BIO 325 Exam 1 Review

7/22/2019 BIO 325 Exam 1 Review

1/17

\mfs lbjucgkt fs tmg prbpgrty be Kgrly Kbtgs (www.kgrly-kbtgs.jbc). Xgrcfssfbk fs nroktgl tb vfgw tmfs lbjucgkt bkay tb outmbrfzgl usgrs9 uklgr kb

jfrjucstokjgs jok ybu lfstrfdutg br trokscft tmfs lbjucgkt wftmbut bur wrfttgk jbksgkt.

kgrly-kbtgs.jbcupabolgl dy usgr Vuyucbk

Jaoss0 DFB :47

Agjturg/Gxoc0 Gxoc ? Tgvfgw

Zjmbba0 ZDW

Zgcgstgr0 Eoaa 48?4Xrbegssbr0 K/O


2/17

\mfs lbjucgkt fs tmg prbpgrty be Kgrly Kbtgs (www.kgrly-kbtgs.jbc). Xgrcfssfbk fs nroktgl tb vfgw tmfs lbjucgkt bkay tb outmbrfzgl usgrs9

uklgr kb jfrjucstokjgs jok ybu lfstrfdutg br trokscft tmfs lbjucgkt wftmbut bur wrfttgk jbksgkt.

Dfb :47.?

Lgefkftfbks

\btfpbtgkgt- goray daostbcgrgs, up tb = stong jgaa. Jok ebr trbpmdaost okl gcdryb

prgjursbk jgaas

Xaurfpbtgkt- FJC, jokt ebrc trbpmbdaost.

Jmbrfbk- gkodags egtus tb ngt bxyngk okl kutrfgkts erbc cbtmgr. Zgjrgtgs mbrcbks

okl rgnuaotbrs be fccukbrgspbkjg sb cbtmgr lbgskt rg`gjt ft

Gpfdaost- nfvgs rfsg tb oaa : aoygrs

ZJCJ CO\GTKOA NGKG XTBLWJ\Z, OZVCCG\TFJOAAV ABJOAFPGL BK OXFJOA

ZFLG BE DAOZ\BCGTG, COLGETBC EABXGL, \AG5, EFAFO, CO\GT

EFZM lgtgrcfkgs wmgotmgr rfnmt kucdgr be jmrbcbsbcgs org prgsgkt.

Zbatgr gxpgrfcgkt

Dfpotgrkoa rgcbvg egcoag, oll coag kujagf. 8% survfvoa. 78% daostbjyst

Mylotuluefrk cutotfbk fk Koap> (CO\GT)Dfcotgrkoa- rgcbvg coag, oll egcoag kujagf. 8% survfvoa. >7% daostbjyst. Z

Xaojgkto

Agjturg >0 bvgrvfgw be cbusg Lgvgagpcgkt

Coccoa gcdryb nostruaotfbk fs lfeegrgkt tmok zgkopus dgjousg tmg lgvgabpcgkt fs

fktgrkoa.

\wb prb-kujagf oppgor bkjg egrtfafzotfbk toig paojg fk tmg zynbtg.

Cbusg jgaa lfvfsfbk fs sabw. ^ggi sujjgsseua egrtfafzotfbkb ?< sujjgsseua fcpaoktotfbkb =.7 sujjgsseua lgvgabpcgkt tb


3/17



Gkvfrbkcgktoa Cuatfeojtbrfoa- ngkgtfj jbcpbsftfbk okl fts gkvfrbkcgkt

Ngkgtfj cutotfbks

Cuatf ngkg br sfknag ngkg geegjtsb Zyklrbcg- O cutotfbk oeegjts cuatfpag brnoksb Xagfbtrbpy- sfknag ngkg oeegjtglb Cbsofj pagfbtrbpy

Lfrgjtayoeegjts lfeegrgkt brnoks. Ngkg O gxprgssgl fk jbccbkprgjursbr, prgsgkt fk dbtm brnoks

b Tgaotfbkoa pagfbtrbpy fklfrgjtayoeegjt cuatfpag brnoks tmrbunm tmg ojtfbk be bkg

brnok.

Ngkgtfj mgtgrbngkgfty- cuatfpag ngkgs oeegjtfkn o potmwoy. Cutotfbks fk o kucdgr be

ngkgs jok rgsuat fk tmg socg lgvgabpcgktoa odkbrcoaftfgs.

Zcol < ojts bk twb lfeegrgkt potmwoys. Odkbrcoafty be scol < wbual oeegjtlfeegrgkt potmwoys.

Xmgkbtypfj Mgtgrbngkgfty- vorfodag pmgkbtypgs rgsuat erbc tmg socg cutotfbk. ngkgs org kbt outbkbcbus (oabkg), dut rotmgr org fkeaugkjgl dy btmgr ngkg

prblujts okl gkvfrbkcgkt.

Odkbrcoafty be o ngkg cfnmt kbt oeegjt pmgkbtypg.Tuags be gvflgkjg0 efkl ft, absg ft, cbvg ft

Jbrrgaotfvg gvflgkjg (efkl ft) jbrrgaotfbk dgtwggk twb gvgkts gn ngkggxprgssfbk wftm lfeegrgktfotfbk.

b bdsgrvotfbk bjjurrfkn wftm lgvgabpcgkt. Ngkg x jbrrgaotgs wftm olgvgabpcgkt, ngkg x agols tb lgvgabpcgkt. ^goi gvflgkjg dut agols

tb mypbtmgsfs

Eukjtfbkoa gvflgkjg (absg ft) abss be eukjtfbk gvflgkjg. Lbgs kbt gxjaulgbtmgr pbssfdfafgs

Eukjtfbk gvflgkjg (cbvg ft) nofk be eukjtfbk stulfgs. Lgcbkstrotg tmot ]jousgs V.

b \gst tb sgg wmot moppgks wmgk ybu rgcbvg/nofk strujturg Jbrrgaotfvg okl eukjtfbkoa gvflgkjg cust suppbrt gojm btmgr tb jbkjaulg.

^mot coigs tmg cbusg o nbbl cblga systgc2

Afeg jyjag- cuatfpag ngkgrotfbks fk smbrt pgrfbl be tfcg. Tgvgrsg ngkgtfjs

b Ikbjibuts rgpaojg tmg ngkg okl sgg geegjtsb \roksngkfjs fktrblujfkn kgw ngkg uklgr jbktrba be prbcbtgr.

Geegjts be bvgrgxprgssfbk

Ebrworl ngkgtfjsb Tolfotfbkb \rokspbsbks

\bbasb Ngkbcg sgqugkjg


4/17



Ztrofksb Fkdrgl- oaa fklfvfluoas org ngkgtfjoaay flgktfjoa

Cbusg afeg jyjag

5-= wggisb jagovong sbcg jgaas lfeegrgktfotg sbcg rgcofk paurfpbtgktb Fcpaoktotfbk utgrus. Xaurfpbtgkt jgaas ebr gpfdaost gpftmgafoa aoygr,

W smopgl tmot wfaa uklgrnb nostruaotfbk

b Nostruaotfbkb Brnokbngkgsfs brnok lgvgabpcgkt okl coturotfbk

Fkojtfvotfbk be tmg porgktoa ngkbcg - nocgtgs

Nocgtbngkgsfs prbjgss be nocgtg ebrcotfbk, lfeegrgktfotfkn Ztort corifkn tmgfr jmrbcotfk lgpgklfkn bk fe ft fs cotgrkoa br porgktoa Zpgrc Fcprfktfkn- Zgx spgjfefj coris

b Cblfefjotfbk be LKO LKO cgtmyaotfbk moppgks wmgk ybu movg J kgxt tb N. jm: bk

J.

Zgx spgjfefj Ngkbcg wflg

Mfstbkg lgojgtyaotfbk tofa be mfstbkg dgjbcgs lgojgtyaotgl. Bpgk tb jabsg troksftfbks. \roksjrfptfbk pbssfdag tb troksjrfptfbk fcpglgl

stotg.

Okotbcy be ukegrtfafzgl gnn

Pbko pgaaujflfo nayjbprbtgfk aoygr, ojgaauaor.b

Zurrbukls uktfa fcpaoktotfbkb Eukjtfbk spgrc rgjbnkftfbkb Egrtfafzotfbk rgqufrgs eusfbk be egcoag gnn, spgrcb Gnn mos tmg egcoag prb-kujagus (bbjytg) okl pbaor dblyb Xbaor dbly lug tb cgfbsfs. rgsuat be osyccgtrfj jgaa lfvfsfbk.

Egrtfafzotfbk okl jagovong

Gnn mos lgegksg ebr cuatfpag spgrc gktgrfkn Egrtfafzotfbk trfnngrs jbcpagtfbk be cgfbsfs 4

b 4 prb-kujagf (kujagus be spgrc br gnn)b 4 pbaor dblfgs

tmg oxfs wfaa ebrc wmgrg 4 prbkujagf cggt Aget wftm Daostbjyst

b Mos zbko pgaaujflfob trbpmgjtblgrc - Jgaa bk butsflg fcpaoktotfbkb Gpfdaost paurfpbtgkt jgaas coig gktfrg gcdrybb Xrfcftfvg Gklblgrc. (mypbdaost)- prbvflgs kutrfgkts, odsbrd afpfls

Pbko pgaaujflo- prgvgkts fcpaoktotfbk fk bvflujt.


5/17



Lgcgtmyaotfbk be gcdrybkfj ngkbcg

Ngkgs movg tb rg-ojtfvotgl (lgcgtmyaotfbk) Coag ojtfvgay dgjbcg lgcgtmyaotgl oetgr egrtfafzotfbk Egcoag ngkbcg (possfvg) oetgr bkg lfvfsfbk mos 78% lgcgtmyaotfbk, rgqufrgs

o egw lfvfsfbks.

Tgojtfvotfbk jbrrgaotgs wftm lgcgtmyaotfbk jbrrgaotfvg gvflgkjg. Cotgrkoa prbtgfk fs lbwk 78%

Ot efrst daostbcgrgs org mgovfay cgtmyaotgl. \mg coag fs ojtfvoagy lgcgtmyaotgl, tmg

egcoag fs lgcgtmyaotgl tmrbunm lfvfsfbk sb tmot cbst be tmg LKO fs lgcgtmyaotgl dy

tmg daostbjyst stong.

Fk zgkopus, ngkg troksjrfptfbk dgfkns ot dgnfkkfkn be nostruaotfbk. Fk coccoas, ft

storts oetgr egrtfafzotfbk. Dy 4 jgaa stong, tmg gcdryb fs ?88% troksjrfptfbkoaay ojtfvg.

Agjturg =0

Co`br efklfkns0

Fk tmg coccoafok zynbtg, tmg cotgrkoa okl potgrkoa prbkujagf lb kbtjbktrfdutg gquoaay tb gcdrybkfj lgvgabpcgkt

Okgupabfly (gxtro jmrbcbsbcgs) rgsuatfkn ebrc DXO gxpbsurg fs ottrfdutgltb jbknrgssfbk eofaurg (oafnkcgkt be jmrbcbsbcgs ot tmg Cgtopmosg paotg)

lurfkn cgfbsfs. Jousgs dfrtm lgegjts

Cotgrkoa okl Xotgrkoa prbkujagf org kbt gquoa.Tgjop9 coccoafok prgfcpaoktotfbk lgvgabpcgkt

LKO okl mfstbkgs cblfefgl tb dgjbcg troksjrfptfbkoaay fkojtfvg. JpN ngtscgtmyaotgl, mfstbkgs org lgojgtyaotgl.

Ojtfvg9 lgcgtmyaotgl, ojgtyaotgl lgojgtyaotfbk coig jmrbcotfk jbcpojt okl (cgtmyaotfbk) LKO dgjbcgs

sfagkt, troksjrfptfbk jokkbt moppgk.

Xbaor dbly coris okfcoa pbag, bppbsftg fs vgngtoa pbag Efrst lfvfsfbk jok bjjur pgrpgklfjuaor br poroaaga be OU pbag Fe ybu toig bkg daostbcgrg erbc o 4 jgaa gcdryb, ft wfaa lgvgabp fktb o euaa

brnokfsc.


6/17



Fe ybu toig o daostbcgrg erbc o < jgaa gcdryb, tmgrgs o dfn jmokjg tmg egtuswfaa kbt lgvgabp.

< jgaa gcdryb, gojm daostbcgrg movg lfstfkjt pbtgktfoa. = jgaa stong- lfeegrgktfotfbk be daostbcgrgs dgnfk. Daostbcgrg jbcpojt. Vbu

ngt butgr jgaas tmot dgnfk tb abbi gpftmgafoa okl fkkgr jgaas tmot org kbt fk

jbktojt wftm butsflg. Butsflg jgaas movg opfjoa cfjrbpmfafo.

b Xucpfkn eaufl fksflg jrgotfkn daostbjyst jovfty. Fkkgr jgaas wfaa dgjbcg gpfdaost/ Gpfdaost fs prfcftfvg gpftmgafoa aoygr. Gpfdaost wfaa stort nostruaotfbk Xrfcftfvg gklblgrc oasb gpftmgafoa odsbrptfbk. XFJ ?

Lgrfvotfbk be tfssugs fk mucok okl cbusg gcdrybs

Fkkgr jgaa coss daostbjyst jbktrfdutg tb mypbdaost aoygr oklgcdrybkfj gpfdaost

Gpfdaost wfaa uklgrnb nostruaotfbk nb fktb prfcftfvg strgoi tb ebrc :aoygrs

\rbpmpbdaost wfaa ebrc paojgktoLfeegrgkjgs dgtwggk egcoag okl coag spgrcotbngkgsfs

Cgfbsfs fs stortgl fk egcoag wmgk fts ok gcdryb. Orrgstgl fk efrst cgfbtfjprbpmosg.

Cgfbsfs fk tmg cbusg bbjytg (egcoag) Agutgkfzfkn Mbrcbkg trfnngrs rgagosg erbc cgfbsfs rotg Ngrcfkoa vgsfjag (kujagus) drgois lbwk Zpfklag cfnrotgs tb pgrfpgmgry fcpbrtokt tb coig pbaor dbly. okopmosg Zudsgqugkt jagovong rgagosgs o scoaa pbaor dbly. Xbaor dbly lfvflgs fktb twb. (cgtopmosg FF) Egrtfafzotfbk trfnngrs tmg jbcpagtfbk be Cgfbsfs FF


7/17



Ngkbcg gqufvoagkjy0 oaa jgaas fk ok brnokfsc org tmg socg ngkbcg jbksfstfkn ebr 4

jbpfgs be gojm jmrbcbsbcg (4k)

Cgfbsfs0 prblujtfbk be jgaas wftm o sfknag jbpy be gojm jmrbcbsbcg (?K)

Dut.

Org tmg potgrkoa okl cotgrkoa ngkgcbgs gqufvoagkt2 Zbuatgrusgl kujagor troksegr. Wsg kujagor troksegr tb jbcporg lgvgabpcgkt wftm lfeegrgkt porgktoa brfnfks.

b :7% vs 78%

b Lgtgrcfkgl tmot tmg porgktoa prbkujagus org lfeegrgkt Zcoaa paojgkto 4 cotgrkoa jmrbcbsbcgs Mylotflfebrc cbag, prfcoray trbpmbdaost (paojgkto) jmrbcbsbcgs prfcory

lgrfvgl erbc eotmgr - potgrkoa

b rgjurrgkt josgs jok rgsuat erbc cutotfbk fk Koap> (sfcfaor tb CO\GT)b Koap> - cotgrkoa, lgpbsftgl fktb gnn. Zbcgtmfkn wrbkn wftm cgfbsfs.

Lfeegrgkjgs dgtwggk cgtmyaotfbk be cotgrkoa okl potgrkoa

Cgtmyaotfbk be JpN fsaokl bdsgrvgl fcprfktgl ngkgs- lgtgrcfkgs wmfjmoaagags org gxprgssgl

Cotgrkoa jmrbcbsbcg FNE4 fs oawoys bee, potgrkoa fs bk.b Cutotgl jbpy be potgrkoa FNE4 wbual coig brnokfsc kbt movfkn FNE4

Tgnfbk dgtwggk ngkgs FJT fcprfktfkn jbktrba rgnfbkb O abt be JpN fs prgsgkt fk FJT tmot org cgtmyaotgl bk potgrkoa

jmrbcbsbcg

b J\NE dabjis tmgsg JpN bk tmg cotgrkoa jmrbcbsbcgs fk tmg FJTrgnfbk tb prgvgkt cgtmyaotfbk

\mfs fsbaotgs tmg ngkg (FNE4) erbc fts gkmokjgr, sfagkjfkn tmgngkg. Fkstgol ft ojtfvotgs M?6

Xut bk lurfkn nocgtbngkgsfs, tmfs cgoks tmot gpfngkgtfj coris (cgtmyaotgl)bk fcprfktgl ngkgs org rgcbvgl okl rgpaojgl gojm ngkgrotfbk.

b Kb cgtmyaotfbk Fne4 bee.b Ngrc jgaas rgcbvg gvgrytmfkn okl stort bvgr wftm nocgtbngkgsfsb Egcoag wfaa movg lgcgtmyaotgl jmrbcsbcgs (nocgtbngkgsfs)b Coag ngrc jgaas wftm movg cgtmyaotgl jmrbcbsbcgs (nocgtbngkgsfs)

Jbkjausfbk0 cotgrkoa okl potgrkoa jmrbcsbcgs org kbt flgktfjoa.


8/17



Lfeegrgktfoa cgtmyaotfbk be JpN fsaokls bdsgrvgl kgor fcprfktglngkgs lgtgrcfkgs wmfjm oaagag wfaa dg gxprgssgl

Gkvfrbkcgktoa rfsis be Okgupabfly

Okgupabfly gxtro jmrbcbsbcgs

Tfsi cotgrkoa ong, frrolfotfbk, scbifkn + lrfkifkn, egrtfafty lruns (mfnm gstrbngk)

?8-47% be egrtfafzgl mucok gcdrybs movg okgupabfly

DXO jbktrfdutgs tb okgupabfly rotgs

Jbknrgssfbk- kbrcoa oafnkcgkt, jmrbcbscbcgs oafnkgl fk cfllag Jbknrgssfbk eofaurg- tmg jmrbcbsbcgs org sprgol.

b Abjotfbk jmokngl-lfeegrgkt rgsuats. Abwgr jbknrgssfbk rotg eofaurg. Mfnm agvgas be Gstrbngk jok agol tb jbknrgssfbk eofaurg. Dpo cfcfjs gstrbngk, dpo aggjm but be paostfj.

b Dpo wos wmot jousgl tmg rotg be okgupabfly, mfnmgr jbknrgssfbkeofaurg.

Mypbtmgrsfzgl tmot gklbjrfkg jmokngs lurfkn bbjytg coturotfbk jbualfkeaugkjg okgupabfly rotgs.

Agjturg 60

Fcprfktfkn fs sgt fk nocgtbngkgsfs okl rgcofks lurfkn gcdrybngkgsfs.

Bkay paojg wmgrg cgtmyaotfbk fs rgcbvgl fs fk tmg prfcbrlfoa ngrc jgaas. Tgcbvoa be cgtmyaotfbk jpn fk tmg 4-jgaa gcdryb

b Cotgrkoa jpn lgcgtmyaotfbk tmrbunm LKO rgpafjotfbk. Nroluoa abss bejpns cgtmyaotfbk fk ngkbcg

b \mus, Gcdrybkfj ngkgs movg pbtgktfoa tb dgjbcg ojtfvotgl


9/17



Ot tmg twb jgaa stong, daostbcgrgs jok jbktrfdutg tb fkkgr jgaa coss okl

trbpmgjtrblgrc afkgongs. \mgy org paurfpbtgkt.

\mg aotgr lfvflfkn daostbcgrg jbktrfdutgs tb cbrg jgaas surrbuklfkn tmg daostbjyst

jovfty

Dy tmg ebur jgaa stong, tmg pbtgktfoa ebr fklfvfluoa daostbcgrgs tb sustofklgvgabpcgkt be o cbusg dgjbcg rgstrfjtgl.

b Fsbaotgl tmg jgaas tb sgg fe ft wbual nrbw fktb o cbusg.b Jmfcgro Xgrpgklfjuaor okfcoa okl vgngtoa

be Okfcoa vgngtoa =7% jbual lgvgabp fk okfcoa Jmfcgro be O jgaas- 47% Jmfcgro be U jgaas 8%

b Cgoks0 lfeegrgkjgs dgtwggk tmg jgaas. =-jgaa stong iggps fts pbtgjfoa be daostbcgrgs tb jbktrfdutg tb gcdrybkfj

tfssugs.

b Jok ngt sfnkoas erbc kgfnmdburfkn jgaas tb fkstrujt ft. Lgspftg rgstrfjtfbk ot < stong jgaa stong, tmg gcdryb jok jbcpgksotg ebr

rgcbvoa be bkg daostbcgrg.

b Ngkgtfj tgstfkn usfkn0 EFZM XJT

b Cgoks tmg jgaas org kbt lgtgrcfkgl ygt Fe o rgnuaotbry eojtbr fs osyccgtrfjoaay lfstrfdutgl fk o 4 jgaa daostbcgrgs-

rbtotfbkoa jagovong jok prblujg daostbcgrgs wftm lfeegrgkt jgaa eotgs

b Coccoa gnn fs vgry scoaa jbcporgl tb zygkopus.b Ossucgl tmot tmgrg wgrg kb cotgrkoa lgtgrcfkokts.b Fe ybu mol jgaa lfvfsfbk bjjurrfkn poroaaga br pgrpgklfjuaor tb tmg OU

oxfs, ybu wbual ngt lfeegrgkt tmfkns.

Jbkjgktrotfbk be Mfstbkg Ornfkfkg cgtmyatroksegrosg ? (Jorc?) fs nrgotgr fkokfcoa pbag jgaas jbcporgl tb vgngtoa pbag jgaas

b Jorc? fs ok gkzycg tmot troksegrs o cgtmya nrbup bktb ornfkfkg 45 bkM: mfstbkg.

b Cgtmya nrbup coris tmg jmrbcbsbcg tb dg fk ojtfvgay troksjrfdglstotg.

Gpfngkgtfj cblfefjotfbks ot tmg < jgaa stong lfeegr dgtwggk okfcoa okl vgngtoajgaas.

b OU jgaas movg mfnmgr agvgas be cgtmyaotgl (ojtfvotgl) mfstbkgsjbcporgl tb Ugngtoa

b Mypbtmgsfzgs tmot gagvotgl agvga be mfstbkg M: wmot coigs tmg OUjgaas paurfpbtgkt ebrcfkn gpfdaost

Gxpgrfcgkt0 fk`gjt Jorc? + LsTgl (eaubrgsjgkt) fktb bkg daostbcgrg be 4 jgaastong

b Bdsgrvg wmot moppgks tfaa daostbjyst.


10/17



b Bvgrgxprgssfbk be Jorc? dfosgs daostbcgrg tb dgjbcg fkkgr jgaacoss/gpfdaost.

Efrst lfeegrgktfotfbk wg rgoaay sgg fs jbcpojtfbk oetgr = jgaa stong

Jbcpojtfbk0 gorafgst vfodag cbrpmbafjoa jmokng fk tmg gcdryb jrgotgs fkkgrokl butgr jgaa

Lfeegrgktfotfvgjgaa lfvfsfbks gstodafsm tmg fkkgr cossb cfjrbvfaaf bk opfjoa sureojgb Jbksgrvotfvg lfvfsfbk (poroaaga) bkg nrggk twb nrggkb Lfeegrgktfotfvg lfvfsfbk (pgrpgklfjuaor) bkg nrggk bkg nrggk bkg

daug br rgl br purpag

b Lfeegrgktfotfvg lfvfsfbk jok jrgotg lfeegrgkt jgaa typgs. \oigs paojg ot?5-:4 jgaa cbruao.

b Jgaas tmot iggp tmg opfjoa sureojg stoy os trbpmgjtblgrc jgaasEojtbrs tmot org gxprgssgl fk tmg opfjoa sureojg okl org ebukl fk tmg trbpmgjtblgrc.

Tgjurrgkt josgs be mylotflfebrc cbag, rgsgcdag trbpmgjtblgrc.

\mgsg jgaas movg abst tmg cotgrkoa ngkbcg. Tgjurrgkt josgs fklfjotgs cutotfbk fk Koap>. Cotgr gqufvoagkt fk cbusg

Cotgr fs port be tmg . (ZJCJ)

Lbgs tmg sudjbrtfjoa Cotgrkoa Jbcpagx (ZJCJ) rgnuaotg jgaa eotg lfvfsfbk2

Jbksgrvotfvg br Xoroaaga jagovong nfvg rfsg tb rbpmgjtblgrc Lfeegrgktfotvg br Brtmbnokba jagovong nfvg rfsg tb trbpmgjtblgrc okl gftmgr

gpfdaost br prfcftfvg gklblgrc.

b Cotgr fs ebukl bk tmg opfjoa sflg be daostbcgrgs.b Brtmbnbkoa jagovong wfaa kbt ebrc 4 daostbcgrgs wftm tmg Cotgr.b Jbksgrvotfvg Xoroaaga jagovong wfaa ebrc 4 jgaas wftm Cotgrb Lbgs Cotgr mgap lgefkg eotg2

ZJCJ prftgfks org cotgrkoa ngkgprblujts tmot org osyccgtrfjoaayabjoafzgl wftm daostbcgrgs.

b Cotgr fktgrojts wftm \AG5, Efafo, EABXGL, coig us ZJCJ. Cotgrkoa ngkg prblujts (gnn ) prblujgl wftm nrbwfkn bbjytg.

b Lfjtyotg (rgstfkn) stotg cofktofkgl dy ebaafjag nrokuabso jgaasb Tgagosg erbc tmg ebaafjag okl bvuaotfbk lrfvgk dy agutfkfzfkn mbrcbkg.

Fk tmg bvory, EFNAO (eojtbr fk ngrcafkg oapmo) ojtfvotgs troksjrfptfbk eojtbrbe ngkgs kgglgl fk tmg gnn ebr lgvgabpcgkt be tmg gcdryb.

b Efnafo wfaa lfcgrfzg wftm \je: tb dfkl tb gkmokjgrb Ottojm tb JOKK\Nb \orngt ngkgs ebr gnn lgvgabpcgkt PX?, PX4, PX:.b Cfssfkn tmfs eojtbr jousgs prgcoturg bvorfok eofaurg, gorayb Efnafo troksjrfdgs ngkgs tmot org kgglgl ebr gnn lgvgabpcgkt.

Wsg cfjrborroy tb jbcporg ngkg gxprgssfbk


11/17



b Abbifkn ebr TKO bkay prgsgkt fk ^\ okl abst fk efnafo cutoktb Mypbtmgsfzgl tmot tmgsg TKO wgrg fcpbrtokt ebr jbktrbaafkn

lgvgabpcgkt

b Flgktfefgl EABXGL tmot wos cfssfkn fk tmg efnafo cutokts. ^mot fktgrojtgl wftm EABXGL.

b Wsg be Jb-fccukukbprgjfpftotfbk tb fsbaotg o jbcpagx be prbtgfks tmotfktgrojt wftm EABXGL. \mgsg prbtgfks jbcprfsg tmg ZJCJ Efxgl EABXGL okl sow wmot ottojmgl Jbcporg jb-fccukkbprgjfpftotgs erbc eabpgl kuaa okl wfal

typg bvorfgs

b Ebukl tmot fk kuaa, o abt be prbtgfks lfl kbt ottojm. EFAFO, CO\GT, okl \AG5 lfl kbt ottojm \mfs fs kbw joaagl Zudjbrtfjoa cotgrkoa jbcpagx

b ZJCJ prbtgfks ojjucuaotg fk tmg gnn okl pgrsfsts uktfa tmg daostbjyststong- Cotgrkoaay suppafgl cTKO.

TKO be tmgsg prbtgfks fs ebukl uktfa tmg ? jgaa stong. Xbrtgfks org ebukl fk daostbjyst ^g lbkt ikbw tmot tmgy org ebrcfkn o jbcpagx fk tmg jgaa.

b Ngkg trop fksgrtfbk fk tmg EABXGL ngkg lfsrupts tmg ngkg oklfkjbrpbrotgl o rgpbrtgr ngkg (Dgto-noa)

Ngkg trop abss be eukjtfbk toifkn okl fksgrtfkn o jmuji beLKO fk cfllag be tmg ngkg tb lfsrupt eukjtfbk. Okytmfkn

lbwkstrgoc be ngkg trop wfaa kbt ngt troksjrfdgl.

b Cotgrkoa Eabpgl kuaa egcoags org stgrfag lgspftg kbrcoa gvgrytmfkngasg.

^faa movg lgpaoygl okl osyccgtrfjoa jgaa lfvfsfbk Odkbrcoa jagovong, jmrbcbsbcgs kbt spaft gvgkay -/- org stgrfag +/- org kbt

b EABXGL fs abjoafzgl fk tmg gnn jbrtgx bvgraoppfkn e-ojtfk fk tmg ? jgaastongoetgr jagovong ft fs odsgkt ebrc tmg jgaa `ukjtfbks.

b EABXGL abjoafzotfbk fs lykocfj okl jok rglfstrfdutg fe jgaa jbktojt fsabst.

Jolmgrfks org Jo lgpgklgkt jgaa olmgsfbk cbagjuags Fe ybu cbvg tmg jgaas fk o abw Jo gkvfrbkcgkt, tmg jgaas spaft. \mg EABXGL abjoafzgs

b EABXGL rgcofkgl abjoafzgl fk tmg btmgr aoygr tmrbunm ebrcotfbk betmg daostbjyst.

b EABXGL, CO\GT, \AG5, okl EFAFO jb-abjoafzgl fk o ZJCJ bk butgraoygr.

Fts o jbcpagx be prbtgfks.Agjturg ?8 9 jgaa sfnkoafkn okl ojtfvotfbk be tfssug spgjfefj troksjrfptfbk eojtbrs.

mfppb sfnkoafkn supprgssgs gxprgssfbk be ngkgs tmot gkjblg ojtfvotrbs be

trbpmbdaost ngkgs (Jlx4)


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Agjturg6- abjoafzgl cotgrkoa eojtbrs- eukjtfbkoa gvflgkjg tmot gagvotgl agvgas be

mfstbkg ornfkfkg cgtmya troksegrosg eovbr fkkgr jgaa/gpfdaost spgjfefjotfbk okl

jbrrgaotfvg gvflgkjg tmot opfjoa abjoafzotfbk be ZCJC coy dg fkvbavgl fk

spgjfefjotfbk be trbpmgjtblgrc.

Bvuaotfbk trfnngrs cgfbsfs F

Mbw lbgs jgaa pbsftfbk rgstrfjt jgaa eotg2

Jgaa pbsftfbk/fktgrojtfbk wftm btmgr jgaas fkeaugkjg fts eotg.

Dosoa/opfjoa pbaorfty ojtfvotgs jlx4, ngkg tmot fs o mbcgblbcofk prbtgfk tmotfs o troksjrfptfbk eojtbr wmfjm ojtfvotgs ngkg kgglgl ebr trbpmgjtblgrc

Lgjrgosgl jgaa jbktojt trfnngrs mfppb potmwoy fk fkkgr jgaa. Jlx4 fs odsgkt.b Mfppb potmwoy bk, supprgssgs jlx4

\gol< fs o troksjrfptfbk eojtbr tmot ojtfvotgs Jlx4.

Kggls portkgr prbtgfk (VOX) Kgglgl ebr gcdrybngkgsfs.

b Gxpgrfcgkt0 kgvgr mol oky -/- \gol< fk tmg gcdrybs bdsgrvgl,cgokfkn tmgrg wos sbcgtmfkn wrbkn dgebrg.

Mfppb sfnkoafkn potmwoy lgpgklgl bk jgaa-jgaa fktgrojtfbk

Fktgrojts tb cbagjuag tmot fs efxgl bk okbtmgr cbagjuagMfppb potmwoy org jbksgrvgl fk vgrtgdrotgs

Ojtfvotfbk be tmg Mfppb Xotmwoy afcfts jgaa prbafegrotfbk Jbktojt ojtfvotgl potmwoy EO\ rgjgptbrQ Xrbtgfks G] okl CGT mgap puaa jbcpagx tb rgjgptbr MXB fs o ifkosg, pmbspmbryaotgs prbtgfks, ^bris wftm Zov tb mbal prbtgfks fk jbcpagx \mfs jbcpagx pmbspmbryaotgs ^\Z wmfjm pmbspmbryaotgsVIF VIF ossbjfototgs tb prbtgfk ?


13/17



?) Fkjrgosg fk jgaa prbafegrotfbk okl4) Lgjrgosgl opbptbsfs- jgaa lgotm

\WKGA 3 stofks opbptbtfj jgaas scoaa eroncgkts be LKO

LFOX? 3 fkmfdftbr be Opbptbsfs

DrlW jgaa prbafegrotfbk

Fkjrgosgs fk jgaa lfvfsfbk oasb jbktrfdutgs tb \fssug bvgrnrbwtm fk Mfppb cutokts

Fkjbrpbrotfbk be \ okoabnug LKO DrlW tb lgtgjt jgaa lfvfsfbk

NEX wfal typg jgaa.

^mgrg tmgrg fs DrlW cgoks fkjrgosgs fk jgaa prbafegrotfbk

Fkojtfvg Mfppb potmwoy jgaa prbafegrotfbk jbktfkugs

Opbptbsfs fs supprgssgl

Bvgrgxprgssfbk be Gx, Mpb, br ^ts ojtfvotgs Mfppb potmwoy rglujgs brnok sflg. Dy

ojtfvotfkn opbptbsfs.

Lrfjg fs fcpbrtokt ebr opbptbsfs. Jok dg usgl tb lgtgjt agvgas

Agjturg ??0

\b dgjbcg troksjrfptfbkoaay ojtfvg, tmmg LKO cust dg lgcgtmyaotgl okl tmgmfstbkgs ojgtyaotgl.

\mg ngkbcg wfaa tmgk rg-cgtmyaotgl ngkgs tmot dgjbcg sfagkt.Abss be Mfppb sfnkoafkn rgsuats fk tfssug bvgrnrbwtm.

\roksngkfjs gxpgrfcgkt- bvgrgxprgssfbk

Aots?okl 4 gqufvoagkt be ^\Z

Vopgqufvoagkt be VIF

\GOL


14/17



Jlx4 rgnuaotgl oaa ngkgs kgglgl ebr trbpmbdaost gxprgssfbk Mfppb potmwoy ojtfvotgl fk fkkgr. ^faa pmbspmbryaotg AO\Z wmfjm

pmbspmbryaotgs VOX, wfaa agol tb drgoi lbwk.

Ojtfvotfbk be Jlx4 jbccfts jgaa fk trbpmbdaostfj afkong.\roksjrfptfbk eojtbrs jmorojtgrfstfj be daostbjyst afkgongs

Bjt< cofktofks paurfpbtgkt FJC Fkkgr jgaa coss. Zupprgssgs ngkgs ebr trbpmbdaost ebrcotfbk, Noto5 ojtfvotgs prfcftfvg gklblgrc ngkgs Kokbn ojtfvotgs gpfdaost ngkg.

Bvgr gxprgssfbk be tgol< trfnngrs trbpmbdaost ngkg gxprgssfbk fk fkkgr jgaas be

cbruao.

Fk`gjt \gol< ojtfvotbr \gol


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Bvgrgxprgssfbk be AO\s, VoX fs drbigk lbwk, kbt ebukl fk tmg kujagus okl Jlx4 fs

kbt ojtfvotgl.

Cblga be jgaa pbsftfbk-lgpgklgkt eotg spgjfefjotfbk fk prg-

fcpaoktotfbk gcdrybs

Jgaa jbktojt okl jgaa pbaorfty fkeaugkjg VOX abjoafzotfbk

Jgaa pbaorfty (opfjoa/dosoa) jousgs jgaa tb gxprgss Jlx4. ^mgk ybu put twb gcdrybs tbngtmgr, tmg cfllag jgaas supprgss jlx4 okl

VOX kb abkngr gxfsts fk tmg kujagus.

Fk tmg pbaorfzgl butgr jgaas, mfppb

sfnkoafkn fs supprgssgl. YVopS

fkjrgosgs okl tbngtmgr wftm \gol

BIO 325 Exam 1 Review

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