Teori Abiogenesis Modern (Evolusi Kimia) dan Evolusi Biologi
Bio Umum Evolusi Ind
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Transcript of Bio Umum Evolusi Ind
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Asal Usul Kehidupan
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Evolusi Kimia = Studi bagaimana kehidupan dimulai
• Teori Heterotrof: sel pertama adalah heterotrof, organisme tidak dapat membuat makanannya sendiri
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Tahap-tahap yang terlibat dalam Teori Heterotrof:
• 1. Pembentukan Bumi dan atmosfernya – Atmosfer berasal dari outgassing of the molten
interior planet (dari gunung). Atmosfer awal terdiri dari : CO, CO2, N2, S, HCl, airr, HCN (Hidrogen Cianida). Sedikit oksigen atau tidak ada sama sekali.
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2. Pembentukan primordial laut. Saat Bumi mendingin, gas berkondensasi membentuk laut primodial yang tersusun atas air dan mineral.
Tahap-tahap yang terlibat dalam Teori Heterotrof:
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3. Sintesis molekul Kompleks. Energy catalyzed the formation of organic molecules from inorganic molecules. An organic “soup” forms.
Energy was provided by: UV light, lightning, radioactivity, and heat
Complex molecules: acetic acid, formaldehyde, and amino acids
Tahap-tahap yang terlibat dalam Teori Heterotrof:
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• Oparin & Haldane secara terpisah menyusun teori bahwa molekul-molekul sederhana dapat terbentuk karena tidak ada oksigen.
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• Stanley Miller menguji teori Oparin dan Haldane dengan mensimulasikan suatu ekperimen di bawah kondisi primordial. Stanley Miller menggunakan loncatan bunga api listrik terhadap gas-gas sederhana (bukan oksigen) yang dihubungkan ke tabung yang berisi air yang dipanaskan. Setelah 1 minggu, air mengandung berbagai molekul, termasuk asam amino.
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• Stanley Miller dan Harold Urey: simulasi dari kondisi primordial; membentuk berbagai molekul organik termasuk asam amino
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4. Sintesis Polimer dan replikasi molekul
Monomer berkombinasi membentuk polimer
– Beberapa melakukannya dengan melepaskan molekul air (Reaksi Kimia Dehidrasi)
Proteinoids secara abiotik menghasilkan polipeptida. Polipeptida ini secara eksperiment dihasilkan dengan membiarkan asam amino mengalami dehidrasi dalam kondisi panas.
Tahap-tahap yang terlibat dalam Teori Heterotrof:
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5. Molekul Organik terkonsentrasi dan terisolasi menjadi Protobion
Protobionts = prekursors sel. Protombion dapat melakukan reaksi kimia tetapi tidak dapat bereproduksi.
– Mikrosfer dan Koaservat melalui
eksperimen dihasilkan Protobionts yang memiliki beberapa kualitas selektif permeabel.
Tahap-tahap yang terlibat dalam Teori Heterotrof:
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6. Pembentukan Prokariotik Heterotrof Primitif
Sop Organik = sumber makanan • Terutama bakteri patogen
Tahap-tahap yang terlibat dalam Teori Heterotrof:
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7. Pembentukan Prokariotik Autotrofik Primitif
Kemungkinan dihasilkan dari mutasi dalam suatu heterotrof
Sel-sel dapat membuat makanan mereka sendiri
Cyanobacteria
Tahap-tahap yang terlibat dalam Teori Heterotrof:
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8. Pembentukan Oksigen dan Lapisan Ozon serta berakhirnya evolusi kimia abiotik Oksigen merupakan hasil fotosintesis Sinar UV light ditambah interaksi oksigen
menghasilkan lapisan ozon Lapisan Ozon merupakan pelindung dari
kerusakan oleh sinar UV.
Tahap-tahap yang terlibat dalam Teori Heterotrof:
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9. Terbentuknya Eukariotik (Teori Endosimbiotik) – Eukaryot berasal dari simbiosis antara prokariotik – Mitokondria, Kloroplas, dan organel lain tinggal di
dalam prokariotk lain.
Tahap-tahap yang terlibat dalam Teori Heterotrof:
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Bukti Teori Endosimbiotik
1. Mitokondria & Kloroplas memiliki DNA mereka sendiri
2. Ribosom, mitokondria dan Kloroplast mirip bakteri .
3. Mitokondria and Kloroplas bereproduksi secara terpisah (independen).
4. Membran tilakoid kloroplas mirip membran fotosintetik cyanobacteria.
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Sejarah Kehidupan di Atas Bumi
• Umur Bumi diperkirakan sekitar 4.5 milyar tahun
• Fosil tertua (nenek moyang bakteri) ada sekitar 3.5 milyar tahun yang lalu.
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Skala Waktu Geologis = Daftar Sejarah Bumi
Era = Blok terbesar waktu geologis
• ERA TERTUA Pre-Cambrian
Paleozoikum Mesozoikum
• ERA TERBARU Cenozoikum
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ERA PRECAMBRIAN
• By far the longest geologic Era• Lifeforms include:
– Simple Prokaryotes (Bacteria)– Blue-Green Algae (Cyanobacteria)
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ERA PALEOZOIKUM• Characterized by the emergence of
Eukaryotes• Burgess Shale = largest collection of
Cambrian Period fossils• Lifeforms include:• Invertebrates = ocean dwellers
(trilobites)• jawless fish• bony fish• amphibians, reptiles
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Trilobites
Jawless Unlobed Fin Fish
Chambered Nautilus
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ERA MESOZOIKUM
Dicirikan oleh invasi bentuk kehidupan di atas tanah
• Cone-bearing plants (Gymnospermae)• Insekta• Berlimpahnya reptil • Dinosaurus mendominansi • Tedapat mammalia pertama • Terdapat tanaman berbunga (Angiospermae)
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Gymnosperm
AngiospermFlying Insects
First Mammals
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ERA CENOZOIKUM
Dicirikan oleh peningkatan dan dominansi mamalia
• Primata merupakan mamalia yang dominan • Manusia pertama kali muncul
Era geologis ini yang sekarang kita alami.
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Kenaikan lebih kecil dari Waktu Geologis
• ERA– PERIODE
• JAMAN/epoch (Only in the Cenozioic Era)
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What Marks The End Of Geologic Eras, Periods, or Epochs?
• Mass Extinction Events = loss of a large percentage of Earth’s population
• Ordovician, Devonian, Permian (96%), Triassic, Cretaceous
• Distinct Environmental changes are often evident as well
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What if we compressed the entire Earth's history down into one 24
hour day?4.5 Billion Years = 1 day12:01a.m. = Earth forms
5:00 a.m. = first life; bacteria4:00 p.m. = first eukaryotes
10:00 p.m. = life on land11:40 p.m. = end of the dinosaurs
11:59 p.m. = first humans
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The Fossil Record
• Fossil = any preserved record of a once living organism
• The fossil record of life on Earth is extremely incomplete!
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Bagaimana terbentuknya fosil?
1. Sedimentasi Baru – sedimen mendapatkan tekanan menjadi batu dengan tekanan yang terus-menerus sepanjang waktu
2. Petrifikasi – mineral yang terlarut menggantikan jaringan organik
3. Gips – mencetak, terisi lumpur, debu dan pasir
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Bagaimana kita menentukan Umur Fosil?
1. Relative Dating - based on the fossils position within a layer of rock
2. Half-life Method - the amount of time that it takes for half of the atoms in a sample of an element to undergo radioactive decay and be reduced to half of their original amount
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Half-Life Methods
• Potassium --> Argon = half life of 1.3 Billion Years
• Carbon 14 - half life is 5,600 years• Uranium --> Lead = 4.5 Billion Years
• 20 g U -----> 10g U -----> 5 g U• 0g Pb -----> 10g Pb -----> 15g Pb