equipped wi th

f i l t e r tope. S a n i t i z e d cages w i t h f r e s h bedding (Sanich ipe , Pine-

wood Sawdust Company, Moonachie, New J e r s e y ) were provided cnce each

week f o r mice.

t h e same frequency.

once a week f o r t he f i r s t 10 weeks aud once a month t h e r e a f t e r .

Fresh h e a t - s t e r i l i z e d g l a s s water b o t t l e s and s i p p e r tubes were pro-

vided t h r e e times a week. Food (Wayne Lab-Blox@meal, A l l i ed Mills,

Inc. , Chicago, I l l i n o i s ) and water were a v a i l a b l e ad l ib i tum.

0.3

Rats rece ived s a n i t i z e d cages w i t h na bedding with

Food hoppers were changed and h e a t - s t e r i l i z e d

The r a t s dosed wi th t r ich loraf luoromethane and t h e un t r ea t ed *

c o n t r o l s were housed i n the same rooin with o t h e r r a t s in tuba ted v i t h

Eethylchloroform (71-55-6) and c h l o r o p i c r i n (76-06-2).

c o n t r o l rets were housed w i t h o t h e r r a t s in tuba ted wi th 1,2-dichloro-

e thane (107-06-2); 1 , 1-dichloroethane (75-34-3); and carbon d i s u l f i d e

(75-15-0)

The v e h i c l e

A l l mice i n t h e t r ich lorof luoromethane s tudy , i nc lud ing con-

t r o l s , were housed i n t h e Game room a s o t h e r mice in tuba ted wi th

l,lJ2,2-tetrachloroethane ( 7 9 - 3 4 - 5 ) ; chlJroform (67-66-3); a l l y l

c h l o r i d e (107-05-1); c h l o r o p i c r i n (76-06-2); dibromochloropropane

9

.. .

5

. .

5

- t I !

-12- ,2-dibromoe thane

. . ,. i .. .

. .

6389 - . - ,

. -

I

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c

106-93-4); 1 ,2-dichloroethane (107-

06-2); 1 , l -d ich loroe thane (75-34-3); t r i c h l o r o e t h y l e n e (79-01-6);

3 -su l fo lene (77-79-2); iodoform (75-47-8); methyl chloroform (71-55-

6 ) ; 1, I., 2- t r i c h l o r o e thane ( 7 9-00-5) ; t e t r a c h l oroe thy lene ( 1 27-1 8-4 ;

carbon d i s u l f i d e (75-15-C); hexachloroethane (67-72-1); and carbon

t e t r a c h l o r i d e (56-23-5) .,

5. Gastric I n t u b a t i o n

I n t u b a t i o n wae performed f o r f i v e consecut ive days pe r weak ai.

a mg/kg body weight b a s i s u t i l i z i n g t h e most r e c e n t l y observed grcq .

mean body weight as a guide fo r determining t h e dose. Mean body

weights f o r each group were recorded a t 'weekly i n t e r v a l s f o r t h e

f i r s t 10 deeks and a t monthly i n t e r v a l s t h e r e a f t e r . A l l animals of

one s e x w i t h i n a t r e a t e d group rece ived t h e same dcse.

gavaged wi th test s o l u t i o n s under a hood to minimize ex t raneous ex-

Animals were -.

posure of o t h e r animals and l a b o r a t o r y personnel t o t he chemical.

F. S e l e c t i o n o f I n i t i a l Dose L e v e l 5

I n o r d e r t o e s t i m a t e t h e maximm t o l e r a t e d dosagcs of t r i c h l o r o - I . :

f luoromethane f o r a d m i n i s t r a t i o n t o t r c a t e d animals i n the chroniq

s t u d i e s , subchronic t o x i c i t y t e s t s were conducted with both r a t s and

mice.

each c o n s i s t i n g of f i v e males and f i v e females.

) . irnals o f each s p e c i e s w C e d i s c r i b u t e d among ? i x groups,

I n t u b a t i o n was per-

formed 5 days per week f o r 6 weeks, followed by a 2-week o b s e r v a t i o n

p e r i s d t o d e t e c t any delayed t o x i c i t y . Trichlorofluorometiiane d i s - . .

solved i n r n r n oi.1 was introduced by gavage to f i v e of t he s i x r a t

10 I . '., ~. I

. ..

groups and f i v e of t he s i x mouse groups a t dosagzs of 1000, 1780,

3160, 5620, and 10,000 mg/kg/day.

served as a v e h i c l e c o n t r o l group, r ece iv ing only co rn o i l .

The s i x t h group of each s p e c i e s

A dosage inducing no mortal iLy and r e s u l t i n g i n a dep res s ion

i n mean group body weight of approximately 20 percent r e l a t i v e t o

c o n t r o l s was s e l e c t e d as the i n i t i a l h igh dose. When weight g a i n

c r i te r ia were not a p p l i c a b l e , m o r t a l i t y d a t a a lone were u t i l i z e ? .

A t l e a s t one d e a t h wes recorded f o r a l l t he male rat groups re-

c e i v k g !?e!, mgikgiday ar g r e a t e r and f o r e l l t h e female r a t groups

r ece iv ing 3160 mg/kg/dsy o r g r e a t e r . Mean group body weight depres-

s i o n was 26 percnnt i n males r ece iv ing 1000 mglkglday while females

r ece iv ing t h i s same dosage gained 12 percent more weight than con-

t r o l s .

11 pe rcen t i n females. The i n i t i a l h igh dosages s e l e c t e d f o r male

and female r a t s i n the chrcnic bioassay were 850 and 1500 mglkglday.

A t a l e v e l of 1780 mg/kg/day mean body weight dep res s ion was

There was no mean group body weight dep res s ion when males re-

ce iv ing 5620,mg/kg/day o r less o r females r ece iv ing 3160 mglkglday

o r less were compared t o con t ro l s . There were dea ths i n male groups

t r e a t e d wi th 5620 rcg/kg/day o r more and i n female groups t r e a t e d wi th

3160 mg/ kg/day or more.

and female mice i n the chronic b ioassay was 3160 mglkglday.

G . Experimental Design

The i n i t i a l h igh dosage s e l e c t e d f o r male

The experimental des ign parameters f o r the chronic b ioassay (spe-

c i e s , sex, group s i z e , dosages adminis te red , d u r a t i o n of t r e a t e d and

11

i .' !

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I

I 1

I

i

i

1

I I I

1 i

I !

i

1

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I

un t r ea t ed obse rva t ion pe r iods , and t ime-ueighted average dcsages) a r e

summarized in Tables 1 and 2.

The unt rea ted c o n t r o l and t r e a t e d r a t s were a l l approximately

6 weeks o l d when the b ioassay was i n - .ated and they a l l shared t h e

same median d a t e of b i r t h .

mate ly 7 weeks o l d when they were f i r s t in tuba ted and t h a t was

approximately 7 months p r i o r :o i n i t i a t i o n of t he t r i c h l o r o f l u o r o -

methane chronic bioassay.

r a t s were 850 and 425 mg/kg/day and s o r female r a t s were 1500 and 750

mg/kg/day. Throughout t h i s r e p o r t t h e s a l e r a t s i n i t i a l l y r ece iv ing

850 mg/kg/day and t h e female r a t s i n i t i e l l y r ece iv ing 1500 mg/kg/day

a r e r e f e r r e d to a s t h e high dose groups , bile the male r a t s i n i t i a l l y

r e c e i v i n g 425 mg/kg/day and the female r p t s i n i t i a l ? ? r ece iv ing 750

The v e h i c l e c o n t r o l r a t s 'ere approxi-

The i n i t i a l dosages u t i l i z e d for male

mg/kg/day are r e f e r r e d t o a s t he l o w dose grbups.

dosages f o r mde r a t s were increased and f o r female r a t e were decreased

t o h igh and low l e v e l s of 1000 and 500 mg/kg/day, r e spec t ive ly .

dosages were maintained f o r t he remainder of the 72-week i n t u b a t i o n

pe r iod , a f t e r which t h e r e was an a d d i t i o n a l observa t ion per iod of u p

t c ? 3 3 weeks.

Y t c r I2 weeks the

T h e s e

The v e h i c l e c o n t r o l and t r e a t e d mice were a l l approximately 5

weeks o l d when the b ioassay was i n i t i a t e d and they a l l shared the

same median d a t e of b i r t h . The uncreated c o n t r o l r a t s were Cpnroxi-

mately 3 weeks o l d when t h e o t h e r animals were f i r s t in tuba ted . The

i n i t i a l dosages u t i l i z e d f o r both nsle and female mice were 3160 and

- ..

TABLE 1

DESIGZr SUMMARY FOR OSBORNE-MENDEL RATS TkLC3OROFLUOROMETHANE GAVAGE EXPERiMENT

IHZTIAL TSICHLOBO- OBSERVATION PERIOD TIME-WEIGHTED CROUP FLUOROHETHANE TREATED UNTREATED AVERAGE -- SIZE DOSAGE^ - (WEEKS) (WEEKS) - DOSAGE^

HALE

UNTREATED CONTROL 20 0

- 3 99 0

VEHICLE CONTROL 20 0 78 3 2 0 .--

LOW DOSE 50 425 12 488

3 28 500 66

H I G H DOSE 50 850 12 977 1000 66

0 37 -- - -- -- -

F E U €

UNTREATED CONTROL 20 0 0 111 0

VEHICLE CCINTROL 20 0 78 3 2 0

LOW DOSE 50 750 500

0

1 2 53e 66

33

H I G H DOSE 50 1500 12 107 7 1000 66

0 33 ---

a Dosages, g i v e n i n n g i k g body w e i g h t , were a d m i n i s t e r e d by gavage 5 c c n s e ~ i u - t i v e daye p e r week.

C ( d o s a g e X weeks rzc.ei.v.?d) C (weeks r e c e i v i n g c h c ~ i ~ k a l )

--- bTime-weighted a v e r a g e d o s a g e

1 3

. ...

TABLE 2

6389

> .

i .

_ . I .

. ..

. . .- . . .. . .

,' . . .

- D E S I G N SUMMARY FOR B6C3F1 MICE TRICHI.OROFLUOP0METHANE GAVAGE EXPERIHENT

I N I T I A L TRICHLORO- 0 B S E RV AT I Oh' PER I 0 D T I NE - WE I G H T E 3 GROUP ' FLUOROHETHANE TRFATED UNTREATED AVERAGE

SIZE DOSAGE^ (WEEKS) (WEEKS) - D O S A G Z ~

HALE

UNTREATED CONTPOL 20 0 0 91 0

-

VEHICLE CONTROL 20 0 78 13 0

LOW DOSE 50 , 1580 7 1962 2000 71

0 13

HIGH DOSE 49 3160 7 3925 4000 71

0 13

.- - - -- rEMALE

UNTREATED CONTROL 20 0 0 91 0

VEHICLE CONTROL 20 0 78 13 0

LOW DOSE 50 1580 2000

0

7 1962 71

1 3

HIGH DOSE 50 3160 7 3925 4000 71

0 1 3 -~

a Dosages, g iven in mg/kg body weight , were admicistered by gavage 5 corxscc- u t i v e days per ueek.

C (dosage X weeks rece ived) C (weeks rece iv ing chemical) b'J'ime-wzighted average dcsage =

r * . ..

. . I

I i

1580 mg/kg/day. Thrrughout t h i s r e p o r t those mice i n i t i a l l y r ece iv -

i ng t h e former dosage a r e r e f e r r e d t o a s the high dose groups , while

t h o s e mice i n i t i a l l y r ece iv ing tLIe l a t t e r dosage a r e r e f e r r e d t o a s

t h e low dose ~ X O U P S . I n week 8 , high and low dosages were increased

to 4000 and 2000 mg/kg/day, r e s p e c t i v e l y . These dosages were main-

t a i n e d f o r t h e rena inder of t he 78-week i n t u b a t i o n pe r iod , a f t e r

which t h e r e was an a d d i t i o n a l obse rva t ion per iod of 13 weeks. . .

The untreated c o n t r o l s rece ived no. t r i c h l o r o f luoromethane o r

co rn o i l , while the v e h i c l e c o n t r o l s were in tuba ted wi th corn o i l .

H. C l i n i c a l and His topa thologic Examinations

Andmals were weighed immediately p r i o r t o i n i t i a t i o n of t he

experiment. Body weights , food consumption, and d a t a concerning

appearance, behavior , s i g n s of t o x i c e f f e c t s , and inc idence , s i z e ,

and l o c a t i o n of t i s s u e masses were.recordcd a t weekly i n t e r v a l s f o r

t h e f i r s t 10 weeks end a t monthly i n t e r v a l s t h e r e a f t e r . From t h e

Eirst day, a l l animals were inspec ted d a i l y f o r m o r t a l i t y . The pres-

ence of t i s s u e masses was determined by obse rva t ion and p a l p a t i o n of

each animal.

A necropsy was performed on each animal r e g a r d l e s s of whether i t

d i e d , *as k i l l e d when moribund, o r was s a c r i f i c e d a t t h e end of che

bioaiisay. The animals were euthanized by exsanguina t ion under sodium

p e n t o b a r b i t a l a n e s t h e s i a , and were immediately necrops ied . The h i s t o -

pa thologic examination cons is ted . of g r o s s and rcicroscopic examinat ion * _

15

!

. .

/ 638 g'.: .

of major t i s s u e s , o rgans , or g r o s s l e s i o n s tPXen from s a c r i f i c e d an i -

mals and, vhenever possi .ble , from animals found dead.

S l i d e s were p repa red from t h e fol lowing t i s s u e s : b r a i n , p i t u i t a r y ,

ad rena l , t hy ro id , pa ra thy ro id , t r a c h e a , esophagus, thymus, s a l i v a r y

g l and , lymph nodes (mesenceric and c e r v i c a l ) , h e a r t , nasa l passages ,

lung, sp l een , l i v e r , kidney, stomach, sma l l i n t e s t i n e , l a r g e i n t e s t i n e ,

pancreas , u r i n a r y b ladder , p r o s t a t e or u t e r u s , seminal v e s i c l e s and

tes t i s wirh epididymis or ovary, s k i n wi th mammary Eland, muscle,

nerve , bone marrow, and t i s s u e masses.

T i s sues for which s l i d e s were prepared were preserved i n 10 per-

c e n t buf fered formal in , embedded i n p a r a f f i n , s ec t ioned , and s t a i n e d

wi th hematoxylin and eos in p r i o r t o microscopic examination.

occas iona l sect , ion was subjec ted t o s p e c i a l s t a i n i n g techniques f o r

An

more d e f i n i t i v e d iagnos is .

A €ew t i s s u e s were not examined f o r some animals , p a r t i c u l a r l y

Also, some animals were missing, canni- for t hose t h a t d i ed ea r ly .

b a l i z e d , o r judged t o be i n such an advanced s t a t e of a u t o l y s i s a s t o

prec lude h i s topa tho log ic i n t e r p r e t a t i o n . Thus, t he number of animals

f o r which p a r t i c u l a r organs, t i s s u e s , or l e s i o n s were examined micro-

s c o p i c a l l y v a r i e s and does not n e c e s s a r i l y r ep resen t the number of

animals t h a t were placed on experiment i n each group.

I. D a t a Recording arid S t a t i s t i c a l Analyses

P e r t i n e n t d a t a ,n t h i s experiment have been recorded i n an auto-

mat ic da tu processir;: system, Lhe Carcinogenesis Bioassay na ta System

16

(L inha r t e t a l . , 1974). The d a t a e lements include d e s c r i p t i v e in fo r -

mat ion on t h e chemicals , an imals , experimental des ign , c l i n i c a l ob-

s e r v a t i o n s , s u r v i v a l , body weight , and ind iv idua l pa tho log ic r e s u l t s ,

as recanmended by t h e I u t e r n a t i o a a l Union Against Cancer (Berenblum,

1969).

t i o n and f o r s t a t i s t i c a l review.

Data t a b l e s were genera ted f o r v e r i f i c a t i o n of dar:r t r a n s c r i p -

These d a t a were analyzed us ing t h e s t ; t i s t i c a l techniqr,es

desc r ibed i n t h i s s ec t ion . Those ana lysee of the experimental r e s u l t s

t h a t b e a r on the p o s s i b i l i t y of ca rc inogen ic i ty a r e d i scussed i n the

s t a t i s t i c a l n a r r a t i v e s e c t i o n s . P r o b a b i l i t i e s of s u r v i v a l were es t imated by t h e product - l imi t

procedure of Kaplan and Meier (1958) acd a r e preaented i n t h i s r e p o r t

i n t h e form of graphs. Animals were s t a t i s t i c a l l y censored a s of t he

time t h a t they d ied of o t h e r than n a t u r a l caiises o r were found t o be

miss ing; animals dying from n a t u r a l causes were not s t a t i s t i c a l l y

censored. S t a t i s t i c a l . ana lyses f o r a poss ib l e dose-related e f f e c t

on s u r v i v a l used t h e method o€ Cox (1972) when t e s t i n g two groups €or

e q u a l i t y and used Tarone's (1975) ex tens ions of Cox's methods when

t e s t i n g a dose- re la ted t rend . One-tailed P-values have been repor ted

f o r a l l tes ts except the d e p a r t u r e f r a n l i n e a r i t y t e s t , which is only

r epor t ed when i t s two-tailed P-value i s less than 0.05.

The inc idence of a e o p l a s t i c or ncnneoplas t ic 1esi.ons has been

g iven a s t h e r a t i o of the number of animals bear ing such l e s i o n s a t a

s p e c i f i c anatomic s i t e (numerator) t o the number of animals i n which

17 x

__..-. _.- I

.. . '. . 6 3 8 9

:. 1

r; f , '

. . ;. i . I

- . . - -

L _ . ~~

s . I '

t h a t s i t e was examined (denominator). I n most i n s t a n c e s , t h e denomi- i '

na to ra included only those animals f o r which t h a t s i t e was examined

h i e t o l o g i c a l l y . However, when macroscopic examination was requi red

t o d e t e c t l e s i o n s p r i o r t o h i s t o l o g i c sampling (e.g., s k i n o r mammary

tumors) , or when l e s i o n s could have appeared a t m u l t i p l e s i tes (e.g.,

lymphomas), t h e denominators c o n s i s t of the numbers of animals necrop-

s ied . The purpose of t he s t a t i s t i c a l ana lyses of tumor incidence t o

de te rmine whether animals r ece iv ing t k e t es t chemical developed a s ig-

r i f i c a n t l y h ighe r propor t ion of tumors then d id the c o n t r o l animals ,

A s a p a r t of t hese ana lysee , t h e one- ta i led F i s h e r exac t tes t (Cox,

1970, pp. 48-51) was used t a compare the tumor incidence of a c o n t r o l

group t o t h a t o f a group of t r e a t e d animals at each dose l eve l . When

! !

t I , I

t i I I t

1 I

r e s u l t s f o r a number of t r e a t e d groups, k, a r e compared s imultaneously

wi th those f o r a c o n t r o l group, a c o r r e c t i o n t o ensure an o v e r a l l

s i g n i f i c a n c e l e v e l of 0.05 may be made. The Bonferroni i n e q u a l i t y

I

i I ( H i l l e r , 196& pp. 6-10) r equ i r e s t h a t t he P-value f o r any comparison I

be less than or equal t o 0.05/k. I n ca ses where t h i s c o r r e c t i o n was

used, i t i s d i scussed i n the n a r r a t i v e sec t ion . It i s n o t , however, i

! presented i n t he t a b l e s , where t h e F i she r exac t P-values a r e oliowri.

The Cochran-Armitage test f o r l i n e a r t rend i n propor t ions , with

c o n t i n u i t y c o r r e c t i o n (Armitage, 1971, pp. ,362-365), was a l s o used

wnen appropr i a t e . Under the assumption oE a l i n e a r t r end , t h i s test,

determined i:E the s iope of t h e dose-response curve i s d i f f e r e n t from

18

. . ,. , . ..

. .

:- -=

j 1

zero a t the one- ta i led 0.05 l e v e l of s ign i f i cance .

no ted , t h e d i r e c t i o n of the s i g n i f i c a n t t rend was a p o s i t i v e dose re-

l a t i o n s h i p . T h i s method a l s o provides a two-tailed test of d e p a r t u r e

from l i n e a r t rend .

Unless o the rwise

A t ime-adjusted a n a l y s i s wae appl ied when numerous e a r l y d e a t h s

r e s u l t e d from causes t h a t were 3o t a s soc ia t ed w i t h t he format ion oE

tumors. I n t h i s a n a l y s i s , de;ths t h a t occurred before t h e f i r s t

tumor was observed were excluded by bas ing the s t a t i s t i c a l tests on

an imals t h a t survived a t l e a s t 52 weeks, un le s s a tumor was found a t

t h e anatomic s i t e of i n t e r e s t b e f o r e week 52.

tumor was found, comparisons were based exc lus ive ly on animals t h a t

surv ived a t l e a s t a s long a s the animal i n which the f i r s t tumor was

found.

cedures f o r ana lyses of the inc idence of tumors (F i she r e x a c t tests,

Cochran-Armitage tests, e t c . ) were followed.

#.en such an e a r l y

Once tb , s reduced set of d a t a w d s ob ta iqed , t h e s t anda rd pro-

When a p p r o p r i a t e , l i f e - t a b l e methods were used t o ana lyze the

inc idence of turnoro. Curves of t he propor t ions surv iv ing without an

cbserved tumor were computed a s i n S a f f i o t t i e t a l . (1972). Tile week

du r ing which animals d ied n a t u r a l l y o r were s a c r i f i c e d was en te red a s

t h e time po in t of tumor observa t ion .

t hese curves vere used for two groups ; Tarone 's ex tens ion t o t e s t i n g

Cox's methods of comparing

. . f o r l i n e a r t rend was' used f o r t h r e e groups. The s t a t i s t i c a l t es t s f o r

t h e inciderice of ta;a'ors which used l i f e - t a b l e ' methods were one - t a i l ed .'

and, u n l e s s otherwise" noted, i n the d i r e c t i o n 'Gf 'a p m i t i v e dose

19

I

, 6 3 8 9

r e l a t i o n s h i p . S i g n i f i c a n t d e p a r t u r e s from l i n e a r i t y (P < 0.05, two-

t e i l e d t e s t ) were a l s o noted.

The approximatr 95 percent conf idence i n t e r v a l f o r t he r e l a t i v e

r i s k o f each dosed group compered t o i t s c o n t r o l was c a l c u l a t e 3 f r m

t h e exac t i n t e r v a l on the odds r a t i o ( C a r t , 1971). The r e l a t i v e r i s k

i s de f ined a s pt/pc where p i s t h e t r u e b i n m i a l p r o b a b i l i t y of the t

inc idence of a s p e c i f i c type of tumor i n a t r e a t e d group of a n i a a l s

and p i e t h e t r u e p r o b a b i l i t y o f t h e spontaneous incidence of t he

same type of tumor i n a c o n t r o l group. The hypothes is of e q u a l i t y

between t h e t r u e p ropor t ion of a s p c c i f i c tumor i n a treateci group

and the p ropor t ion i n a c o n t r o l group correspondc t o a r e l a t i v e r i s k

o f un i ty .

C

Values i n excess of u n i t y r e p r e s e n t t h e cond i t ion of a

l a r g e r p ropor t ion i n the t r e a t e d group than i n the con t ro l .

The lower and upper l i m i t s of t he confidence i n t e r v a l of the

r e l a t i v e r i s k have been included i n the t a b l e s of s t a t i s t i c a l m a l y -

86s. The i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of t he l i m i t s i s t h a t i n ayprdxitcately 95

percen t of a l a r g e number of i d e n t i c a l experiments , the t r u e r a t i o

of t h e rick-in a t r e a t e d group of animals t o t h a t i n a c o n t r o l group

would be w i t h i n the i n t e r v a l c a l c u l a t e d from the experiment. When

t h e lower l i m i t of the confidence i n t e r v a l i s g r e a t e r than one, i t

can be i n f e r r e d t h a t a s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t r e ~ u l t ( a P < 0.025

one- t a i l ed t e s t when the c o n t r o l inc idence is not zero, P < 0.050

when the c o n t r o l incidence i s zero) has occurred. When the lower

l i m i t i s l e a s than u n i t y but t he upper l i m i t i s g r e a t e r than u n i t y ,

20

. .. -, . .

I

. .

-. . -_

the lover limit indicatee the abeence of a significant result while

the upper limit indicates that there i s a theoretical possibi l i ty

of the induction of turnore by the teet chemical which could r?ot be

detected under the condition8 of t h i s teet .

21

.. . .' . 2 .

I .

i --

II?.. CIIROKIC TESTING RESULTS: RATS

A. Body Weights and C l i n i c a i Observat ions -- Ho d i e t i n c t compound-related mean body weight depress ion was

ap,vrrant uhtn t r i c h l o r r f luoromethane-treat€< male and female r a t s

were compared wi th un t r sa t ed c o n t r o l s , bu t v e h i c l e corrtrol r a t s con-

e i s r e n t l y 8ainc.i mnre wa,ight than dosed r a t s (F igu re 2 ) .

t i o n s i n t h e growth curve may be due t o m o r t a l i t y ; a s the s i z e of t h e

group d imin i shes , t h e mean body weight may be sub jec t t o wide v a r i a -

t i o sa .

Fluctua-

A d e c l i n e i n s u r v i v a l vaa observed i n the t r e r t c d groups du r ing

t h e f i r s t yea r of t he study.

noted a s e a r l y as week 4 i n t he high dose females , i nc reas ing gradu-

a l l y i n both sexes and e t both dosages a s t h e s tudy progressed.

v i v a l cont inued t o d e c l i n e dur ing t h e second yea r , but a t a c a p a r a b l e

r a t e f o r a l l groups, inc luding t h e c o n t r o l s .

Apparent compound-related dea ths were

Sur-

Beginning wi th the f i r s t ueek of compound admin i s t r a t ion , a few

r a t s a t bo th dose l e v e l s s t a r t e d t o show a hunched appearance and oc-

c a s i o n a l labored r e s p i r a t i o n . These s i g n s were observed with g r e a t e r

f requency i n t h e t r e a t e d groups than i n t he c o n t r o l s through week 30

bu t were noced a t comparable r a t e s i n t r e a t e d and c o n t r o l r a t s du r ing

t h e remainder of the bioassay. Chronic r e s p i r a t o r y d i sease charac-

i e r i z r d by wheezing, nasa l d i scharge and/or lahored r e s p i r a t i o n were

cibeerved a t a s l i g h t t o mocleraite inc idence dur ing the f i r s t year and

as B high inc idence i n a l l ~ r o i i p s du r ing t h e second year. C l i n i c a l

22

I ' a ! !

I i I

I

i I i

i j i

1

. . . .

. I

. .. I

'.i MALE RATS

0 - I---- !

0 16 30 I t , 6tJ 75 80 105 I20

TIME ON TEST (WEEKS)

750 ---- ?!io

- 800- --6M)

5i I

(3

12

h $ 4 5 0 - - 450

- -

- - W w

-3w

UI.TREATLD CONTROL

V ~ H I C L E CONTROL

- - 150 ........... LOW DCJE

- - - - HIGH OOSE - FEMALE RATS

I 0 1 0 I 1 I I 1 1 0 16 30 46 60 76 90 105 IZU

TIME ON TEST (WEEKS1

I I r 1 I 1 I

FIGURE 2 QROWTH CURVES FOR TRIChLQRGFLUOPOME'I'#ANE C;HP?MIC STUtrY RAVS

23

, i .. .

- . . i - . . / . .

r :

!

a

k

5'

n

I

s i g n s u s u a l l y a s soc ia t ed wi th aging were observed a t a simil<:r r a t e

i a t h e c o n t r o l and t r e a t c d rats. These s igns included a lopec ia ; s o r e s

on t h e t n i l and o t h e r par ts o f t he body, d i sco lo red f u r , b l o a t i n g ,

p a l e appearaece , and pa lpab le nodules.

B. Surv iva l

The es t imated p r o b a b i l i t i e s of s u r v i v a l f o r male and female r a t s

i n t h e con t ro l and t r i c h l o r o f luoromethane-dosed groups a r e shown i n

F igu re 3.

For male rats the Tarone tes t f o r pos t i v e a s s o c i a t i o n hccween

inc reased dosage and a c c e l e r a t e d m o r t a l i t y was s i g n i f i c a n t (P <

0.001) when the dDsed groups were compared t o t h e v e h i c l e c o n t r o l

group. Accelerated m o r t a l i t y was observed i r both the t r e a t e d and

c o n t r o l groups wi th less than 10 pe rcen t of t he animals i n any group

s u r v i v i n g on test u n t i l t h e end of t he study.

pe rcen t (15/50) of t he high dose and 40 percent (2olsci of t he low

dose r a t s were a l i v e , while a l l 20 of the v e h i c l e c o n t r o l and 70 per-

c e n t (14/20) of the un t r ea t ed c o n t r o l r a t s were s t i l l a l i v e on tes t .

By week 52 on ly 30

The number of male rmts s u i v i v i n g long enough t o be a t r i s k from

la te-developing tumors wae inadequate .

For female r a t s the Tarone t e s t a l s o showed a s ign i f i c . an t (P < 0.001) p o s i t i v e a s s o c i a t i o n between iccreased dosage and dcce le ra t ed

m o r t a l i t y when the dosed groups were compared t o the v e h k l e c o n t r o l .

As with the males , e a r l y m o r t s l i t y was high a s only 34 percent (17/50)

of t h e h igh dose and 62 percent (31/50) of the low dose compared t o

24

. . . , .

r:

1 .o

- ~ 0.8 - 2 -

a 3 E (16-

c - d

a >

0

i m 0 4 -

B . 0

o2

0.0

I I ................ FEMALE RATS

.A. up.-. ..-.e.- :........ 1, - *: !I-.-.-.-.- i..:

'1, .. I

-- +. a-- C r ';

3 'r ....

.I - L. L L,

# L

.-, UNTREATED CONTROL

-.-.-*a VEHICLE CONTPOL

........... LOW DuSC

-.I -.. - PIGH COS€

I I I I I I I 1 I I 1 I I 1

0 15 30 45 60 76 m 105

FIGURE 3 SURVIVAL COMPARISONS OF TRICHLOROFLUOROMETHANE CHRONIC STUDY RATS

25

im

I 5

. .

. ..-

t o number and k ind , t o those n a t u r a l l y occurr;.ng l e s i o n s found i n

8 5 percent (17/20) o f t h e v e h i c l e c o n t r o l and a l l 20 of the un t r ea t ed

c o n t r c l females were s t i l l a l i v e on tes t a t week 52. Surv iva l of

female r a t s was not adequate t o perform meaningful ana lyses of l a t e -

developing tumors.

C. Pathology - His topa thologic f ind ings on neop lasm in rsts :ire summarized i n

Appendix A (Tables A1 and A 2 ) ; f i n d i n g s on nonncoplast ic l e s i o n s a r e

summarized i n Appendix C (Tables 61 and C2:.

Neoplasm present i n the v e h i c l e c o r t r o l and t r e a t e d groups were

s i m i l a r h i s t o l o g i c a i l y t o those prenant i n unt rea ted c o n t r o l r a t s or

t hose which have been observed p rev ious ly i n r a t s of s i m i l a r s t r a i n ,

age , and sex. No apprec iab le d i f f e r e n c e in the incidence of i hese

neoplasms was noted between the c o n t r o l and t r e a t e d r a t s i n t h i s

Study.

Inflammatory, degene ra t ive , and p r o l i f e r a t i v e l e s i o n s a, seen

i n t h e v e h i c l e c o n t r o l and t r e a t e d an imals were u s u a l i y s i m i i a r , a s

aged r a t s .

t h e r a t s and appeared t o be a f a c t o r i n e a r l y mor t a l i t y .

Chronic murine pneumonia occurred i n 88 t o 100 percent df

I n a d d i t i o n ,

p l e u r i t i s and p e r i c a r d i t i s were seen , p r imar i ly i n dosed groups.

D. S c a t i s t i c a l Analyses of R e s u l t s --.

The r e s u l t s of the s t a t i c t i c a l ana lyses of tumor inc idence i n

Due t o the h igh e a r l y mor- r a t s a r e summarized i n Tables 3 and 4 ,

t a l i t y i n t r e i t a d r a t s of both sexes , many may have died be fc re

26

_,.. - . . c . . -

a 1 0 $4 00

I

I l l I l l 1 1 1

d 0 & U G 0 c)

al M a

bo h P

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5 U h

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VI

2 I l l I l l I l l

I l l I l l I l l

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5 W 0 m al m 0 5

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27

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Orl l f l Orno3 VIOQ, Q,

Q,

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d d c ;

t- c.s o U O G

0 0 4 ??".

m U h W O h r ( c m d d c ;

l i l I l l I l l

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n VI PI

I I 1 4 I I I 1 1 1

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28

. ..

._.. . - .-

29

.. . 6 3 8 9 ' I

-

they were a t r i s k from la te -developiag tumors.

t h i s , t h e analyea8 performed were based s o l e l y upon those r a t s t h a t

surv ived a t l e a s t 52 weeks. The a n a l y s i s is included f o r every type

of maligna.iC tumor i n e i t h e r s ex where a t l e a s t two such tumors were

obaerved i n a t l e a o t one of the c o n t r o l or t r ich lorof luoromethane-

dosed groups and where such tumors Yere observed i n a t l e a s t 5 per-

c e n t of t h e group.

To compensate f o r

Nons of t h e s t a t i s t i c a l t e s t s f o r any s i t e i n r a t s of e i t h e r

s ex i n d i c a t e d a s i g n i f i c a n t p o s i t i v e a s s o c i a t i o n between the adminis-

t r a t i o n of t r ich lorof luoromethane and tumor incidence. I t must be

noted , however, t h a t the h igh e a r l y m o r t a l i t y i n both sexes precluded

meaningful ana lyses of la te-developing tumorsp

To provide a d d i t i o n a l i n s i g h t i n t o t h e p o s s i b l e ca rc inogen ic i ty

of t h i s compound, 95 percent confidence i n t e r v a l s on the r e l a t i v e

r i s k heve been es t imated and en te red i n the t a b l e s based upon the

observed trimor incidence rates. I n a l l of t he i n t e r v a l s shown in

Tables 3 and 4 , t he va lue one is inc luded; t h i s i n d i c a t e s the absence

of s t u t i s t i ' s t r l l y s i g n i f i c a n t r e s u l t s . It should a l s o be noted t h a t

a l l of t h e canf idence i n t e r v a l s have an upper l i m i t g r e a t e r than one,

i n d i c a t i n g t h e t h e o r e t i c a l p o s s i b i l i t y of tumor induct ion i n r a t s by

t r ich lorof luoromethane t h a t could no t be e s t a b l i s h e d under the condi-

t i o n s of t h i s test .

30

. .

. . -..

. ..

I '

4 . -. .

IV. CHRONIC TESTING RESULTS: MICE

I.. Bady Weights -- G C ~ C l i n i c a l Observa t ions - No d i s t i n c t compound-related mean body weight dep res s ion was

appa ren t when trichloroflcoroinethane-created male and f e p a l e mice

were compared wi th c o n t r o l s (F igu re 4). F luc tua t ions i n the growth

.curve may be due t o mortalCty; as t h e s i z e of the group d imin i shes ,

t h e mean body weight may be s u b j e c t t o wic!e v a r i a t i o n s .

Throughout the s tudy appearance and behavior of the t r e a t e d

mice were g e n e r a l l y comparable wi th the v e h i c l e con t ro l s .

d e c l i n e i n s u r v i v a l was ev iden t f o r t he high dose groups beginning

A s l i g h t

i n week 18 of t he s tudy and con t inu ing through the d u r a t i o n of com-

pound admin i s t r a t ion . I

C l i n i c a l s i g n s u s u a l l y a s s o c i a t e d wi th group-

hous ing , p a r t i c u l a r l y i n the males, were observed at e s s e n t i a l l y

canparable f requencies i n a i l groups and included s o r e s on the body

o r extremities, gene ra l i zed or l o c a l i z e d a lopec ia , rough or s t a i n e d

f u r , e x t e r n a l g e n i t a l i r r i t a t i o n , abdominal d i s t e n s i o n o r b l o a t i n g ,

and swol len areas.

observed a t a s l i g h t l y g r e a t e r f requency i n the t r e a t e d male mice

than i n t h e remaining groups.

Palpable nodules and/or t i s s u e mastlss were

I s o l a t e d , appa ren t ly i n c i d e n t a l ,

obse rva t ions included head t i l t or c i r c l i n g i n one t o t h r e e high

dose female mice dur ing t h e second year of the study.

B. Surv iva l

The es t imated p r o b a b i l i t i e s of s u r v i v a l f o r male and femaie mice

i n t h e c o n t r o l and t r i ch lo rDf 1uorAethane-dosed groups a r e shown i n

F igu re 5 .

i

!

!

I .

i

- -

6 3 8 9 - - ' .A ,

40 1 --*---a VEHICLE COItTROL

........... LOW DOSE

MALE MICE ---I HIGHDOSE

I I 1 I I I I I I 1 I I 1 I I l o 75 Bo 105 13n 30 45 60 0 16 .--


40-

z - I

fn

2 P 30-

2 - s & 20-

-30 b X

- --2o u

a1 - U N T R L A ~ E ~ CONTRQL 2 - a 5 1iJ-

- -..-*-*. VEHICLE CONTROL w

........... L W O O S E -10

FEMALE MICE 1-0- HIGHDOSE

0

90 105 120 45 60 76 TIME ON TEST (WEEKS)

0 16 30

0

FIGURE 4 GROWTH CURVES FOR TRICHLOROFLUOROMETHANE CIlRONlC STUDY MICE

32

.-

- _ .

/ . .\ .i / . , %,

02

MALE MICE

- 1.0

- - 3.8

- - 0.6

- - 0.4

- - 0.2

-

0.0 1 - - T - - - ~ - o . o I I I I I 1 I 1 I ' 0 15 30 45 Bo 75 80 105 120

I I


'.

, .

,-. UNTREATED T.ONTAOL

- 1.0

- - 0.8

- - 0.6

- - 0.4

-

FIGURE 6 SUHVIVAL COMPARISCNS OF TRICHLOROFLUCROMETHANE CHRONIC STUDY MICE

33

t

I.

Y -. I

. .. .. . .___ - . . - .

For male mice the Tarone t e o t f o r p o s i t i v e a s s o c i a t i o n between

i n c r e a s e d dosage and a c c e l e r a t e d m o r t a l i t y was not s i g n i f i c a n t whei.

dosed groups vere compared t o t h e v e h i c l e con t ro l .

of male mice survived t o be a t r i s k from late-developing tumors, w i th

58 percen t (29/50) o f t he h igh doee, 82 pe rcen t (4:/50) of the low

dose, 75 percen t (15/20) of t h e v e h i c l e c o n t r o l , and 6 5 p e r c e s t

(13/20) of t h e u n t r e a t e d c o n t r o l mice s u r v i v i n g on t e s t a t l e a s t 75

weeks.

Adequate numbers

For female mice the Tarone t e e t showed a s i g n i f i c a n t (P 0.009)

p o s i t i v e a s s o c i a t i o n between inc reased dosage and a c c e l e r a t e d mortal-

i t y when dosed groups were compared t o t h e v e n i c l e con t ro l . Su rv iva l

was adequate , however, as 64 percent (32/50) of t he high dose , 74 per-

c e n t (37/50) of t he low doee, 90 pe rcen t (18/20) of t h e v e h i c l e con-

t r o l , and 85 percent (17/20) o r the u n t r e a t e d c o n t r o l mice ware a l i v e

on t e e t a t t he terminat ion of t h e etudy.

C . Pathology

His topa tho log ic f i n d i n g s on neoplasms i n mice a r e eummsrized i n

Appendix B (Tables B1 and B2); f i n d i n g s on nonneoplast ic l e s i o n s a r e

eummarized i n Aopendix D (Tables DI and D2).

Hepa toce l lu l a r carcinoma was the v o s t commonly observed neoplasm

and was diagnosed i n 5/19 (26 p e r c e n t ) v e h i c l e c o n t r o l males, 12 /50

(24 p e r c e n t ) low dose males, 10/47 (21 p e r c e n t ) high dose males, 1 / 1 9

' ( 5 p e r c e n t ) v e h i c l e c o n t r o l females, 4/50 ( 8 percen t ) l o r dose f e -

males, and 2/49 (4 pe rcen t ) h igh dose females. The hepa t i c neoplasms

34

. - - . . - - .. . . - . ..

._ . . . *

occur r ing i n t h e v e h i c l e c o n t r o l mice were not d i f f e r e n t i n appear-

ance o r inc idence from those noted i n the t r i c h l o r o f luoromethane-

t r e a t e d micc. No apprec iab le d i f f e r e n c e was noted i n the inc idence

of o t h e r neoplasms between the c o n t r o l and t r e a t e d groups.

Inflammatory, degene ra t ive , and p r o l i f e r a t i v e l e s i o n s ae seen

i n t h e c o n t r o l and t r e a t e d animbls were s i m i l a r i n number and kind

t o those n a t u r a l l y occurr ing l e s i o n s found i n aging B6C3F1 mice.

Th i s hi6to;athologic examination d i d not provide evidsnce f o r

t h e c a r c i n o g e n i c i t y of t r ich lorof iuoromethane in B6C3F1 mice under

t h e c o n d i t i o n s of t h i s bioassay.

D. S t a t i s t i c a l Analyses of Resuzts "-

The r e s u l t s o f the s t a t i s t i c a l ana lyses of tumor inc idence i n

mice a r e summarized i n Tables 5 and 6. The a n a l y s i s i s included f o r

every type of malignant tumor i n e i t h e r s ex where a t l e a s t two such

tumors were observed i n a t l e a s t one of the c o n t r o l o r t r i c h l o r o -

fluoromethane dosed groups and where such tumors were obeerved i n a t

l e a s t 5 percen t of t h e group.

None of t he s t a t i s t i c a l t e s t s f o r any s i t e i n mice of e i t h e r

sex i n d i c a t e d a s i g n i f i c a n t p o s i t i v e assoc ia t ior . between t h e admin-

i s t r a t i o n of t r ich lorof luororne thane arid tumor incidence. Thua, a t

t h e dose l e v e l s iised i n t h i s experiment t h e r e was no convincing ev i -

dence t h a t t r ich lorof luoromethene uas a carcinogen in 96C3F1 mice.

To provide a d d i t i o n a l i n s i g h t i n t o t h e ca rc inogen ic i ty of t h i s

compound, 95 percent confidence i n t e r v a l s on the r e l a t i v e r i s k hz:;

35

k . ._.. . ..

.

. - . . __..

.. *

. ._ . ..

. ,. - - . , .

. . - _..-.

I

I i

OIelOI Q O Q I

O O N ??? 3

i n 00 9 ou; oz' U

In \ U

OrOOI e l w o ???? 4 0 m . h

n In 0

e. v.4 CY . . d u ;

v s i \ ri

I I I I

P. Q;

n 0

0 9 x i rl

\ 0

I l l

a n d

2 a e 0 bl Y

i

01 oz

36

LL . - ,& . .C . . . _ . _ . . . . . . . . . .. .- - ..... .... . i - . I - . . . ~.

- _ . .. .

n

\ 0

n rl

? * sv! O I Z d \ e4

n 0

0

OI d \ 0

9 v

I I I I I t

rl 0 h Y

I I I

d OI

i

b C

37

! L I i i t

i j I I I

.. - 638.9

u H c4 w W w a v)

rn z

z z

I I I

O N U

rl U m a 24 rl al al 9) d 3

M VI m a c k

P

38

. . : , _ . . .. - . . ..

been e s t ima ted and e n t e r e d i n the t a b l e s based upon the observed

tumor inc idence rates. I n a l l of t he i n t e r v a l s shown i n Tables 5 and

6 , t h e va lue one i s inc luJed ; t h i s i n d i c a t e s the absence of s t a t i s t i -

tally s i g c i f i c a n t r e s u l t s .

confidence i n t e r v a l s have an upper l i m i t g r e a t e r than one, i n d i c a t i n g

t h e t h e o r e t i c a l p o s s i b i l i t y of tumor induc t ion i n mice by t r i c h l o r o -

fluoromethane t h a t could not be e s t a b l i s h e d under the cond i t ions of

\

I t should a l s o be noted t h a t a l l of t he

t h i s t e s t .

3

33

: * . 6389

Q

Y

Due t o a h igh r a t e of e a r l y d e a t h s among r e t 6 of both sexed, t h e

nurber of r a t s a t r J s k from la te -developing tumors was not adequate

f o r conclus ions t o be based on r e s u l t s of t h i s bioassay.

mice was adequate f o r meaningful s t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s i s of tumor i n c i -

Su rv iva l of

dence.

In 8n a t tempt t o compensate f o r t he l a r g e number of e a r l y dea ths

i n t h e r a t b ioassay , s t a t i s t i c a l ana lyses o f tumor inc idence i n r a t s

were based on those animals su rv iv ing a t l e a s t 52 weeks. None of

t h e s e s t a t i s t i c a l tests ind ica t ed a s i g n i f i c a n t ' p o s i t i v e a s s o c i a t i o n

between a d m i n i s t r a t i o n of t r ich lorof luoromethane and tumor incidence.

No unlrsual tumoro were observed dur ing h i s topa tho log ic examinat ions

of dosed o r c o n t r o l r a t s i n t h i s bioassay. The f a c t t h a t veh ic l e

c o n t r o l r a t s were placed on tes t approximately ecven months be fo re

dosed r a t s had no apparent e f f e c t on t h e r e s u l t s of t h i s study.

No s i g n i f i c e n t i nc rease i n tumor inc idence occarred among mice

dosed wi th t r ich lorof luoromethane . No unusual tumors were observed

du r ing t h e h i s t c p a t h o l o g i c examinations of mice in t h i s bioassay.

Negat ive r e s u l t s f o r carc inogenes is were obtained by Eps te in

e t a l . (1957) i n a one-year b ioassay of Swiss mice (ICR/Ha) i n which

t r ich loruf luoromethane s o l u t i o n s (10 percent by volume i n t r i c s p r y l i n )

were i n j e c t e d subc-taneously i n t o the neck of neonata l mice (0.1 m l

i n t o 1- and 7-day o ld mice, then 0.2 m l i n t o 14- and 21-day o ld mice). .

\ -

.A

a , ,

40

. ..

The r e s u l t s of the b ioassay of trichlorofluoromerhane i n Osborne-

Mendel r a t e for p o s e i b l e carc inogen ic i ty s r e not conc lus ive because

inazuquate numbers of r a t s survived long enough to be a t r i s k fran

:ate-developing tumors. Under the condit ions of t h i s b ioassay , t r i -

chlorofluoromethane was not carc inogenic t o B6C321 mice.

r . . .

,

.. *

Armitage, P., S t a t i o t i c c l Methods i n Medical Research, Chapter 14. J. k'i ley C Sorrs, N e w York, 1971.

Aviado, D.M. , "Toxic i ty of Aerosol P rope l l an t s i n t h e Resp i r a to ry and C i r c u l a t o r y Systems. XX. Summary of the Most Toxic: Tr ich lorofluoromethane :FC l!)." Toxicology 3:311-319, 1975.

Belej , M.A. agd D.M. Aviad3, "Cardiopulmonary Tox ic i ty of P r o p e l l a n t s f o r Aerosols ," 1975.

Jou rna l of C l i n i c a l Pharmacology E(1 ) :105-115 ,

Bererrblum, I., e d i t o r , Ca rc inogen ic i ty T e s t i x . I n t e r n a t i o n a l Ur.ioii Against Cancer, Technica l Report S e r i e s , Vol. 2. I n t e r n a t i o n a l Union !.gainst Cancer, Geneva, 1969.

Cf.emica1 AbstrscLs Serv ice . The Chemical Abs t rac ts Se rv ice (CAS) Ninth C o l l e c t i v e Indzx, Volumes 76-85, 1972-1976. American -- ~

Chemical Soc ie ty , Washington, D.C. ,. !977.

Chemical a n d EnZine2ring N e w s , "Aerosol Prodrrcers Have Another Bad -- Year ." 5 5 ( 2 l! : 6 , 1977.

Chemical Marketing Repor te r , "Chemical P r o f i l e : Fluorocarbons." 'i08(10) , 1975. -

Chemical Regulat ion Reportcr , "Federal Agencies to Phase Out Non- e s s e n t i a l P rope l l an t Use B y 1979." 1(9):298-299, 1977. -

Cox, D.R. , Analysis o f Binary e, ChapEers 4 and 5. Methuen and Co., Ltd., Lortdon, 1970.

Cox, D.R. , "Regression Hlude l s &.id Lift!-Tables . I ' Journa l of t h e Poyal - S t a t i s t i c a l So - i e tv , S e r i e s "B" 35: 187-220, 1972.

Cross land , J., *'Aeroscl.s." En-:ironment; f i ( 6 ) : 1 6 - X J ? 5 , 2 6 , 1!1?4.

Eps te in , S .S . , S. J o s h i , J. Andrea, P. C ! a p p , H . Falk, ar,d N . Mantel, "Syqe rg i s t i c Tox ic i ty and Carcirogeni:; t y of ' F r i o n s ' and P i p e - ronyl Butoxide." Nature 214:526-526, 1967.. -. .-

G a t , J.J., "The Comparison of Propor t ions : k Revizw of S ign i f i cance T e s t s , Confidence L i m i : s , and i \d jus t r r .c : i<s for Stratification." In te rna t io i i a l S t a t i s t i c a l 1ns t i tu t -e Review 39:148-169, 1971.

42

. . :. A , . I . . , .I

J

, . ..

Gosselin. R.E.. H.C. Hodge, R.P. Smith, and M.N. Gleason, Ciinical -~ ~

Toxicology of Comme;cial P r o d u e , 4th edition. and Wilkins Company, Baltimore, Maryland, 1976.

The Williams

Grimsrud, E.?. and R.A. Rasmussen, "The Analysis of Chlorofluorome- t,hanes in the Troposphere by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectro- metry." Atmospheric Environment 9-:1010-1013, 1975.

Hester, N.E., E . P . Stephens, and O.C. Taylor, "Fluorocarbons in the Los Angelss Basin." ciation 24(6):591-595, 1974.

Journal of the Air Pollution Control Asso-

International Agetcy for Research on Cancer, "IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of_Chemicals to Man, Volume 1. IARC, Lyon, France, 1972.

Kaplan, E.L., and P. Meier, "Nonpsrametric Estimation from Incomplete - Observations." Jolirnal of the American Statistical Association- - 53:457-481, 1958.

Linhart, M.S., J.A. Cooper, R.L. Martin, N.P. Pagz, and J.A. Peters, 11 Carcinogenesis Bioassay Data System." Research 1:230-248, 1974.

Computers and Biomedical

Lovelock, J.E., "Atmosp,ieric Fluorine Compounds ds Indicators of Air Movements." Nature 130:379, 1971.

Lovelock, J.E., R.J. Maggs, and R.J. Wade, "Halogenated HydrJcarbons In and Over the Atlantic." Nature 241:194-196, 1973.

Hiller, R.G., Simultaneous Statistical Inferencr. McGraw-Hill b ok Co., New York, 1966.

Holina, H.J. and F.S. Rowland, "Stratcspheric Sink for Chlorofluoro- methanes: Nature 249:810-812, 1974.

Chlorine Atom-Catalysed Destruction of Ozone." --

Polkis. A.. "Determination of Flurocarbon 11 and Fluoroca-bon 12 in Post-Mortem Tissues: A Case heport." Forensic Scicnce 5: 53- 59, 1975.

Reuber, M.D., and E.L. Giover, "Cirrhosis and Carcinoma of th? Liver Journcl. in Male Rats Given Subcutaneous Carbon Tetrachloride."

of the National Cancer Institute %:419-423, 1970.

Saffiotti. U., R. Montesano, A.R. Sellakumar, F. Cefis, and D.G. Kaufman, "Respiratory Tract Carcinogenesis in Hamsters Induced by Different Numbers of Administration of Benzo (a> Pyrene and Ferric Oxide." Caccer Re8eaic.h 32: 1073-1079, 1972.

A:

. . . .

- -. 1 ! {

!

I

. . . . .

Simmonds, P.C. , SOL. , Kerrin, J.E. Lovelock, and F.H. Shair, "Dis- tribution of Atmospheric Ralocarboee 5.n the Air over the Loe Angeles Basin." Atmospheric Environment. 8:209-216, 1974. -

i ! 4 1 I

! I

Tarote, R.E. , "Tests for Trend in Life-Table Analysis." Biometrika 62 : 679-682 , 1975 .

6389 v -

U.S. International Trude Commiesion, Synthetic Organic Chemicals: USITC Publicatio.1 --- United States Production and Sales, 1975.

804, Washington, D.C. , 1977.

. .

Windhole, H., editor, The Herclt Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicala and Drugs, Ninth edition. Jersey, 1976.

Pierck and Co., Inc., Rahway, New

i

, ?

44

.:. 3 . .

.,'.

\

. --

APPENDIX A

. ..

: . . -

SUMMARY OF THE INCIDENCE OF NEOPLASMS IN RATS TREATED WITH TRICBLOROPLUOROHETHANE

6 3 8 9 /

TABLE A I SUMMARY OF THE INCIDENCE OF NEOPL.SM.5 IN MALE R A l S TREATED

WITH 7RICHLOROFLUOROMETHANE

.-

Preceding gage blank A-3

. . ^ _ . ".*__. . ... A , *.....

,/'

. .i . . . ..-

#?I t o r IU 1 C I 8 0 I ! O P B ~ I ADIIOM

__..

... .

Y L. d

TABLE AI (CONCLUDED)

% ' A U I O A L S I W I T ' A L L I I # STUDY I A T U B A L D B i T H , l l O P I P U P D S A C B I I I C C

ACC I DC 11T A L L 1 I E R I I I A L S A C R I I I C E

s c x e c u L e D S ~ C R I PICE

A m x n h i nIssxnc I( I L LED

'!e

2

'8 9 '89 1

1

T U no8 s u m FI

A - 5

I .. . . . . . .. '. '

% ,' . . . .-i . .

/ ;i/ ., , I

TABLE A l SUMMARY OF W E INCIDENCE OF NEOPLASMS IN FEMALE RATS TREATED

WlTH TRICHLOROFLUOROMETHANE

I I T E G U I I I R A B Y S T S T E I

.SSII SQDAlWUS C L L L C A B C I E O I A

(501

GIB CDL I Y C B 1 SISTXll

A-6

.-

. . i '

. .

_- . . .

. .. -. . . .. I .

. .

6389

I . . r--

TABLE A2 (C0;rTINUED)

# P I T O ITLO 1 C E B O l l O P E O E L A D E I O l A

~ K P E O D O C T I l l S I S T E I I

* I I A I I I I A 1 1 G U O D A D E B O C A R C I B O I A , 139 PI momcvoni

#otcnns A D I I O C A O E I B O W . mos BBDOIIETBIAL STBOKAL P O L T P

(19) (19)

# I O l E C B 01 A I I I A L S M I T E T I S S U I C I A R I I C D 1 I L B O S C O P I C I L L T B O I B C O 01 A B I I I A L S BDZCBOPSIID

A- 7

I

! I

t :

i

i I

i I

I I i i

!

j

r

i

. ..

A I I l l A t S IIITIALL? IL STUD? I A ¶ ! J I A L DEATHM R O B I B O D C S i C U I P I C E S C B C L O L L D SACUI P I C E

'OB '91 V S I

ACCIDCITALL? K I L L L D

A I I R A L RISSIIG T L B R I I A L S A C P i l I C E 2 e 2

l o S 0

A-8

. .

APPCNDPX B

O W B Y OF MI! INCIDENCE OF WEOPLASKS IN MICE TREATED WITH ' I M 1 C H L O R O P L U O R O t l E t ~

a-i .

I

I

I

I

~. . . : :

. ..

TABLE 81

WTH fRICHIDROFLUOR3METHANE SUMMARY OF THE I N C I D W OF NEOPLlSMS IN MALE MICE TRF \TED

8-3

\

TABLE 81 (CONTINUED)

D I C I S ' f I V t S T S T E l

O L I V E E 119) ( 1 9 1 (501 (117) I E O P U S T I C HOD0 1.S 3 16%) E L P A f O C E L L C L A P CAECI IORA 3 ( 1 6 1 ) 5 (261) 1 2 ( 2 4 5 ) 10 ( 2 1 5 ) #I1 A I C I O S A E C 1 1 A 1 121)

6389

i

8-4

. ..

..

TABLE BI (CONCLUDED)

E O n E O L o l ~ n l B o a ~ n ) c o i i T a o L ( v r H ; LOU DOSE HIGH D O S E o z - n i 7 1 02-1172 02-Rl73

A M I B A L O I S P C S I T I O I S U R q A E T

AMIRALS I L I I T I A L L T IM STODT MATUEAL LEAltla B O R I E O I D Z A C B I ? I C I ! S C B I C O L L D S A C B I I I C E A C C I O L R T A L L T K I L L E D T B U B I I AL S A C P I ? I C B A a I n a L nissInc

'91, 207 2

0 13 30 2 1 1

TUIOB S O R R A S T

T O T A L A B I B A L B U I T B P B I B A B T TOBORS* 0 TOTAL P P I % A R T Tonoas

l 1 3 , e . T O T A L A B I M L S YITH BemIcs TOROBS

TOTAL AMIRALS E I T R I I A L I G I I A ~ T TOLIOBS a

TOTAL BCIIJ:CII TOBOBS

15 67 ''le 17 TOTAL B A L I G Y A Y T TOBOES

l l TOTAL A I I I A L S L I T E S P C O f D A E T TO11OBS# 1

TOTAL SZCUMDIE? 101108a

TO-A:, AMIRALS O I C R TOBOES W I C C B T A T E - B E U I G M OR I U L I C U A M T

TOTAL o u c e B ? A I u rnnms 3

3

6-5

TABLE 8 2 SUMMARY O F THE INCWENCE OF NEOPLASMS lid FEMALE MICE

TREATED WITH T R I C K L O R O F L U O R O Y E T E

* I 0 L I I P L C OBGAUS . . ( 1 9 1 I A L I G . L k R P H O R A , U B O I P P I E - T I F K

R A L I G . L I R P H O I A , H I S I I O C I T I C T ? P E n h L I c . L m P n D n I . LI~IPHOCTTIC Type

#STO(I)ICH SOOAlOUS C E L L DAPILLOIIA

**EXCLUDES PAlTIALLY AUTOLYZED ANIWS

6-6

i‘. , : .~

1.

--. -. . .

. ..

-. TABLE B2 CONTINUED)

COWTPOL O S T B ) CONTROL PEW) LOU DOSE 0 2 - r l B l 02-?171 02-1179

H GH DOSE A2-Pl75

t.

O P I T O I T A B Y CHEOIOPHOB 6 A DEUOllA

OADRCBAL PAIOCHBOIOCYTOIIA

(99)

* V A C I I I ) ~ LB I O I I O S A E C O I A . IIETA S T A T I C -.

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APPENDIX C !

SCMMARY OF THE INCIDENCE OF NONNEOPLASTIC LESIONS XN RATS TREATED WITH TRICHLOROFLUOROETHhE

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TABLE CI SUMMARY OF THE INClDE?JCE OF NONNEOPLASTIC LESIONS IN MALE RATS

TREATED WITH TRKHMROFLUOROMETHANE

20 20 2 0

* S K I I EPICIBIAL IICLUSXOII CIS? IIrLAnnA?Ion, nos lILCCO. ACUTE E 1 PLBKCBAZOSIS AC A I ? B @ SI 9

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120) 120) IncuAL P A P I L L 1 I I U L R 1 L I Z A T l O I H I P F R P L A S I A , EP r T H I L I A L

I K I D B I:'/PILV IS n I I x m r L a n n a T x c i . 10s

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TABLE CI (CONCLUDED)

(101 ACOTL A C O T C / C 8 6 0 U I C PTOCB AU O.'.OI AT009

(201 ACGTE A C O T L / C l i B O I I C C B l O I i C P 1 0 ' ; B A I O L O I AT 30s

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O K 1 DI 1 T/CORTEX CTST. 105

a R L U A L D A P I L L A R T P I B P L A S I A , C P I T H a I A L I I D E P P L A S I A , TOCAL

@ K I D 1 1 T / P I L V I S I I I L C A L l Z A T 1 0 1

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@ A D E C Y A L C O E T n D C G C I I B l T I O n , .IOS A U G I L C T A S t S

IAMCRAL RCDULLl H T P I R P L A S I A , TOCAL

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TABLE C2 (CONTINUED)

D r APHBACR I E C R C S I S , PAT 1

c-11

TABLE CZ (CONCLUDEC!

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no L r s T o m R E P O R T E D A D T C / f l K B O P S l n O AIS10

6389 n

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SUMMARY O F THE I N C I D E N C E OF !qONNEOPLASTIC LESIONS I N MlCE I’REATED WITH TSXCHLOROFLUOROMETHANE

F ? . q * . . . i .

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TABLE DI SUMMARY OF THE INCIDENCE OF NOdNEOPL.STIC LESIONS IN MALE MICE

TREATED UITH 1 IRCHLOROFLUOROHETHANt

#SPLEEN A 1 Y 1 .OIDOSIS HER A Y O PO I E 515

O B E R U L Y ~ P R NODES ANGIKTASIS HY PERPLASIL . LY l P H O I D

BLYRPH NOD6 HYPERPLASIA , LY R P H O I D

(191

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ILAISI I B T t S T I l C PAIASITISII

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TABLE DI (CONCI.UDED)

# T E S T I S 11 ULR A L 1ZA T :OY ATROPHY. 1135

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119)

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D-6

TABLE D2 SUMMARY OF'TIIE INCIDENCE OF NONNEOPLASTIC LESICNS IN FEMALE MICE

TREATED WlTH TRICHU)ROFLUOROMF.TANE '

BBIATOPOIETIC srsTen

#SPLCGM (19) ! I I I L O I D C S I S UYFGBPLASIA. L Y R P H O I D R B I A T O P O I G S I S .

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OADRCUAL A W G I E C T A S I S

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L l ! P D O D O C ¶ I V E SISTER

OUT: ROS P'f tRCRE?RA l b ? L 1 R O A T I O N . # O S I Y F L A R R A T I O l . ACOTE

OUTFR 05, ' :LDOUEtRXI R C Y S T , nos ' I T C 3 6 P L A S I A . C Y S T I C

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TABLE D: (CONCLUDED)

D-10

Review o f t h e B i o a s s a y of T r i c h l o r o f l u o r o m e t h a n e * f o r C a r c i n o g e n i c i t y by t h e Data E v a l u a t i o n / R i s k Assessment Sitbgroup

o f t h e C l e a r i n g h o u s e on Env i ronmen ta l C a r c i n o g e n s

March 6 , 1978

The C l e a r i n g h o u s e on Env i ronmen ta l Ca rc inogens was e s t a b l i s h e d i n May, 1976, in compl i ance w i t h DHEW C o m A t t e e R e g u l a t i o n s and t h e P r o v i z i o n s o f t h e F e d e r a l Advisory Conunittee Act. The p u r p o s e of' t h e C l e a r i n g h o u s e is t o a d v i s e t h e D i r e c t o r o f t h e N a t i o n a l Cancer I n s t i t u t e ( N C I ) on I ts b i o a s s a y program t o i d e n t i r y ar.d % o e v a l u a t e c h e m i c a l c a r c i n o g e n s i n t h e envi ronment t o which humans nay be exposed . The members of t h e C l e a r i n g h o u s e have. been drawn from academia , i n d u s t r y , o r g a n i z e d labor, p u b l i c i n t e r e s t g r o u p s , S t a t e h e a l t h o r f i c ; i a l s , and q u a s i - p u b l i c h e a l t h and r e s e a r c h c r g z n i z a t i o n s . Members have been s e l e c t e d on t h e basis o f t h e i r e x p e r i e n c e i n c a r c i n o g e n e s i s o r re la ted f i e l d s arid, c o l l e c t i v e l y , p r o v i b r e x p e r c i s e i n c h e m i s t r y , b i o c h e m i s t r y , b i o s t a t i s t i c s , t o x i c o l o g y , p a t h o l o g y , and ep idemio logy . R e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f v a r i o u s Governmental a g e n c i e s p a r t i c i p a t e as ad hoc members. The Data E v a l u a c i o n / R i s k Assessment Subgroup of t h e C l e a r i n g h o u s e i s cha rged w i t h t h e . e s p o n s i b i l i t y o f p r o v i d i n g a p e e r r ev iew of r e p o r t s p r e p a r e d on NCI-sponsored b i o a s s a y s o f c h e m i c a l s s t u d i e d f o r c a r c i n o g e n i c i t y . I t i s i n t h i s c o n t e x t t h a t t h e below c r i t i q u e is g i v e n on t h e b i o a s s a y o f Ti-icii lorofluoromethane f o r ca rc inogen ic i tL7 .

The p r imary r e v i e w e r a g r e e d that t h e r a t p o r t i o n of t h e s t u d y was t o o i n a d e q u a t e , due t o t h e h i g h e a r l y m o r t a l i t y , t o e v a l u a t e t h e c a r c i n o g e n i c i t y o f T r i ch l -o ro f luo romethane In t h i s s p e c i e s . Under t h e c o n d i t i o n s of t e s t , he said t h a t T r i c h l o r o f l u o r o m e t h a r i e was n o t c a r c i n o g e n i c i n e i t h e r sex of t rea ted mice . Rf.ker d b r i e f d e s c r i p t i o r i of t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l d e s l g n .. the p r imary rev iewel - adder? t k a t no u n u s u a l t u n a r s o r i n c r e a s e s I n o v e r h l l tumor i n c i d e n c e were o b s e r v e d among t h e t r e a t e d mice . I;: h i s critique, he s a i d t h a t 2 number o f o t h e r c h e m i c a l s were studied i n t h e s a n e roam d u r i n g t h e b i o a s s a y of Trichlor .oTluoroniethat ie and t h a t t h e v e h i c l e c o n t r o l group was i n i t i a t e d several months p r i o r t o t h e t reated a n i m a l s b e i n g p l a c e d on t e s t .

The s e c o n d a r y reviewer n o t e d t h a t o c c u p a t i o n a l e x p o s u r e t o T r i c h l o r o f l u o r o m e t h s n e c o u l d be i n .';he Sam r x g e as t h e low d o s a g e s a d m i n i s t e r e d i n t h e b.Loa:;s.sy. k!c po,'.nted o u t t h e h i g h i n c l d e n c e of lymphoid h y p e r p i a s i a among t h e low close male mice and s a i d t h a t t h e s e 1es ;ons IIIajf be unde r - di;gnosed. He reconmended t h a t tliey b e r c c v a l d a t e d t o

45

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d e t e r m i n e i f some are m a l i g n a n t lymphomas. t h e r e p o r t f o r n o t s u f f i c i e n z i y n c t i n g t h e lymphoid hyper- p l a s i a s in t h e t reated male mice. A Progrcm p a t h o l o g i s t s a i d t h e s l i d e s of t h e lymphold h y p e r p l a s i a s w i l l b e r e e v a l u a t e d i n view of t h e s e c o n d a r y reviewe-11's conments . S e v e r a l members agreed t h a t . i t was more l i k e l y th2.t t n e lymphoid h y p e r p l a s l a s w e n over -d iagnosed rath;.r t h a n under -d iagnosed . It was n o t e d t h a t abnormal l.yr,,ph nodes are commonly found among o l d e r a n i m a l s . A s t a f f p a t h o l o g i s t p o i n t e d o u t t h a t t h e mice had a r r .y lo idos l s , which may have c o n t r i b u t e d t o t h e iymphoid h y p e r p l a s i a . I t wzs a g r e e d t h a t t h e Subgroup would b e n o t i f i e d i f t h e r e s u l t s of t h e r - :valuat ion d i f f e r e d from t h e d i a g n o s e s g i v e n i n t h e r e p o r t .

He c r i t i c i z e d

The p r i m a r y r e v i e w e r moved t h a f t h e r e p o r t on t h e bioassay o f T r i c h l o r o f l u o r o m e t h a n e b e a c c e p t e d as w r i t t e n . The motion was seconded. A Subgroup member. o f f e red a n aver.dment, which was a c c e p t e d , t h a t t h e repoi- t $e re- p r e s e n t e d t o t h e Subgroup if t h e c o n c l u s i o n is changed based on t h e r e e v a l u a t i o n of t h e lymphoid h y p e r p l a s i a . A v o t e on t h e amended mot ion was approved unanimously.

Mem3ers p r e s e n t were: G e r a l d N. Wogan ( C h a i r m a n ) , F a s s a c h u s e t t s I n s t i t u t e o f

Arnold Brown, Mayo C l i n i c Lawrence Garf i n k e l , American Cancer Societ.y E . C u y l e r Hammond, American Cancer SocieLy J o s e p h H i g h l a n d , Envl ronmenta l Defense Fund Henry P i t o t , U n i v e r s i t y o f Wisconsin Mediza l C e n t e r George Roush, J r . , Motisanto Company Sheldon Samuels , I n d u s t r i a l Union Departmerat , AFL-CIC Michae l Shimkin', U n i v e r s i t y o f C a l i f o r n i a a t San Diegc John W e i s b u r g e r , ' American H e a l t h F o u n d a t i o n Sidney W,olfe, H e a l t h Research C r o u p

Technology

- --- 4l Sdbsequent t o t h i s review, cnanges cay have Seen

made i n t h e b i o z s s a y r e p o r t e i ' , h e r as a r e su l t . o f t h e r e v l e w o r o t h e r r e a s o a s . T h u s , c e r t a i n comments and c r l t i c i s m s r e f l e c t e d i n t n e re-diew may no lopger b e a p p r o p r i a t e .

. : " 1 '-: . 1 . -

- - 1 <II 8 (B 9 3 i .

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