Bio Review Lessons 35-42

By, Zain Qureshi

What is Phosphorylation?

It is when energy is put in to link phosphate (P) to ADP to form ATP

Energy in Food

Average human beings need 2,500 kilocalories.

One gram of sugar is equal to 3811 calories (not kilo)

Types of Respiration

Aerobic Respiration

Occurs in Cytoplasm and Mitochondria

C6 H12 O6 -----> 36 ATP + CO2 + H2O

Types of Respiration

Anaerobic

Occurs in cytoplasm

C6 + H12 + O6 2 ATP + CO2 + Alcohol

C6 + H12 + O6 2 ATP + Lactic Acid

Fermentation pathways make little ATP

Facultive vs. Obligate

Facultive- Can do aerobic or anaerobic

Obligate- Must do only one

This is Greg and Kavan’s childand Greg wanna fight? Kavanprobably just laughed

Glycolysis

Occurs in Cytoplasm

Splits Glucose into 2 pyruvate

Requires 2 ATP but later gains a net of 2 ATP

Phosphoglyceraldehide- 3 carbons attached two a phosphate group (This later becomes pyruvate)

NAD+ and FAD

Both carry electrons by carrying H

When they are reduced: NAD -> NADH

Fermentation

When no O2 is present fermentation occurs

2 Types- Lactic (Humans) and Alcoholic

Quick burst of energy (low ATP)

Causes muscle fatigue (lactic acid)

Cellular Respiration

ALWAYS has O2 present

Glucose is oxidized and O2 is reduced

Yields 36-38 ATP

3 stages- 1) Glycolysis, 2) Citric/Krebs cycle, and 3) Electron Transport System

Mitochondria

In the mitochondria the transition reaction, the Krebs cycle, and ETC occur.

The cristae is the inner folds, this is were ETC happens.

The matrix is the fluid (gel like), Krebs and transition occur there.

Transition Reaction

Is in between glycolysis and citric acid cycle.

Changes pyruvate to 2 carbon attached to an coenzyme called coenzyme A.

A carbon is lost during this!

Transportation Reaction

Citric Acid Cycle

Occurs in Matrix.

Four CO2 is taken away, and two ATP is gained, six Hydrogen is taken using NADH, and 2 FADH.

Also called Krebs Cycle

Electron Transport Chain

Happens in the cristae of the mitochondria

Also called oxidative phosphorylation

O2 combines with the H to form water

Per glucose there are 10 NADH and 2 FADH

H+ Ions flow from high to low

Addition of 32 ATP

NAD, FAD and ATP

1 NAD= 3 ATP

1 FAD= 2 ATP

* Remember LEO loss electrons OXIDATION and GER gain of electrons reduction

What is being Oxidized and Reduced?

Respiration of Protiens

During respiration the amino group must be removed (NH2) This is called deamination!

Respiration of Protiens

When the group is removed it attaches to a H and becomes AMONIA. This substance is very toxic and is used to clean (A substance which Jonny cleans his bathroom with)

This mixes with water and becomes URINE (Kavan and Greg drink this)

Respiration of Fats

Fats could be two categories Glycerol or Fatty Acids

Fats yield to most ATP but take long to respirate (to remember this think about Jonny he is fat, so he takes a long time to get up, but the amount of energy ATP he uses to get is a lot)

Respiration vs. Cellular Respiration

Breathing rate is determined by the level of CO2. It forces us to breath faster.

Respiration Burning

Little to no light Light

Low heat High heat

ENZYMES No enzymes

Respiration vs. Cellular Respiration

Series of reactions Single reaction

RESPIRATION IS MORE EFFICENT

Production Chart

Glycolysis Trans Krebs ETC

ATP 2 0 2 34

CO2 0 2 4 0

H2O 0 0 0 6

NADH 4 2 6 0

FADH 0 0 2 0

Question

During fermentation is pyruvate being oxidized or reduced?

Answer

REDUCED

Question

Catabolic Anabolic

Digestion Synthetic

Hydrolysis

Degradive

Which terms best describe cellular respiration?

Answer

ALL of them, due to the fact that respiration is a catabolic and anabolic process.

Question

How many waters are produced during cellular respiration?

Answer

6 H2O

Question

How many times is fermentation less efficient than respiration?

Answer

18x or 18 times less efficient

Question

What is the “summary equation” for cellular respiration?

Answer

Question

What is the role of O2 in cellular respiration?

Answer

FINAL ELECTRON ACCEPTOR

Question

What are the intermediate electrons acceptors? (2)

Answer

FAD and NAD

Question

Gram for gram, sugars are not as god as fats as a source of energy for cellular respiration because sugars

A) Produce toxic amino groups when broken down

B) Contain more hydrogen

C) Are not as easily reduced

D) Contain fewer Hydrogen atoms and electrons

Answer

D

Questions

Order the following in terms of potential energy (high to low).

Glucose, ATP, NADH, FAD

Answer

1) Glucose (36-38 ATP)

2) NADH (3 ATP)

3) FAD (2 ATP)

4) ATP (1 ATP)

Question

What do all of the following have in common? What is the name for this process?

Oxygen, NAD+, FAD

Answer

All of them accept/carry electrons. The process of carrying electrons is called reduction.

Question

What gets oxidized in respiration? (5 things)

Answer

Glucose, pyruvic acid, Acetyl CoA, FADH, NADH

Question

What kind of reaction is respiration?

Answer

Respiration is a redox reaction.

It is also anabolic and catabolic.

Question

Highlight in red what is being oxidized and bold what is being reduced in this:

C6 H12 O6 + O2 CO2 + H20

Answer

C6 H12 O6 + O2 CO2 + H20

Question

Who is the most handsome kid in Bio period 1 honors?

A) Zain (OF COURSE)

B) Kavan (he is pretty hot but not as great as Zain)

C) Jonny (hes hot too)

D) Greg (NOPE)

Answer

ZAIN OF COURSE CHOICE A

Need more help?

Glycolysis- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FE2jfTXAJHg

Citric Acid Cycle-

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=juM2ROSLWfw

Electron Transport Chain-

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mfgCcFXUZRk