Bio Poem SubjectsINVENTORSJohannes Gutenberg

PAINTERS/SCULPTORS/ARCHITECTSJan Van EyckRaphaelLeonardo da VinciMichalangelo DontatelloMasaccioSandro Botticelli

PROTESTANT REFORMATIONDesiderius ErasmusMartin LutherJohn CalvinUlrich Zwingli

CATHOLIC REFORMATIONIgnatius of Loyola

KINGS/QUEENSHenry of Navarre (Henry IV)Charles VHenry VIIIElizabeth Tudor

POLITICAL LEADERSOliver CromwellCardinal RichelieuLorenzo de’Medici

PHILOSOPHERS/WRITERSNiccoolo MachiavelliPetrarchGeoffrey ChaucerDanteWilliam Shakespeare

Journal Entry #1The Reformation was a time of great change within the Catholic church and Renaissance society. Not only did the Catholic church find itself having to change to stay afloat as a viable religion, different religions started to spring from dissatisfaction. One outspoken opponent of the Catholic church was Martin Luther. He stood up for what he believed in and did not budge on issues that were important to him. He believed that the Catholic church was becoming too corrupt and so he fought for change. Eventually his ideas would become the Lutheran church.– Can you think of 2 people today or within history that

have fought for change, and have actually been able to make changes for the better? Who are they? What did they change? Why?

– What would you stand up for? How hard would you fight for it? Would you back down, even if there were pressures coming at you from every corner?

The Reformation

Explain the major events and reasons for the Protestant Reformation including

Christian Humanism, Martin Luther and the 95 Theses, Calvinism, and eventually the

Catholic Reformation.

Setting the Stage

• Christian humanism-Northern Renaissance humanism – Goal=reform the Catholic church

• Believes that humans can reason and improve themselves– In order to change society, you have to change

people 1st

• Erasmus “the philosophy of Christ”-Christianity should show people how to live good lives– Religion was something inward– Wanted to reform Catholic church not break

away

Roman Catholic Church—influential, extravagant, and worldlySome people felt church straying from spiritual roots Concerns crystallized into the Protestant Reformation

• Financial corruption, abuse of power, immorality

• People’s respect for priests, monks, popes weakened

• Heavy taxation also caused discontent

Dissatisfaction• Pope Leo X approved

sale of indulgences• Needed money for St.

Peter’s Basilica• Indulgences, pardons

reduced a soul’s time in purgatory

Financing Basilica• Catholics believed

dead went to purgatory, worked off sins committed

• Sale of indulgences widely criticized

Working Off Sins

Catholicism in the 1400s

Martin Luther’s public criticism of the church in 1517 marks the symbolical beginning of the Protestant Reformation.

• Martin Luther believed selling indulgences sinful

• In theses, said indulgences had no power to remit sin

• Criticized power of pope, wealth of church

• Theses written in Latin, intended for church leaders, not common people

The Ninety-Five Theses

• Nailing theses to church door common practice; doors used like community bulletin boards

• Theses stimulated discussion among university intellectuals

• Published, distributed across Europe, widely read by intellectuals, clergy, laypeople

• Desire for reform grew

Stimulated Discussion

Martin Luther

Empowered the People• Insisted that individual Christians should be own interpreters of scripture, Christian

practices should come only from Bible• To aid this process, Luther translated Bible into German• Translation allowed more people to read Bible without aid of clergy

Luther’s Message• Following publication of theses, Luther continued to study, debate• Contradicted basic Catholic beliefs, insisted God’s grace cannot be won by good

works; faith alone needed• 1519, declared only head of Christian Church was Jesus, not pope

Church’s Response• 1520, Pope Leo X expelled Luther from

the Church• 1521, Luther summoned to appear

before Holy Roman emperor Charles V

Edict of Worms• Emperor handed down Edict of Worms• Declared Luther to be outlaw,

condemned his writings• Luther’s ideas spread• Edict of Worms

German Diet• Luther appeared before emperor,

German Diet, or assembly, at city of Worms

• Refused to change opinions

Protestant• 1529, Charles V tried to suppress

Lutherans in Germany• German princes issued protestatio,

protest, against this• Term Protestant came from this

Reactions to Luther

Politics in the German Reformation

• Holy Roman Empire was vast (Spain, Austria, Bohemia, Hungary, Milan, Naples)

• Charles V wanted to keep his land unified by the Catholic faith

• Charles was in a 20 year conflict with France• “Lutheran princes” started to appear in

Germany and unified against Charles• Peace of Augsburg-German states could choose

When the disagreement between Swiss Protestants and Catholics erupted into war, Zwingli was a casualty. He died in battle in 1531.

• Luther’s stand against the church opened the door for others• As Lutheranism arose in Germany, new religious movements began in Switzerland

and other places in Europe.

• Born in Switzerland, entered priesthood at 22, preached ideas similar to Martin Luther’s

• Many ideas viewed as radical• His church based on

theocracy, government in which church, state joined; officials divinely inspired

Ulrich Zwingli

The Spread of Protestantism

• All paintings and decorations were removed

• Scripture reading, prayer, and sermons

• Luther did not accept his ideas

• Without Lutherans’ support, Swiss Protestants vulnerable to attack by Catholics

Zwingli Churches

Background• John Calvin most important Protestant reformer next to Martin Luther• Educated in France, influenced by Erasmus• Supported reforms of Luther in Germany

People Sinful by Nature• Geneva, Switzerland became theocracy under Calvin; strict

laws regulated behavior• Powerful center for Protestantism• Calvinism was a dynamic and activist faith

Influenced by Augustine• Preached doctrine of predestination• God knows who will be saved, guides lives of those destined

for salvation• Nothing humans can do, good or bad, will change predestined

end

John Calvin

Reformation began with the king in England

• 1509, Henry VIII became king, age 17

• Devout Catholic• Wrote angry protests

against Luther’s ideas• Actions won him title

“Defender of the Faith”• By 1525, Henry had

only one child, Mary

A King’s Protest• Henry wanted male

heir, thought female monarch would weaken England

• Decided to have marriage to Catherine annulled

• Pope would not agree to annulment

Annulment

• Arguing with Pope, Henry fell in love with Anne Boleyn

Opposition

Protestantism Spreads to England

Henry Takes Over• Reformation Parliament declared that England no

longer considered itself under authority of pope• Henry became head of Church of England

Act of Supremacy• Anne Boleyn and Henry secretly married; marriage to

Catherine annulled• Later that year Anne gave birth to daughter, Elizabeth• Act of Supremacy passed; Henry VIII “Supreme Head

of Church of England”

Church of England• Henry changed rituals of church very little• Closed Catholic monasteries, convents, distributed

much of land to nobles• This built more public support for split from Catholic

Church

The Reformation Parliament

• Third wife, Jane Seymour gave England male heir, Edward VI• 1547, Edward VI took throne, age 9• Protestantism gained more ground under guidance of his guardians• Edward died young; sister, Mary became queen of England

• Mary returned England to authority of pope

• Hundreds burned at state for Protestant beliefs, earning queen title “Bloody Mary”

• Half-sister Elizabeth became queen

Bloody Mary• Elizabeth I, Protestant at heart• 1559, drafted new Supremacy Act,

splitting England again from Rome• Catholics plotted to place Mary, Queen

of Scots, on throne• Elizabeth persecuted Catholics,

secured Church of England

Elizabeth’s Reign

Henry’s Heirs

The Catholic Reformation

• Revitalized in the 16th century• 3 reasons why: Jesuits, reform of the papacy, the

Council of Trent• Jesuits used education to spread their message;

restored Catholicism in parts of Germany, eastern Europe, and other parts of the world

• Council of Trent met on and off for 18 years– Reaffirmed teachings against Protestants– Faith and good works were needed for salvation– Selling of indulgences were forbidden

Setting the Stage• Christian humanism-Northern

Renaissance humanism –

• Believes that humans can reason and improve themselves– In order to change society, you have to

change people 1st

• Erasmus “the philosophy of Christ”-Christianity should show people how to live good lives– –

Roman Catholic Church—influential, extravagant, and worldlySome people felt church straying from spiritual roots Concerns crystallized into the ________________________

•

• People’s respect for priests, monks, popes weakened

• Heavy taxation also caused discontent

Dissatisfaction•

• Needed money for St. Peter’s Basilica

• Indulgences, pardons reduced a soul’s time in purgatory

Financing Basilica• Catholics believed

dead went to purgatory, worked off sins committed

•

• Government separate from the church

Working Off Sins

Catholicism in the 1400s

Martin Luther’s public criticism of the church in 1517 marks the symbolical beginning of the Protestant Reformation.

•

• In theses, said indulgences had no power to remit sin

• Criticized power of pope, wealth of church

• Theses written in Latin, intended for church leaders, not common people

The Ninety-Five Theses

• Nailing theses to church door common practice; doors used like community bulletin boards

•

• Published, distributed across Europe, widely read by intellectuals, clergy, laypeople

•

Stimulated Discussion

Martin Luther

Empowered the People• Insisted that individual Christians should be own interpreters of scripture, Christian

practices should come only from Bible• •

Luther’s Message• Following publication of theses, Luther continued to study, debate• Contradicted basic Catholic beliefs, insisted God’s grace cannot be won by good

works; faith alone needed•

Church’s Response•

• 1521, Luther summoned to appear before Holy Roman emperor Charles V

Edict of Worms• Emperor handed down Edict of Worms• Declared Luther to be outlaw,

condemned his writings• • Edict of Worms

German Diet• Luther appeared before emperor,

German Diet, or assembly, at city of Worms

•

Protestant• 1529, Charles V tried to suppress

Lutherans in Germany• German princes issued protestatio,

protest, against this• Term Protestant came from this

Reactions to Luther

Politics in the German Reformation

• Holy Roman Empire was vast (Spain, Austria, Bohemia, Hungary, Milan, Naples)

•

• Charles was in a 20 year conflict with France• “Lutheran princes” started to appear in

Germany and unified against Charles•

When the disagreement between Swiss Protestants and Catholics erupted into war, Zwingli was a casualty. He died in battle in 1531.

• Luther’s stand against the church opened the door for others• As Lutheranism arose in Germany, new religious movements began in Switzerland

and other places in Europe.

• Born in Switzerland, entered priesthood at 22, preached ideas similar to Martin Luther’s

• • His church based on

theocracy, government in which church, state joined; officials divinely inspired

Ulrich Zwingli

The Spread of Protestantism

• • Scripture reading, prayer,

and sermons•

• Without Lutherans’ support, Swiss Protestants vulnerable to attack by Catholics

Zwingli Churches

Background• • Educated in France, influenced by Erasmus, Renaissance humanists• Supported reforms of Luther in Germany

People Sinful by Nature• Geneva, Switzerland became theocracy under Calvin; strict

laws regulated behavior• Powerful center for Protestantism•

Influenced by Augustine• • God knows who will be saved, guides lives of those destined

for salvation• Nothing humans can do, good or bad, will change predestined

end

John Calvin

• 1509, Henry VIII became king, age 17

• • Wrote angry protests

against Luther’s ideas• Actions won him title

“Defender of the Faith”• By 1525, Henry had

only one child, Mary

A King’s Protest• Henry wanted male

heir, thought female monarch would weaken England

• Decided to have marriage to Catherine annulled

•

Annulment

• Arguing with Pope,

Opposition

Protestantism Spreads to England

Henry Takes Over• Reformation Parliament declared that England no

longer considered itself under authority of pope•

Act of Supremacy• Anne Boleyn and Henry secretly married; marriage to

Catherine annulled• • Act of Supremacy passed; Henry VIII “Supreme Head

of Church of England”

Church of England• • Closed Catholic monasteries, convents, distributed

much of land to nobles• This built more public support for split from Catholic

Church

The Reformation Parliament

• Third wife, Jane Seymour gave England male heir, Edward VI• 1547, Edward VI took throne, age 9• • Edward died young; sister, Mary became queen of England

•

• Hundreds burned at state for Protestant beliefs, earning queen title “Bloody Mary”

• Her death caused little grief• Half-sister Elizabeth became queen

Bloody Mary• • 1559, drafted new Supremacy Act,

splitting England again from Rome• Catholics plotted to place Mary, Queen

of Scots, on throne• Elizabeth persecuted Catholics,

secured Church of England

Elizabeth’s Reign

Henry’s Heirs

The Catholic Reformation

• Revitalized in the ________________• 3 reasons why:

• Jesuits used education to spread their message; restored Catholicism in parts of Germany, eastern Europe, and other parts of the world

• Council of Trent met on and off for 18 years– Reaffirmed teachings against Protestants– Faith and good works were needed for salvation– Selling of indulgences were forbidden