Bio-Technologies for Cotton Production
Transcript of Bio-Technologies for Cotton Production
Bio-Technologies for Cotton Production
K. R. KRANTHI Central Institute for Cotton Research, Nagpur, India
Why are the yields low in India?
Low plant density –need more bolls per plant
More bolls need long duration
Moisture stress at boll formation stage
Long vulnerable boll window
Why is the bollworm and whitefly problem so acute in India?
1. Long duration of reproductive phase –long vulnerability
2. More fertilizers -more foliage -more pests
3. More insecticide –ecology disrupted –pest infestation
Cotton Scenario: India v/s Rest of World
India Rest of the world
Plant Population /ha 11,000 160,000
Bolls/plant for 4 t/ha 100 7
Crop duration days 190 150
Square-bolls days 120 60
Productivity Kg/ha 500 902
Genotype Hybrids Varieties
Plants in meter row 1 to 2 10-17
Seed Rate Kg/ha 2 12
More bolls per plant
–longer duration –more pests –moisture stress
Few bolls per plant
–shorter duration –escape pests –escape moisture stress
Simple message
Long Duration Hybrid Cotton
J
H
50% of total pesticides on cotton (5% area)
Hybrids need more Nitrogen -more pests
More pests –more insecticides
14,000 Mt insecticides for bollworm per year
Yield losses US$ 1600 million per year
Insect resistance to insecticides
The cotton bollworm
Yeh Dil Maange More !!
Farmers with pesticide
Yeh Dil Maange NO More !!
Bacillus thuringiensis
Bt gene Cotton plant cell Bt Cotton
Development of Bt cotton
Bt Cotton was approved in 2002 in India
1500 Bt Cotton Hybrids
95% Cotton Area is Bt Cotton
2014
12.1 M hectares; 8.0 M farmers; 40 M workers
US $ 3.2 Billion raw cotton exports in 2011
0.4 1.2 5.7
11.5
40.5
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79.7 81.5
90.6 91.14 93.5 95
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1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
% Bt Area Kg/ha
Year
% Bt Area
Productivity (Kg/ha)
Cotton in India
Data: CAB cotcorp.gov.in
Insecticides ‘000 tonnes
Fertilizers '000 million tonnes
1990 9.0 0.94
2000 11.0 1.47
2006 4.60 1.89
2013 11.60 2.30
Chemicals in Cotton Fields
For the past 50 years, USA has been using 0.4 to 0.5 million tonnes of nitrogen, but the yields have been increasing
0 1
6
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38
67
81 82
92 92 94 96
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1.3
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0.6 0.5
0.7 0.7
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2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Insecticide Kg/ha
% Bt Cotton
% Bt Area
Kg/ha insecticide
Insecticide use (Kg/ha) on Cotton
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012
India
United States
Fertilizer use M tonnes
Lakh ha Bales kg/ha Rainfed %
Australia 4.4 53 2047 26
Mexico 1.2 12 1691 12
Brazil 11.2 100 1516 98
China 49 410 1422 6
USA 30 165 921 60
Uzbekistan 13 53 703 10
Pakistan 30 122 689 0
India 117 392 568 60
World 327 1515 786 27
World (excl. India) 221 1189 907 10
Global Cotton Scenario 2013-14
India ranks 32nd in 80 cotton countries
*Source: USDA -Cotton: World Markets and Trade July 2014
Productivity in India and Brazil
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1946 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010
Kg
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India: 11.1 M ha; 32.5 M bales
Brazil: 1 M ha; 11.9 M bales
kg/ha N P K Total
Australia 2047 2.4 2.0 0.4 4.8
Mexico 1691 11.4 3.0 2.7 17.0
Brazil 1516 10.8 12.8 14.7 38.3
China 1422 62.2 22.8 9.9 94.9
USA 921 29.1 9.8 10.8 49.7
Uzbekistan 703 6.9 2.5 1.6 11.0
Pakistan 689 119 29.0 1.4 149.5
India 568 92.0 44.7 19.5 156.3
World 786 21.4 8.3 5.7 35.3
Fertilizer use Kg/ha 2011-12
*Source: Agricultural Research Data Book, IASRI 2014
Major Challenges
1. Uncertain Climate
2. Unabated Soil Degradation 3. Declining Water Table
4. Insect & Pathogen Resistance to Chemicals
5. Declining Factor Productivity: Increasing Fertilizer & Pesticide Usage
Greenhouse Gas Emission 2010
Compact Varieties-Short Duration
High Density Planting
Mechanization
Legume Based Cropping Systems
Residue Recycling
Soil Organic Enrichment
Biotech Cotton
IPM
Bio-Technologies
Few bolls /plant -better the Quality Extra Long Staple 38 mm 32 g/tex long Staple 30mm 30 g/tex Desi Short Staple for Surgical and absorbent cotton Desi varieties for quality
What can we do for Sustainable Pest Management? Escape the bollworms.....
Compact variety
1. Suitable for high density 2. Resistant to jassids and whiteflies 3. Less need for fertilizers 4. 150 days duration 5. High harvest index
What can we do for Sustainable Pest Management?
Early sowing:
1. Reproductive phase in August to mid-September–escapes the main bollworm peaks of mid-September to October
2. Reproductive phase gets adequate moisture
3. High density (20 times) 5-6 bolls per plant –low vulnerability to pests and diseases
1. Nitrogen fixing crop based cropping systems
2. Legume crops harbour parasitoids and predators
3. Residue recycling, manures and composts
4. Less chemical fertilizers and less pesticide usage
What can we do for Sustainable Pest Management?
1. GM technologies for bollworms
2. Insecticides such as Chlorantraniliprole, Emamectin benzoate and Spinosad for bollworm management
3. Neem and bio-pesticides for sucking pest management
What can we do for Sustainable Pest Management?
HDPS is a Global concept
4 g boll x 7 bolls per plant x 166,000 plants/ha 4 t/ha =
Hybrids -More bolls per plant
4 g boll x 100 bolls per plant x 10,000 plants/ha
4 t/ha
High Density Planting Systems (HDPS)
High yields in rainfed & marginal soils
Low Cost and Highly Sustainable
The answer for India’s yield enhancement
NEED COMPACT VARIETIES
Experience with two year farmer field trials
2012 (drought) & 2013 (Excess rains)
Experience with High Density Planting
Early sowing The crop escapes bollworms & moisture stress Overcomes Flooding Coragen & Fame control bollworms effectively Less weed infestation –less cost of weeding Less crop foliage -less nutrients needed Early & single picking –less labour needed Less labour cost on sowing, weeding and picking Need planters to maintain proper spacing Low production cost Rs 13,000 to 17,000/ha
Fibre strength in cotton can be enhanced by
1. Back-cross breeding of fibre genes for desirable traits using molecular markers
2. Mining genes from Ramie and utilizing them through biotech cotton
3. Sucrose phosphate synthase and extensin genes that enhanced fibre length and strength
Marker Assisted Breeding for fibre traits
Future GM Cotton fibers using silk genes from
silkworm, Bombyx mori and spider Araneus sps.
Spider silk: 5 times stronger than steel, twice as elastic as nylon. water proof and stretchable
Silkworm silk: 5-10 times more extensible than cellulose.
Better thermal properties
A pencil thick spider silk strand can stop a boeing 747 in flight !!
New genes for RNAi for pest control
Trehalase Helicostatins Helicokinins
Halloween
Farnesoic acid
Allatostatins
Allatotropins
Juvenile Hormone acid
O-methyltransferase
Juvenile hormone esterase
Epoxide hydrolase
Adipokinetic hormone
FLRFamide related peptide
O-methyl transferase Chitin synthase
Invertebrate specific arginine synthase
Gene Discovery for
RNAi, GM & MAS
We will need new generation pest
resistant varieties after next 5 years
Marker assisted breeding
for fibre quality, drought & biotic stress resistance
New Lectin genes for
sucking pest resistant GM cotton are being identified
Bollworms survive on cotton because they have an enzyme called P450 monooxygenase CYP6AE14 which digests gossypol. The new biotech cotton expresses dsRNA of the enzyme. When bollworm eats the dsRNA the enzyme is silenced and undigested gossypol remains in the stomach and kills
Insect resistant biotech cotton that silences gossypol
C1 C2 C3 M G1 G2 G3
300bp
Chitin Synthase A
G C1 C2 C3 C4 M
Juvenile Hormone Esterase
434 bp
454 bp
G1 G2 G3 M C1 C2 C3
Trehalose Phosphate Synthase
G1 G2 M C1 C2
Helicostatin
332 bp
dsRNA for RNA interference
The alarm pheromone for many species of aphids, which causes dispersion in response to attack by
predators or parasitoids, consists of the sesquiterpene (E)-farnesene (Ef). High levels of expression in
Arabidopsis thaliana plants of an Efsynthase gene cloned from Mentha piperita were used to cause
emission of pure Ef. These plants elicited potent effects on behavior of the aphid Myzus persicae
(alarm and repellent responses) and its parasitoid Diaeretiella rapae (an arrestant response).
Insects release chemicals called alarm pheromones when they are scared by their enemies. This warns their colonies to escape. New biotech crops express alarm pheromones that scare the specific insect pests
GM crops to scare insects
Desi Varieties: RG-8, PA 402, PA 405, PA 255, DLSA 17 & Jayadhar Hirsutum Varieties: Surabhi, Anjali, LRA 5166 & G-Cot 10
Cry genes: Cry1Ac, Cry1Aa3, Cry1F & Cry2Aa
rep and acp and scp genes for CLCuV resistance
CesA genes and Susy genes identified for fibre strength
Chitinase and Xa21 genes used for disease resistance
dreb 1A and BcZF 1 genes used for drought resistance
CotPI introgressed into Gcot-10 for bollworm resistance
INDIGENOUS GM-COTTON WITH NEW GENES
Marker Assisted Selection & Resistance Breeding
1. Bacterial leaf blight resistance 2. Nematode resistance
3. Cotton leaf curl virus resistance 4. Molecular characterization of core-germplasm. Association Mapping
Cry1Ac, Cry2Ab2, Cry1F, Cry1Aa, Cry1Ab, Cry1C, Cry1B & Vip3A
ELISA and Strip tests for GM seed purity
Molecular diagnostic PCR EVENT DETECTION kits to unambiguously detect all the 22 events that are commercially cultivated GM-cotton
world wide. All the kits have been validated and commercialized
Patents granted in China, Mexico, South Korea, Uzbek & South Africa.
50,000 kits sold: Resource generation of Rs 2.2 crores
Immuno-Strips to detect Substandard Pesticides
Insecticide Resistance Detection Kit
Development of prediction models & validation 1. Cotton area and Production Prediction. Database development
2. Cotton Price Prediction. Database development of Indian and global markets
3. Pest and Disease Forecasting.
4. Farmer usable pest scouting gadgets
5. insect resistance development to Bt cotton / insecticides Stochastic modeliing. Insect Resistance Database and IRM strategies.
6. E-KAPAS network to connect 100,000 farmers for technology dissemination and back-stopping
A 3-row, self propelled check row planter with pneumatic metering. Cost saving over traditional was 75% due to proper placement of seed. Actual field capacity was 0.51 ha/h with 88 % field efficiency. Cost of operation was Rs. 215/ha remarkable less than any other traditional method
Self propelled Check row planter (CICR & DrPDKV)
Reduced seed damage and uniform seed placement.
Germination percentage: 98% Seed rate: 4.2 kg/ha.
The field capacity of the implement was 4.5 hrs/ha.
Bullock drawn precision planter with an innovative vertical
rotor metering mechanism (Patent pending).
Solar Knap Sack Sprayer
Patent F.No 1559/Mum/09 Rs 8000. 15-18o tilt. Light weight and works non-stop
Implements Designed, Developed & Validated by CICR
CICR PRECISION COTTON HARVESTER Indigenous prototype for small farm holdings
Specifications CICR Harvester Imported Pickers
Expected Cost Rs 4.0 lakhs Rs 25.0 lakhs
Time taken 4.20 hrs per ha 4.0 hrs per ha
Cost of picking Rs 1.2 per kg Rs 7.0 per kg
Cost of picking Rs 2400 per ha Rs 14000 per ha
17.0 Million registered looms, 1500 spinning mills, and 280 composite mills
8.0 Million Farmers, 40 Million employed in Textile industry
Cotton is the largest employer
Triple productivity What will it mean to India?
Employment for 120 million persons Earn US$ 220 billion textile export
Oil worth US$ 8.0 Billion
Total Raw cotton : US$ 11.0 Billion Raw Cotton Export (2011): US$ 3.2 Cotton and Textile exports: US$ 22.0 billion (One-third of foreign exchange earnings)
Simple small ideas can lead to
big things
Thank You