BIO 210 Chapter 13 Supplement 3 The Central Nervous System
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Transcript of BIO 210 Chapter 13 Supplement 3 The Central Nervous System
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BIO 210 Chapter 13Supplement 3
The Central Nervous System
PowerPoint by John McGillSupplemental Notes by Beth
Wyatt
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CEREBRUM
Largest, Uppermost Division STRUCTURE
CEREBRAL HEMISHPERES LOBES
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CEREBRAL HEMISHPERES
2 Halves of the Cerebrum That are Joined
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Sheep Brain: Cerebral Hemispheres
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LOBES of the CEREBRUM LOBES
Cerebrum is Divided into Lobes by Fissures
Majority of Lobes Named After Bones FRONTAL LOBE PARIETAL LOBE TEMPORAL LOBE OCCIPITAL LOBE INSULA
Lies Hidden in the Lateral Fissure
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LOBES of the CEREBRUM: Insula
Lies Hidden in the Lateral Fissure (a.k.a. lateral sulcus)
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Insula Photos
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Cerebral Fissures FISSURES (4 Major)
LONGITUDINAL FISSURE (next slide)
CENTRAL SULCUS (aka central fissure)
LATERAL FISSURE PARIETALOCCIPITAL
FISSURE
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Cerebral Fissures: Longitudinal
Deepest; Divides Cerebrum into 2 Hemispheres
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Cerebral Fissures: Central Sulcus
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Cerebral Fissures: Lateral Fissures
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Cerebral Fissures: Parietaloccipital
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CEREBRAL CORTEX
CONVOLUTIONS (GYRI) are Folds SULCI are Grooves
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Cerebrum vs. Cerebellum
Cerebral Cortex has Convolutions and Sulci as Cerebellum, Both Larger in Cerebrum
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Cerebral Tracts White Matter of the
Cerebrum Lies Below the Cortex Cerebrum Has 3
Major Kinds of Tracts PROJECTION TRACTS ASSOCIATION TRACTS COMMISSURAL TRACTS
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PROJECTIONTRACTS are
Extensions of Tracts of Spinal Cord & Brainstem, ascending & descending. Example of Ascending
(Sensory) spinothalamic
Example of Descending (Motor) corticospinal
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Projection Tracts: Sensory/Ascending-spinothalamic
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Projection Tracts: Motor/Descending-corticospinal
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ASSOCIATION TRACTS
Tracts That Extend From 1 Convolution to Another Convolution in the SAME Hemisphere
Most Numerous
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COMMISSURAL TRACTS
Tracts That Extend From 1 Convolution to a Corresponding Convolution in the OPPOSITE Hemisphere
Compose the Corpus Callosum
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Additional Cerebral Structures
CEREBRAL NUCLEI (BASAL GANGLIA) CORPUS CALLOSUM SEPTUM PELLUCIDUM
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CEREBRAL NUCLEI (BASAL GANGLIA)
Gray Matter Located Deep Within the Cerebrum’s White Matter
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CEREBRAL NUCLEI (BASAL GANGLIA)
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CORPUS CALLOSUM
White Curved Structure That Joins the 2 Cerebral Hemispheres
Composed of Commissural Tracts
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SEPTUM PELLUCIDUM
Membrane That Lies Below the Corpus Callosum Covers the Lateral Ventricles
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FUNCTIONS OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX
Organized Into 3 Groups SENSORY, MOTOR, & INTEGRATIVE.
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FUNCTIONS OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX
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SENSORY FUNCTIONS OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX
Cortex Involved in the Interpretation of Sensations
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MAJOR SENSORY AREAS OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX
PRIMARY SOMATIC SENSORY AREA (POSTCENTRAL GYRUS): CONTAINS SOMATIC SENSORY MAP
VISUAL CORTEX (OCCIPITAL LOBE)
PRIMARY AUDITORY AREA (TRANSVERSE GYRUS)
PRIMARY TASTE AREA
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MAJOR SENSORY AREAS
PRIMARY SOMATIC SENSORY AREA POSTCENTRAL GYRUS
CONTAINS SOMATIC SENSORY MAP Major Area Involved in the Interpretation of
General Sensations Located in the Postcentral Gyrus (Parietal Lobe) Contains a Somatic Sensory (General Sense) Map
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VISUAL CORTEX (OCCIPITAL LOBE)
Major Area Involved in the Interpretation of Vision Located in the Occipital Lobe
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PRIMARY AUDITORY AREA (TRANSVERSE GYRUS)
Major Area Involved in the Interpretation of Hearing Located in the Transverse Gyrus (Temporal Lobe)
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PRIMARY TASTE AREA
Major Area Involved in the Interpretation of Taste
Located in the Postcentral Gyrus
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ASSOCIATION AREAS
Areas that Assist the Major Sensory Areas in the Interpretation of Sensations
In Addition, Other Areas of the Brain are Also Involved in the Interpretation of Sensation (i.e., Mamillary Bodies, Corpora Quadrigemina, Thalamus)
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MOTOR FUNCTIONS OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX
Cortex also Involved the Producing Normal Voluntary Movements of Skeletal Muscles
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MOTOR FUNCTIONS OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX
Movements of Skeletal Muscles PRIMARY SOMATIC MOTOR AREA (PRECENTRAL GYRUS): CONTAINS
SOMATIC MOTOR MAP Major Area Responsible for Producing Voluntary Movements (Nerve Impulses
Begin Here) Located in the Precentral Gyrus (Frontal Lobe) Contains a Somatic Motor (Skeletal Muscle) Map
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Sensory & Motor Maps
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Motor Functions continued… PREMOTOR AREA
Assists the Major Motor Area in Producing Voluntary Movements
Located in the Frontal Lobe
In Addition, Other Areas of the Brain are Also Involved in Producing Normal Voluntary Movements (i.e., Cerebellum, Cerebral Nuclei, Thalamus)
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Integrative Functions
3 cerebral functions: Sensory Motor Integrative
Integrative Functions Reticular Activating System-awareness Language-understanding & speech Limbic System-emotions Memory
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INTEGRATIVE FUNCTIONS: Awareness
CONSCIOUSNESS RETICULAR ACTIVATING SYSTEM Awareness of One's Self, the Environment, Others
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INTEGRATIVE FUNCTIONS: Awareness
Involves the Reticular Activating System (RAS) RAS = Neuron Pathways of the Reticular Formation, Brainstem,
Hypothalamus, Thalamus, Areas of the Cerebral Cortex Mechanism: As NI are Continuously Conducted Over the RAS and
Excite Key Areas of the Cerebral Cortex, Consciousness Results RAS Functions as the Arousal (Alerting) Mechanism
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Integrative functions: LANGUAGE (SPEECH
CENTERS) The 2 major
Speech Centers Include: Wernicke's Area:
Sensory Speech Area (Understanding Language)
Broca's Area: Motor Speech Area (Use of Language) Speech Centers Are
Usually Located in the Left Cerebral Hemisphere
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Integrative functions: EMOTIONS (LIMBIC SYSTEM)
Limbic System Structures Form a Curving Border Around the Corpus Callosum E.g. Cingulate gyrus & Hippocampus
Involved in Both the Experience and the Expression of Emotions
There Are Other Areas of the Cerebral Cortex Important in the Expression of Emotions
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Integrative functions: Memory
Considered a Major Function of the Cerebral Cortex Involves Many Areas of the Cerebral Cortex Also Appears to Involve the Limbic System
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Memory Formation
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Memory Involves Many Brain Areas
Most activities involve multiple brain areas Consider hearing and then repeating
words: impulses start in the ear and end in the precentral gyrus
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GENERALIZATIONS ABOUT CEREBRAL FUNCTIONS
LEFT AND RIGHT HEMISPHERES SPECIALIZE IN DIFFERENT FUNCTIONS Left: Language, Right: Nonlanguage (i.e., Images or Nonspeech
Sounds) Both Hemispheres Work Together to Accomplish Functions
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CEREBRAL ACTIVITY GOES ON AS LONG AS LIFE ITSELF (EEG)
Cerebral Activity: Nerve Impulses (Measured as Brain Waves)
Absence of Brain Waves = Death (Brain Death) Evidence Comes From EEG Electroencephalogram:
Measures Brain Waves)
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SENSORY PATHWAYS
FOR THE CEREBRAL CORTEX TO PERFORM ITS SENSORY FUNCTIONS, IMPULSES MUST BE CONDUCTED TO ITS SENSORY AREAS ALONG SENSORY PATHWAYS Example: Spinothalamic Sensory Pathways: See Handout & Next
Slide Sensory Pathways Are Crossed
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SENSORY PATHWAYS
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Motor Pathways
FOR THE CEREBRAL CORTEX TO PERFORM ITS MOTOR FUNCTIONS, IMPULSES MUST BE CONDUCTED FROM ITS MOTOR AREAS TO SKELETAL MUSCLES ALONG SOMATIC MOTOR PATHWAYS Example: Corticospinal Somatic Motor Pathways: See Handout & Next
Slide Most (Though Not All) Somatic Motor Pathways
Are Crossed
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Motor Pathways
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LEFT BRAIN & RIGHT BRAIN
LEFT AND RIGHT HEMISPHERES SPECIALIZE IN DIFFERENT FUNCTIONS due to ascending and descending pathways being crossed.