Phylogenetic systematics, biogeography, and evolutionary ...
Bio 2 Plant and Animal Biology 2... · The Science of Phylogenetic Systematics Classical...
Transcript of Bio 2 Plant and Animal Biology 2... · The Science of Phylogenetic Systematics Classical...
![Page 1: Bio 2 Plant and Animal Biology 2... · The Science of Phylogenetic Systematics Classical Evolutionary Systematics –most commonly used up until recently –based on shared homologous](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060404/5f0efbc37e708231d441e7fc/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Bio 2 Plant and Animal Biology
![Page 2: Bio 2 Plant and Animal Biology 2... · The Science of Phylogenetic Systematics Classical Evolutionary Systematics –most commonly used up until recently –based on shared homologous](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060404/5f0efbc37e708231d441e7fc/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Evolution
Evolution as the
explanation
for life’s unity
and diversity
![Page 3: Bio 2 Plant and Animal Biology 2... · The Science of Phylogenetic Systematics Classical Evolutionary Systematics –most commonly used up until recently –based on shared homologous](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060404/5f0efbc37e708231d441e7fc/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Darwinian Revolution
Two main Points
– Descent with
Modification
– Natural Selection
![Page 4: Bio 2 Plant and Animal Biology 2... · The Science of Phylogenetic Systematics Classical Evolutionary Systematics –most commonly used up until recently –based on shared homologous](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060404/5f0efbc37e708231d441e7fc/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Biological Species
A group of populations whose
members have the potential to
interbreed in nature and produce viable,
fertile offspring
![Page 5: Bio 2 Plant and Animal Biology 2... · The Science of Phylogenetic Systematics Classical Evolutionary Systematics –most commonly used up until recently –based on shared homologous](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060404/5f0efbc37e708231d441e7fc/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Two Patterns of Evolutionary Change
Anagenesis
Cladogenesis
![Page 6: Bio 2 Plant and Animal Biology 2... · The Science of Phylogenetic Systematics Classical Evolutionary Systematics –most commonly used up until recently –based on shared homologous](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060404/5f0efbc37e708231d441e7fc/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
![Page 7: Bio 2 Plant and Animal Biology 2... · The Science of Phylogenetic Systematics Classical Evolutionary Systematics –most commonly used up until recently –based on shared homologous](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060404/5f0efbc37e708231d441e7fc/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Allopatric Speciation
![Page 8: Bio 2 Plant and Animal Biology 2... · The Science of Phylogenetic Systematics Classical Evolutionary Systematics –most commonly used up until recently –based on shared homologous](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060404/5f0efbc37e708231d441e7fc/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Evidence of Allopatric Speciation
![Page 9: Bio 2 Plant and Animal Biology 2... · The Science of Phylogenetic Systematics Classical Evolutionary Systematics –most commonly used up until recently –based on shared homologous](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060404/5f0efbc37e708231d441e7fc/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Allopatric Speciation
![Page 10: Bio 2 Plant and Animal Biology 2... · The Science of Phylogenetic Systematics Classical Evolutionary Systematics –most commonly used up until recently –based on shared homologous](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060404/5f0efbc37e708231d441e7fc/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Allopatric Speciation
1. Small Population
2. Isolation
3. Different
Environmental
Conditions
![Page 11: Bio 2 Plant and Animal Biology 2... · The Science of Phylogenetic Systematics Classical Evolutionary Systematics –most commonly used up until recently –based on shared homologous](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060404/5f0efbc37e708231d441e7fc/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Sympatric Speciation
Autopolyploidy
– Examples:
Maidenhair Fern
Bufo pewzowi
Cell
division
error 2n=6 Tetraploid Cell
4n=12
2n
2n
New Species
(4n) Gametes produced
by Tetraploid
![Page 12: Bio 2 Plant and Animal Biology 2... · The Science of Phylogenetic Systematics Classical Evolutionary Systematics –most commonly used up until recently –based on shared homologous](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060404/5f0efbc37e708231d441e7fc/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Sympatric Speciation
Allopolyploidy
– Examples:
Triticum aestivum
Gray Treefrog
![Page 13: Bio 2 Plant and Animal Biology 2... · The Science of Phylogenetic Systematics Classical Evolutionary Systematics –most commonly used up until recently –based on shared homologous](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060404/5f0efbc37e708231d441e7fc/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Hybrid Zone
![Page 14: Bio 2 Plant and Animal Biology 2... · The Science of Phylogenetic Systematics Classical Evolutionary Systematics –most commonly used up until recently –based on shared homologous](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060404/5f0efbc37e708231d441e7fc/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Hybrid Zone
![Page 15: Bio 2 Plant and Animal Biology 2... · The Science of Phylogenetic Systematics Classical Evolutionary Systematics –most commonly used up until recently –based on shared homologous](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060404/5f0efbc37e708231d441e7fc/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Hybrid Zone
Over time
– Reinforcement
Strengthening of reproductive barriers
– Fusion
Weakening of reproductive barriers
– Stability
Continued production of hybrid
individuals
![Page 16: Bio 2 Plant and Animal Biology 2... · The Science of Phylogenetic Systematics Classical Evolutionary Systematics –most commonly used up until recently –based on shared homologous](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060404/5f0efbc37e708231d441e7fc/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Adaptive Radiation
The emergence of
numerous species
from a common
ancestor introduced
into an environment,
presenting a
diversity of new
opportunities and
problems
![Page 17: Bio 2 Plant and Animal Biology 2... · The Science of Phylogenetic Systematics Classical Evolutionary Systematics –most commonly used up until recently –based on shared homologous](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060404/5f0efbc37e708231d441e7fc/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Adaptive Radiation (Silversword Alliance - Tarweed)
![Page 18: Bio 2 Plant and Animal Biology 2... · The Science of Phylogenetic Systematics Classical Evolutionary Systematics –most commonly used up until recently –based on shared homologous](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060404/5f0efbc37e708231d441e7fc/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Macroevolution: Evolutionary Change on a
Grand Scale Punctuated
Equilibrium
Gradualism
Time
![Page 19: Bio 2 Plant and Animal Biology 2... · The Science of Phylogenetic Systematics Classical Evolutionary Systematics –most commonly used up until recently –based on shared homologous](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060404/5f0efbc37e708231d441e7fc/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Gradualism
Also called
“Neodarwinism”
Small changes
over time
Supporter: Ernst
Mayr
![Page 20: Bio 2 Plant and Animal Biology 2... · The Science of Phylogenetic Systematics Classical Evolutionary Systematics –most commonly used up until recently –based on shared homologous](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060404/5f0efbc37e708231d441e7fc/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Gradualism
Populational - new traits become
established in a population by
increasing their frequency from a small
fraction of the population to the
majority
![Page 21: Bio 2 Plant and Animal Biology 2... · The Science of Phylogenetic Systematics Classical Evolutionary Systematics –most commonly used up until recently –based on shared homologous](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060404/5f0efbc37e708231d441e7fc/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Gradualism Phenotypic –
New traits, even
those that are
strikingly
different from
ancestral ones
are produced in
small increments
![Page 22: Bio 2 Plant and Animal Biology 2... · The Science of Phylogenetic Systematics Classical Evolutionary Systematics –most commonly used up until recently –based on shared homologous](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060404/5f0efbc37e708231d441e7fc/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Gradualism
Phyletic - On a
geological time
scale, there are
intermediate forms
connecting the
phenotypes of
ancestors and
descendents
![Page 23: Bio 2 Plant and Animal Biology 2... · The Science of Phylogenetic Systematics Classical Evolutionary Systematics –most commonly used up until recently –based on shared homologous](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060404/5f0efbc37e708231d441e7fc/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Punctuated Equilibrium Supporters: Niles
Eldredge & Stephen J. Gould
Speciation occurs in episodic events – large periods of time with little change and short periods of time with large changes
![Page 24: Bio 2 Plant and Animal Biology 2... · The Science of Phylogenetic Systematics Classical Evolutionary Systematics –most commonly used up until recently –based on shared homologous](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060404/5f0efbc37e708231d441e7fc/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Macroevolution through many Speciation Events
![Page 25: Bio 2 Plant and Animal Biology 2... · The Science of Phylogenetic Systematics Classical Evolutionary Systematics –most commonly used up until recently –based on shared homologous](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060404/5f0efbc37e708231d441e7fc/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Macroevolution through many Speciation Events
Evolutionary Novelties
Evolution of Genes that control
development
– Changes in Spatial Pattern
– Changes in Rate and Timing
![Page 26: Bio 2 Plant and Animal Biology 2... · The Science of Phylogenetic Systematics Classical Evolutionary Systematics –most commonly used up until recently –based on shared homologous](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060404/5f0efbc37e708231d441e7fc/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Origin of Evolutionary Novelty
Most novelties
are modified
versions of older
structures
– Exaptation -
preadaptation
![Page 27: Bio 2 Plant and Animal Biology 2... · The Science of Phylogenetic Systematics Classical Evolutionary Systematics –most commonly used up until recently –based on shared homologous](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060404/5f0efbc37e708231d441e7fc/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Evolution of Genes that Control Development
Julian Huxley - Modern
Synthesis
– Gradual evolution can
be explained by small
genetic changes that
produce variation
which is acted upon
by natural selection
![Page 28: Bio 2 Plant and Animal Biology 2... · The Science of Phylogenetic Systematics Classical Evolutionary Systematics –most commonly used up until recently –based on shared homologous](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060404/5f0efbc37e708231d441e7fc/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Evolution of Genes that Control Development
Julian Huxley - Modern
Synthesis
– The evolution at
higher taxonomic
levels and of greater
magnitude can be
explained by long
periods of time
![Page 29: Bio 2 Plant and Animal Biology 2... · The Science of Phylogenetic Systematics Classical Evolutionary Systematics –most commonly used up until recently –based on shared homologous](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060404/5f0efbc37e708231d441e7fc/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Evolution of Genes that control Development
Forms change
Natural Selection is
the force driving
change
How did it occur?
![Page 30: Bio 2 Plant and Animal Biology 2... · The Science of Phylogenetic Systematics Classical Evolutionary Systematics –most commonly used up until recently –based on shared homologous](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060404/5f0efbc37e708231d441e7fc/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Evolution of Genes that control Development
“Evo-devo” – How
does it occur?
![Page 31: Bio 2 Plant and Animal Biology 2... · The Science of Phylogenetic Systematics Classical Evolutionary Systematics –most commonly used up until recently –based on shared homologous](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060404/5f0efbc37e708231d441e7fc/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Evolution of Genes that control Development
“Evo-devo” - Tool-kit
of master genes
![Page 32: Bio 2 Plant and Animal Biology 2... · The Science of Phylogenetic Systematics Classical Evolutionary Systematics –most commonly used up until recently –based on shared homologous](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060404/5f0efbc37e708231d441e7fc/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Changes in Spatial Pattern
Homeotic Genes
(Hox Genes)
position information
![Page 33: Bio 2 Plant and Animal Biology 2... · The Science of Phylogenetic Systematics Classical Evolutionary Systematics –most commonly used up until recently –based on shared homologous](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060404/5f0efbc37e708231d441e7fc/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Changes in Spatial Pattern
![Page 34: Bio 2 Plant and Animal Biology 2... · The Science of Phylogenetic Systematics Classical Evolutionary Systematics –most commonly used up until recently –based on shared homologous](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060404/5f0efbc37e708231d441e7fc/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Changes in Spatial Pattern
Homeobox
![Page 35: Bio 2 Plant and Animal Biology 2... · The Science of Phylogenetic Systematics Classical Evolutionary Systematics –most commonly used up until recently –based on shared homologous](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060404/5f0efbc37e708231d441e7fc/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Changes in Spatial Pattern
Changes in
expression
patterns of
four Hox
genes over
time
![Page 36: Bio 2 Plant and Animal Biology 2... · The Science of Phylogenetic Systematics Classical Evolutionary Systematics –most commonly used up until recently –based on shared homologous](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060404/5f0efbc37e708231d441e7fc/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Changes in Rate and Timing
Allometric Growth
the variation in
the relative rates of
growth of various
parts of the body
![Page 37: Bio 2 Plant and Animal Biology 2... · The Science of Phylogenetic Systematics Classical Evolutionary Systematics –most commonly used up until recently –based on shared homologous](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060404/5f0efbc37e708231d441e7fc/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Heterochrony - evolutionary change in the
timing or rate of development
Changes in rate and timing
![Page 38: Bio 2 Plant and Animal Biology 2... · The Science of Phylogenetic Systematics Classical Evolutionary Systematics –most commonly used up until recently –based on shared homologous](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060404/5f0efbc37e708231d441e7fc/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Changes in rate and timing
Paedeomorphosis - retention of juvenile
features in an adult
![Page 39: Bio 2 Plant and Animal Biology 2... · The Science of Phylogenetic Systematics Classical Evolutionary Systematics –most commonly used up until recently –based on shared homologous](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060404/5f0efbc37e708231d441e7fc/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Changes in rate and timing
Paedeogenesis - sexual maturity in a larval
form
![Page 40: Bio 2 Plant and Animal Biology 2... · The Science of Phylogenetic Systematics Classical Evolutionary Systematics –most commonly used up until recently –based on shared homologous](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060404/5f0efbc37e708231d441e7fc/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Evolutionary Trends
Evolutionary
trends are
not goal
oriented
![Page 41: Bio 2 Plant and Animal Biology 2... · The Science of Phylogenetic Systematics Classical Evolutionary Systematics –most commonly used up until recently –based on shared homologous](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060404/5f0efbc37e708231d441e7fc/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
The Tree of Life
Biological Diversity
![Page 42: Bio 2 Plant and Animal Biology 2... · The Science of Phylogenetic Systematics Classical Evolutionary Systematics –most commonly used up until recently –based on shared homologous](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060404/5f0efbc37e708231d441e7fc/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
The Fossil Record
![Page 43: Bio 2 Plant and Animal Biology 2... · The Science of Phylogenetic Systematics Classical Evolutionary Systematics –most commonly used up until recently –based on shared homologous](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060404/5f0efbc37e708231d441e7fc/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
The Fossil Record
![Page 44: Bio 2 Plant and Animal Biology 2... · The Science of Phylogenetic Systematics Classical Evolutionary Systematics –most commonly used up until recently –based on shared homologous](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060404/5f0efbc37e708231d441e7fc/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
The Fossil Record
Sedimentary Rocks Hard Parts
![Page 45: Bio 2 Plant and Animal Biology 2... · The Science of Phylogenetic Systematics Classical Evolutionary Systematics –most commonly used up until recently –based on shared homologous](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060404/5f0efbc37e708231d441e7fc/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
The Fossil Record
Minerals replacing
organic material
Organic Material
![Page 46: Bio 2 Plant and Animal Biology 2... · The Science of Phylogenetic Systematics Classical Evolutionary Systematics –most commonly used up until recently –based on shared homologous](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060404/5f0efbc37e708231d441e7fc/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
The Fossil Record
Casts Trace Fossils
![Page 47: Bio 2 Plant and Animal Biology 2... · The Science of Phylogenetic Systematics Classical Evolutionary Systematics –most commonly used up until recently –based on shared homologous](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060404/5f0efbc37e708231d441e7fc/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
The Fossil Record Entire Organisms
![Page 48: Bio 2 Plant and Animal Biology 2... · The Science of Phylogenetic Systematics Classical Evolutionary Systematics –most commonly used up until recently –based on shared homologous](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060404/5f0efbc37e708231d441e7fc/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Dating Fossils
Absolute Dating (half-life)
![Page 49: Bio 2 Plant and Animal Biology 2... · The Science of Phylogenetic Systematics Classical Evolutionary Systematics –most commonly used up until recently –based on shared homologous](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060404/5f0efbc37e708231d441e7fc/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Relative Dating
Precambrian
(Archaean)
Origin of Earth
(4.6 bya)
Oldest known
rocks on
Earth’s surface
(3.8 bya)
![Page 50: Bio 2 Plant and Animal Biology 2... · The Science of Phylogenetic Systematics Classical Evolutionary Systematics –most commonly used up until recently –based on shared homologous](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060404/5f0efbc37e708231d441e7fc/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
History of the Earth
Precambrian
(Archaean)
Oldest
Prokaryotes (3.5
bya)
![Page 51: Bio 2 Plant and Animal Biology 2... · The Science of Phylogenetic Systematics Classical Evolutionary Systematics –most commonly used up until recently –based on shared homologous](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060404/5f0efbc37e708231d441e7fc/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
History of the Earth
Precambrian
(Archaean)
Oxygen (2.7
bya)
![Page 52: Bio 2 Plant and Animal Biology 2... · The Science of Phylogenetic Systematics Classical Evolutionary Systematics –most commonly used up until recently –based on shared homologous](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060404/5f0efbc37e708231d441e7fc/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Precambrian (Proterozoic) Oldest
Eukaryotes
(2.1 bya)
Diversification
of Multicellular
Eukaryotes
(542-635 mya)
![Page 53: Bio 2 Plant and Animal Biology 2... · The Science of Phylogenetic Systematics Classical Evolutionary Systematics –most commonly used up until recently –based on shared homologous](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060404/5f0efbc37e708231d441e7fc/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Paleozoic Era - Cambrian Period (488 – 542 mya)
Cambrian
Explosion
- Origin of
most
modern
animal
phyla
![Page 54: Bio 2 Plant and Animal Biology 2... · The Science of Phylogenetic Systematics Classical Evolutionary Systematics –most commonly used up until recently –based on shared homologous](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060404/5f0efbc37e708231d441e7fc/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Paleozoic Era - Ordovician Period
(488 – 444 mya)
Origin of
land plants
First
arthropods
on land
First
jawless fish
First Fungi
![Page 55: Bio 2 Plant and Animal Biology 2... · The Science of Phylogenetic Systematics Classical Evolutionary Systematics –most commonly used up until recently –based on shared homologous](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060404/5f0efbc37e708231d441e7fc/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Paleozoic Era - Silurian Period
(444 – 416) First jawed fish
First vascular plants
Diversity of early vascular plants
![Page 56: Bio 2 Plant and Animal Biology 2... · The Science of Phylogenetic Systematics Classical Evolutionary Systematics –most commonly used up until recently –based on shared homologous](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060404/5f0efbc37e708231d441e7fc/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Paleozoic Era - Devonian Period (416 – 359 mya)
Age of Fishes
First Amphibians
First Insects
![Page 57: Bio 2 Plant and Animal Biology 2... · The Science of Phylogenetic Systematics Classical Evolutionary Systematics –most commonly used up until recently –based on shared homologous](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060404/5f0efbc37e708231d441e7fc/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Paleozoic Era - Carboniferous Period
(359 – 299 mya)
Vascular Forests
First Seed Plants
Amphibians
Abundant
First Reptiles
![Page 58: Bio 2 Plant and Animal Biology 2... · The Science of Phylogenetic Systematics Classical Evolutionary Systematics –most commonly used up until recently –based on shared homologous](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060404/5f0efbc37e708231d441e7fc/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Paleozoic Era - Permian Period (299 – 251 mya) Radiation of
Reptiles
Origin of mammal-
like Reptiles
Most modern orders
of insects
Largest Extinction
![Page 59: Bio 2 Plant and Animal Biology 2... · The Science of Phylogenetic Systematics Classical Evolutionary Systematics –most commonly used up until recently –based on shared homologous](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060404/5f0efbc37e708231d441e7fc/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Gymnosperms
dominant
Radiation of
Dinosaurs
First Mammals
and Birds
Mesozoic Era - Triassic Period
(251 – 199.6 mya)
![Page 60: Bio 2 Plant and Animal Biology 2... · The Science of Phylogenetic Systematics Classical Evolutionary Systematics –most commonly used up until recently –based on shared homologous](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060404/5f0efbc37e708231d441e7fc/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Dinosaurs Dominate
Gymnosperms Dominate
Mesozoic Era - Jurassic Period
(199.6 – 145.5 mya)
![Page 61: Bio 2 Plant and Animal Biology 2... · The Science of Phylogenetic Systematics Classical Evolutionary Systematics –most commonly used up until recently –based on shared homologous](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060404/5f0efbc37e708231d441e7fc/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Flowering
Plants
Appear
Dinosaurs
Disappear
at End of
Period
Mesozoic Era - Cretaceous Period (145.5 – 65.5 mya)
![Page 62: Bio 2 Plant and Animal Biology 2... · The Science of Phylogenetic Systematics Classical Evolutionary Systematics –most commonly used up until recently –based on shared homologous](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060404/5f0efbc37e708231d441e7fc/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Cenozoic Era (Age of Mammals)
Quaternary Period (2.6 mya – Present)
Neogene Period (23 – 2.6 mya)
Paleogene Period (65.5 - 23 mya)
![Page 63: Bio 2 Plant and Animal Biology 2... · The Science of Phylogenetic Systematics Classical Evolutionary Systematics –most commonly used up until recently –based on shared homologous](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060404/5f0efbc37e708231d441e7fc/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Adaptive
Radiation of
Mammals,
Birds, and
Insects
Paleogene Period -
Paleocene Epoch
![Page 64: Bio 2 Plant and Animal Biology 2... · The Science of Phylogenetic Systematics Classical Evolutionary Systematics –most commonly used up until recently –based on shared homologous](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060404/5f0efbc37e708231d441e7fc/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Angiosperm
Dominance
Most Modern
Mammal Orders
Paleogene Period - Eocene Epoch
![Page 65: Bio 2 Plant and Animal Biology 2... · The Science of Phylogenetic Systematics Classical Evolutionary Systematics –most commonly used up until recently –based on shared homologous](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060404/5f0efbc37e708231d441e7fc/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
First Primates Paleogene Period -
Oligocene Epoch
![Page 66: Bio 2 Plant and Animal Biology 2... · The Science of Phylogenetic Systematics Classical Evolutionary Systematics –most commonly used up until recently –based on shared homologous](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060404/5f0efbc37e708231d441e7fc/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Neogene Period - Miocene Epoch
Continued Radiation
of Mammals and
Flowering Plants
Earliest direct
human ancestors
![Page 67: Bio 2 Plant and Animal Biology 2... · The Science of Phylogenetic Systematics Classical Evolutionary Systematics –most commonly used up until recently –based on shared homologous](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060404/5f0efbc37e708231d441e7fc/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Bipedal human
ancestors appear
Neogene Period - Pliocene
Epoch
![Page 68: Bio 2 Plant and Animal Biology 2... · The Science of Phylogenetic Systematics Classical Evolutionary Systematics –most commonly used up until recently –based on shared homologous](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060404/5f0efbc37e708231d441e7fc/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Ice Ages
Homo genus
appears
Quaternary Period – Pleistocene Epoch
![Page 69: Bio 2 Plant and Animal Biology 2... · The Science of Phylogenetic Systematics Classical Evolutionary Systematics –most commonly used up until recently –based on shared homologous](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060404/5f0efbc37e708231d441e7fc/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Historic
Time
Quaternary Period Recent (Holocene) Epoch
![Page 70: Bio 2 Plant and Animal Biology 2... · The Science of Phylogenetic Systematics Classical Evolutionary Systematics –most commonly used up until recently –based on shared homologous](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060404/5f0efbc37e708231d441e7fc/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Continental Drift and
Plate Tectonics
![Page 71: Bio 2 Plant and Animal Biology 2... · The Science of Phylogenetic Systematics Classical Evolutionary Systematics –most commonly used up until recently –based on shared homologous](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060404/5f0efbc37e708231d441e7fc/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Plate Tectonics
![Page 72: Bio 2 Plant and Animal Biology 2... · The Science of Phylogenetic Systematics Classical Evolutionary Systematics –most commonly used up until recently –based on shared homologous](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060404/5f0efbc37e708231d441e7fc/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Plate Tectonics
![Page 73: Bio 2 Plant and Animal Biology 2... · The Science of Phylogenetic Systematics Classical Evolutionary Systematics –most commonly used up until recently –based on shared homologous](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060404/5f0efbc37e708231d441e7fc/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Earth’s History
Pangaea (245 mya)
Pangaea began to
break up (180 mya)
– Laurasia
– Gondwana
![Page 74: Bio 2 Plant and Animal Biology 2... · The Science of Phylogenetic Systematics Classical Evolutionary Systematics –most commonly used up until recently –based on shared homologous](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060404/5f0efbc37e708231d441e7fc/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Mass Extinctions Ordovician
(440)
Devonian (365)
Permian (245)
Triassic (210)
Cretaceous
(65)
![Page 75: Bio 2 Plant and Animal Biology 2... · The Science of Phylogenetic Systematics Classical Evolutionary Systematics –most commonly used up until recently –based on shared homologous](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060404/5f0efbc37e708231d441e7fc/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
K-T Boundary
Chicxulub Crater -
Caribbean Sea near
the Yucatan
Peninsula of Mexico
![Page 76: Bio 2 Plant and Animal Biology 2... · The Science of Phylogenetic Systematics Classical Evolutionary Systematics –most commonly used up until recently –based on shared homologous](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060404/5f0efbc37e708231d441e7fc/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Tree of Life
![Page 77: Bio 2 Plant and Animal Biology 2... · The Science of Phylogenetic Systematics Classical Evolutionary Systematics –most commonly used up until recently –based on shared homologous](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060404/5f0efbc37e708231d441e7fc/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Systematics
The study of
biological
diversity in an
evolutionary
context
![Page 78: Bio 2 Plant and Animal Biology 2... · The Science of Phylogenetic Systematics Classical Evolutionary Systematics –most commonly used up until recently –based on shared homologous](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060404/5f0efbc37e708231d441e7fc/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Systematic Tools
Molecular Comparisons
– usually (rRNA or
mtDNA)
DNA-DNA
Hybridization
Restriction maps
DNA Sequence
analysis
![Page 79: Bio 2 Plant and Animal Biology 2... · The Science of Phylogenetic Systematics Classical Evolutionary Systematics –most commonly used up until recently –based on shared homologous](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060404/5f0efbc37e708231d441e7fc/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Phylogenetic Groupings
Monophyletic
– ancestor and all its descendants
![Page 80: Bio 2 Plant and Animal Biology 2... · The Science of Phylogenetic Systematics Classical Evolutionary Systematics –most commonly used up until recently –based on shared homologous](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060404/5f0efbc37e708231d441e7fc/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Phylogenetic Groupings
Paraphyletic
– ancestor with some but not all its
descendants
![Page 81: Bio 2 Plant and Animal Biology 2... · The Science of Phylogenetic Systematics Classical Evolutionary Systematics –most commonly used up until recently –based on shared homologous](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060404/5f0efbc37e708231d441e7fc/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Phylogenetic Groupings
Polyphyletic
– two different ancestors
![Page 82: Bio 2 Plant and Animal Biology 2... · The Science of Phylogenetic Systematics Classical Evolutionary Systematics –most commonly used up until recently –based on shared homologous](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060404/5f0efbc37e708231d441e7fc/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
Phylogenetic Groupings
![Page 83: Bio 2 Plant and Animal Biology 2... · The Science of Phylogenetic Systematics Classical Evolutionary Systematics –most commonly used up until recently –based on shared homologous](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060404/5f0efbc37e708231d441e7fc/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
Similarities
Homology
– likeness attributed
to shared
ancestry
![Page 84: Bio 2 Plant and Animal Biology 2... · The Science of Phylogenetic Systematics Classical Evolutionary Systematics –most commonly used up until recently –based on shared homologous](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060404/5f0efbc37e708231d441e7fc/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
Similarities
Analogy
– likeness due to
similar ecological
roles and natural
selection due to
convergent
evolution
![Page 85: Bio 2 Plant and Animal Biology 2... · The Science of Phylogenetic Systematics Classical Evolutionary Systematics –most commonly used up until recently –based on shared homologous](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060404/5f0efbc37e708231d441e7fc/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
Molecular Homoplasy
Analogous species that have similar
DNA sequences that evolved
independently in two species
![Page 86: Bio 2 Plant and Animal Biology 2... · The Science of Phylogenetic Systematics Classical Evolutionary Systematics –most commonly used up until recently –based on shared homologous](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060404/5f0efbc37e708231d441e7fc/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
Ontogeny Recapitulates Phylogeny (Ernst Haeckel)
Ontogeny – individual
development
Recapitulates –
repeats
Phylogeny –
evolutionary descent
![Page 87: Bio 2 Plant and Animal Biology 2... · The Science of Phylogenetic Systematics Classical Evolutionary Systematics –most commonly used up until recently –based on shared homologous](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060404/5f0efbc37e708231d441e7fc/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
The Science of Systematics
Phenetics
– based on a number of similarities and
differences
– does not take into account homology
or analogy
– all groupings
![Page 88: Bio 2 Plant and Animal Biology 2... · The Science of Phylogenetic Systematics Classical Evolutionary Systematics –most commonly used up until recently –based on shared homologous](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060404/5f0efbc37e708231d441e7fc/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
Classical Evolutionary Systematics
George Gaylord Simpson
![Page 89: Bio 2 Plant and Animal Biology 2... · The Science of Phylogenetic Systematics Classical Evolutionary Systematics –most commonly used up until recently –based on shared homologous](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060404/5f0efbc37e708231d441e7fc/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
The Science of Phylogenetic Systematics
Classical Evolutionary Systematics
– most commonly used up until recently
– based on shared homologous
structures
– takes into account the amount of
adaptive evolutionary change
(novelties)
– Monophyletic and paraphyletic
groupings
![Page 90: Bio 2 Plant and Animal Biology 2... · The Science of Phylogenetic Systematics Classical Evolutionary Systematics –most commonly used up until recently –based on shared homologous](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060404/5f0efbc37e708231d441e7fc/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
The Science of Systematics
Cladistics (Phylogenetic Systematics)
– based on shared homologous structures
– only monophyletic groupings
Will Hennig
![Page 91: Bio 2 Plant and Animal Biology 2... · The Science of Phylogenetic Systematics Classical Evolutionary Systematics –most commonly used up until recently –based on shared homologous](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060404/5f0efbc37e708231d441e7fc/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
The Science of Phylogenetic Systematics
Cladistic Assumptions
1. Monophyletic
2. Descent follows a bifurcating
pattern
3. Changes in characteristics occur
in lineages over time
![Page 92: Bio 2 Plant and Animal Biology 2... · The Science of Phylogenetic Systematics Classical Evolutionary Systematics –most commonly used up until recently –based on shared homologous](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060404/5f0efbc37e708231d441e7fc/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
Cladistics Synapomorphies:
Shared ancestral
characters
Plesiomorphies:
Shared Primitive
characters
Apomorphies:
Shared derived
characters
![Page 93: Bio 2 Plant and Animal Biology 2... · The Science of Phylogenetic Systematics Classical Evolutionary Systematics –most commonly used up until recently –based on shared homologous](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060404/5f0efbc37e708231d441e7fc/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
Phylograms
![Page 94: Bio 2 Plant and Animal Biology 2... · The Science of Phylogenetic Systematics Classical Evolutionary Systematics –most commonly used up until recently –based on shared homologous](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060404/5f0efbc37e708231d441e7fc/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
Ultrametric Trees
![Page 95: Bio 2 Plant and Animal Biology 2... · The Science of Phylogenetic Systematics Classical Evolutionary Systematics –most commonly used up until recently –based on shared homologous](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060404/5f0efbc37e708231d441e7fc/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
Cladistics
![Page 96: Bio 2 Plant and Animal Biology 2... · The Science of Phylogenetic Systematics Classical Evolutionary Systematics –most commonly used up until recently –based on shared homologous](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060404/5f0efbc37e708231d441e7fc/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
Cladistics
![Page 97: Bio 2 Plant and Animal Biology 2... · The Science of Phylogenetic Systematics Classical Evolutionary Systematics –most commonly used up until recently –based on shared homologous](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060404/5f0efbc37e708231d441e7fc/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
Cladistics
![Page 98: Bio 2 Plant and Animal Biology 2... · The Science of Phylogenetic Systematics Classical Evolutionary Systematics –most commonly used up until recently –based on shared homologous](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060404/5f0efbc37e708231d441e7fc/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
![Page 99: Bio 2 Plant and Animal Biology 2... · The Science of Phylogenetic Systematics Classical Evolutionary Systematics –most commonly used up until recently –based on shared homologous](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060404/5f0efbc37e708231d441e7fc/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
![Page 100: Bio 2 Plant and Animal Biology 2... · The Science of Phylogenetic Systematics Classical Evolutionary Systematics –most commonly used up until recently –based on shared homologous](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060404/5f0efbc37e708231d441e7fc/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
![Page 101: Bio 2 Plant and Animal Biology 2... · The Science of Phylogenetic Systematics Classical Evolutionary Systematics –most commonly used up until recently –based on shared homologous](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060404/5f0efbc37e708231d441e7fc/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
Molecular Clock