8/12/2019 Bio 2nd Semester Final Outline

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Biology 2ndSemester FinalChapters 13, 14, 18, 19. 26, 27, 28, 30

Chapter 13See crossword

selective breeding

o uses and results (genetic variation)

genetic variation

o sources (radiation, chemicals, mutations) genetic engineering

o restriction enzymes (when and how used)

o gel electrophoresis (when used and how it works)

o sequencing DNA

o recombinant DNA

o !" (uses)

o practical uses (mass producing proteins, cloning)

!ell trans#ormation

o use o# plasmids and restriction enzymes

o transgenic organisms

Chapter 14

See crossword

karyotypes (use and analysis)

o se$ chromosomes vs% autosomes (numbers o# each)

pedigrees (use and analysis)

o recessive, dominant, and codominant, and se$&linked

genetic disorders (know types and distinguishing #actors)

o genes

!ystic 'ibrosis, (recessive)

*untington+s (dominant)

sickle cell (codominant)o se$&linked

colorblindness, hemophilia, muscular dystrophy

o chromosomal (non&disunction)

Down Syndrome (trisomy -.)

line#elter+s (//0, ///0)

DNA analysis

o DNA #ingerprinting (use)

o *uman 1enome roect (goals)

gene therapy (when it+s used and how it works)

Chapter 18

2 Domain34 ingdom "eview !ards

5a$onomy (levels called ta$ons)

"ules o# binomial nomenclature and purpose

6innaeus+s system o# !lassi#ication (species, genus, #amily, order, class, phylum, kingdom)

7odern evolutionary classi#ication

o based on evolutionary innovations (aka derived characters)

o organized in cladograms

o show common ancestors

o genetically based

7odern ingdoms and Domains (characteristics o# each)

8/12/2019 Bio 2nd Semester Final Outline

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o 2 Domains (Archaea, 8acteria, 9ukarya)

o 4 ingdoms (9ubacteria, Archaebacteria, rotista, 'ungi, lantae, Animalia)

Chapter 19

See 8acteria3:irus "eview !ards

!lassi#ication o# rokaryotes

o 9ubacteria vs% Archaebacteria (di##erences between the two)

;denti#ying prokaryotes

o Shape (bacilli, cocci, spirilla)o 7ovement (#lagella)

o 9nergy use (chemoheterotrophs, photoheterotrophs, photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs)

1rowth and "eproduction

o binary #ission vs conugation

ses o# bacteria (nitrogen #i$ation, decomposers)

:irus structure and #unction (capsid, DNA and "NA)

5ypes o# viruses (bacteriophages, retroviruses)

:irus in#ection

o lytic vs lysogenic

athogens (bacterial and viral)

o 8acterial (cell destruction vs to$ins) prevention (vaccines, antibiotics, sterilization, disin#ectants)

o :iral

prevention (vaccines)

:iroids vs% rions

Chapter 26

See Simple Animals "eview !ards

!haracteristics o# animals

o invertebrate vs% vertebrate

!haracterisitics o# comple$ animals and development

o protostome vs% deuterostome

o three germ layers (#ormation)

o body symmetry (radial vs% bilateral)

o !ephalization

9ssential #unctions #or each o# the #ollowing (#eeding, respiration, circulation, e$cretion, response, movement,

reproduction) as well as