Bio 9B: Tuesday, 5.3.11 Title: Block 2 - Using homologous structures as evidence for evolution
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Transcript of Bio 9B: Tuesday, 5.3.11 Title: Block 2 - Using homologous structures as evidence for evolution
Bio 9B: Tuesday, 5.3.11Title: Block 2 - Using homologous structures as evidence for evolution Homework:
Complete Part A of the Evolution Investigation: All in the Family
Do Now(s): Power-up a laptop and get ready for your next
instructions
Today’s Objectives: Use the three different types of homologies as
evidence for evolution
EVIDENCE FOR EVOLUTIONPHA Biology 9Moretti/ Dickson
Evolution 3-Part Investigation Dry Lab
Key Questions:1. What is the evidence that one species
can branch into two?
2. What is the evidence that multiple species are evolutionarily related?
Objectives for Class:• Use the three different types of homologies as evidence for evolutionary relationships
Evolution Dry Lab Part APart A Computer LabAll in the Family: Which Animals are the Closest
Relatives? Link: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/change/family/index.html
The purpose of this series of lab activities is for you to…
Examine and understand the evidence for evolution Use that evidence to infer evolutionary relationships
and build phylogenetic trees Part A focuses on using the three different types of
homologies as evidence for evolutionary relationshipsObjectives for Class:
• Use the three different types of homologies as evidence for evolutionary relationships
Evidence: HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES
HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES Similar structures due to sharing a common
ancestor that had those structures
Three Types of Homologies:1. Anatomical (including vestigial traits)2. Embryological/ Developmental3. Molecular/ Genetic
Objectives for Class:• Describe the three different types of homologies and give examples of each
Begin notes for type of Evidence for Evolution
Evidence for Evolution
Patrick
Trevon
Julian
Whitney
McHenleyZuri
Ricardo
Nancy
Aser
AndreNatalie N
Emily
Israel
Harold
Leela
Leslie
Larissa Natalie G
Tom
Emperor
Reaction Time Lab
Jamesley
Grace
Bio 9B: Wednesday, 5.4.11 Title: Evidence for Evolution: 3 Homologies
Homework: Lab Part B: Finish Tree #1 and Analysis Question #6 by the
start of tomorrow’s class!
Do Now: According to this diagram, which organism is the
closest evolutionary relative of a bat? What is one piece of evidence you could use
to explain this evolutionary relationship?
Today’s Objectives: Compare and contrast anatomical, genetic, and
developmental homologies as evidence for evolution
Bird Bat Mouse
EVIDENCE FOR EVOLUTION What is the evidence that all species on
earth are related to each other and share common ancestors?
3 Major Types of Evidence: 1. Homologous Structures
a) Anatomical homologies and vestigial structures
b) Embryological/ Developmentalc) Molecular/Genetic
2. Fossils3. Geographic Distribution of SpeciesObjectives for Class:
• Compare and contrast anatomical, genetic, and developmental homologies as evidence for evolution
Objectives for Class:• Compare and contrast anatomical, genetic, and developmental homologies as evidence for evolution
Anatomical Homology Similar body parts or bone
structures They don’t necessarily have the same function
now, but did in the common ancestor Ex: human arm, cat leg, whale flipper, bat wing
all have same bones
Don’t confuse Homologous Structures with Analogous Structures
Analogous Structures structures that have the same function but NOT the same
skeletal structure This suggests these organisms did NOT descend from a common
ancestor with that trait
Ex: insect wing and bird wing
bio.miami.edu
Insect wing
Bird wing
Objectives for Class:• Compare and contrast anatomical, genetic, and developmental homologies as evidence for evolution
Objectives for Class:• Compare and contrast anatomical, genetic, and developmental homologies as evidence for evolution
Anatomical Homology: Vestigial Traits
Vestigial Traits Don’t have a function now,
but suggest that they descended from an ancestor that did use them.
Examples: human tailbone, human goose
bumps, ostrich wings
Ex: human tail bone, human goose
www.toptenz.net
animal.nationalgeographic.com
Embryological/Developmental Homology
Similar characteristics appearing during specific embryonic/ developmental stages of development
Examples: fish, reptile, bird, and human embryos all have gill
slits and a tail (but some lose these features before birth)
Objectives for Class:• Describe the three different types of homologies and give examples of each
Molecular/Genetic Homology Comparing the similarities and differences
of DNA or amino acid sequences for different organisms
Closer the similarities = Closer relationships
Objectives for Class:• Compare and contrast anatomical, genetic, and developmental homologies as evidence for evolution
Phylogenetic Tree for All Living Things
Time -------------------------------------------------------------------->present
Nodes indicate most recent common ancestor of two branches
Evolution Dry Lab PART B – Day 1
Part B: Comparing Anatomical and Genetic Evidence
The purpose of this series of lab activities is for you to… Examine and understand the evidence for evolution Use that evidence to infer evolutionary relationships and
build phylogenetic trees Part B focuses on comparing and contrasting anatomical and
genetic homologies as evidence for evolution
Complete through Tree # 1 using the evidence for Tree 1
Objectives for Class:• Compare and contrast anatomical, genetic, and developmental homologies as evidence for evolution
Bio 9B: Thursday, 5.5.11 Title: Using homologous structures as evidence for evolution
Homework: No Homework (unless you need to catch-up)
Do Now(s): Label the front right-hand corner of your Evolution Lab B:
CU = Finished Tree #1 and totally understand how the info in the table makes the tree
CD = Finished Tree #1, but don’t understand how the info in the table makes the tree
NC = Did NOT complete the table or the tree (for whatever reason)
Today’s Objectives: Compare and contrast anatomical and genetic homologies as
evidence for evolution Describe how fossils are used as evidence for evolution and
give one example that illustrates this
Double Block
Do Now – Part 2 Which organisms branched off before evolving a
complete digestive tube? Which three organisms have a brain?
Evolution Dry Lab PART B – Day 2
Part B: Comparing Anatomical and Genetic Evidence
The purpose of this series of lab activities is for you to… Examine and understand the evidence for evolution Use that evidence to infer evolutionary relationships and build
phylogenetic trees Part B focuses on comparing and contrasting anatomical and
genetic homologies as evidence for evolution
Complete Tree #2 and ALL analysis questions
Objectives for Class:• Compare and contrast anatomical and genetic homologies as evidence for evolution
Geographic DistributionFossils
Evidence for Evolution
EVIDENCE FOR EVOLUTION1. Homologous Structures
a) Anatomical homologies and vestigial structuresb) Embryosc) Molecular/Genetic
2. Geographic Distribution of Species
3. Fossils
Evidence: GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION
Species that live on the same continents are often closely related to each other
Based on genetic (DNA) and embryonic evidence This is true, even though they look more similar to species
elsewhere.Example:
North vs. South American rodents
Objectives for Class:• Describe how fossils are used as evidence for evolution and give one example that illustrates this.
Example: Placental Mammals vs. Australian Marsupial
Mammals Australia has been
separated from other continents for a long time, so its marsupials evolved independently
Marsupial traits are analogous, NOT homologous, to placental mammals
Evidence: GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION
Recap: Analogy vs. Homology
Analogous Structures – similar structures due to natural selection in similar environments common ancestor did not have it, but
descendents evolve it independently
Homologous Structures – similar structures due to shared ancestry common ancestor had this feature, so all
descendents have it Results from divergent (branching)
evolution
DIVERGENT (branching) EVOLUTION
Evidence: FOSSILS Fossils
show species that are now extinct show transitions to new body forms
Example: Tiktaalik (lived 375 million years ago) fish with legs and (maybe) primitive lungs… earliest amphibian?
Fossil Artist Rendering
Objectives for Class:• Describe how fossils are used as evidence for evolution and give one example that illustrates this.
Evidence: FOSSILS cont. Example: Archaeopteryx (lived 150
million years ago) earliest bird… but has many dinosaur
features
www.ansp.org
Objectives for Class:• Describe how fossils are used as evidence for evolution and give one example that illustrates this.
Evidence: FOSSILS cont. Interpreting Fossil
Evidence Fossils form in layers of
rock (older = lower layer) Fossils in the same layer
lived at the same time Radiometric dating:
determine the age of a fossil based on how much radioactive carbon it contains
Objectives for Class:• Describe how fossils are used as evidence for evolution and give one example that illustrates this.
What lived at the same time as the fossil fish?
Objectives for Class:• Describe how fossils are used as evidence for evolution and give one example that illustrates this.
Bio 9B: Monday, 5.9.11 Title: Using fossils and homologous structures as evidence for evolution
Homework: Finish analysis question for Part C by Thursday.
Do Now: How are fossils used as evolutionary evidence?
Today’s Objectives: Describe how fossils are used as evidence for evolution and
give one example that illustrates this. Describe how the geographic distribution of species is used
as evidence for evolution and give one example that illustrates this.
Evidence: FOSSILS cont. Interpreting Fossil
Evidence Fossils form in layers of
rock (older = lower layer) Fossils in the same layer
lived at the same time Radiometric dating:
determine the age of a fossil based on how much radioactive carbon it contains
Objectives for Class:• Describe how fossils are used as evidence for evolution and give one example that illustrates this.
How did whales evolve?
Evidence for Evolution: Part C
Patrick
Trevon
Julian
Whitney
McHenley
Zuri
Ricardo
Nancy
Aser
AndreNatalie N
Emily
IsraelHarold
Leela
Leslie
Larissa Natalie G
Tom
Emperor
Part C: Evolution Dry Lab
Jamesley
Grace
Evolution Dry Lab PART C – Day1
Part C: How Did Whales Evolve?
The purpose of this series of lab activities is for you to… Examine and understand the evidence for evolution Use that evidence to infer evolutionary relationships and build
phylogenetic trees Part C focuses on using fossil evidence and anatomical homologies to
determine evolutionary relatedness
Complete Tasks 1-4 before watching the video You may also have the reading to go along with this video: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/03/4/l_034_05.html
Objectives for Class:• Describe how fossils and anatomical homologies are used as evidence for evolution
Ambulocetus natans in action
A reconstruction of an early close cousin of whales
Shown here with the kind permission of artist Carl Buell. http://www.indiana.edu/~ensiweb/lessons/whale.ev.html
Check the Answers…
Check the Answers…
Bio 9B: Tuesday, 5.10.11 Title: No Class
Homework:
Do Now:
Today’s Objectives:
Bio 9B: Wednesday, 5.11.11 Title: Using fossils and homologous structures as evidence for evolution
Homework: Finish analysis question for Part C by Thursday.
Do Now: Take out Part C and prepare to complete activity
Today’s Objectives: Describe how fossils are used as evidence for evolution and
give one example that illustrates this. Describe how the geographic distribution of species is used
as evidence for evolution and give one example that illustrates this.
Evolution Dry Lab PART C – Day2
Part C: How Did Whales Evolve?
The purpose of this series of lab activities is for you to… Examine and understand the evidence for evolution Use that evidence to infer evolutionary relationships and build
phylogenetic trees Part C focuses on using fossil evidence and anatomical homologies to
determine evolutionary relatedness
Complete Task 5 after watching the video You may also have the reading to go along with this video: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/03/4/l_034_05.html
Objectives for Class:• Describe how fossils and anatomical homologies are used as evidence for evolution
Modern Whales…
Where Did Whales Evolve From?
Zooming in on Whale Evolution
Bio 9B: Thursday, 5.12.11 Title: Evolution Review
Homework: Study for Evolution “Tuiz”.
Do Now: Collect Part C of the Evolution Dry Lab Next Slide
Today’s Objectives: Review the major concepts from the Evolution Unit
EVOLUTION SUMMARY Populations of living things change over
time. Due to change over time, a species can
evolve into one or more new species. This results in the branching view of the tree of life.
All living things are related because we all evolved from a common ancestor.
Phylogenetic Tree for All Living Things Time --------------------------------------------------------------------
>present
“There is grandeur in this view of life…” – Charles Darwin
Evolution Review In your own words, describe the four key steps/ideas of
natural selection and explain how they relate to each other. (you may want to think of this in terms of an example).
Write a paragraph describing an example of how the steps of natural selection (above) work in a population (examples could include hummingbird beaks, finch beaks, antibiotic resistance in bacteria, sickle cell anemia and malaria, or another example of your choice).
Define what a species is. In your own words, explain the 2 main steps of speciation
(one species dividing into two species). Describe at least four types of evidence used to
determine evolutionary relationships between species. Give an example of each!
Interpret or draw phylogenetic trees.
What Darwin Never Knew http://video.pbs.org/video/1372073
556 Selected Chapters:
9 - Gene Switches 10 – A Transitional Form 11 – Fins to Limbs 12 (start at 1:26)
Bio 9B: Tuesday, 5.11.10 Title: Evolution Tuiz
Homework: Now Homework
Do Now: Put all of your stuff in your bag and zip them up!
Today’s Objectives: Assess your understanding of the major concepts from the
Evolution Unit