Anatomy notes (transcribed) Lecture 1

Types of anatomy: -Gross- able to see with the naked eye. -Fine- Microscopic exam Hierarchal order of body tissue: -atoms- Molecules- cells- … Molecules of the body:

- H 62% - O 26% - C 10% - N 1% - (other) 1%

Water 67% (NOT an element) Proteins 20% (enzymes, control finction) Lipids 9% (cell walls, hormones, energy) Carbohydrates 3% (mostly energy, glucose, glycogen) (other) 1% (nucleic acid- DNA, RNA, ATP) Human anatomy- Study of the adult, human, structure

Chaptor 3 – Cell Organization

Eukaryotic Cells- (large, Nucleated), Normal human cells (vs prokaryotic as in bacteria) Typical cell graphic is a composite and shows many types of cells germinations Plasma membrane structure is VERY important to learn Nucleoplasm vs. cytoplasm: -Nucleoplasm- EVERYTHING inside the nucleus - Cytoplasm- EVERYTHING inside the cell -Phospholipid bilayer- has cholesterols and … imbedded within it A plasma membrane contains around 50% lipids and 50% proteins The more cholesterol in the cell the more ridged the cell wall

Proteins within the cell wall regulate the transport in and out of the cell - Some proteins identify the cell as a particular type -CAM- Cell Adhesion Molecule (tight junction, Gap junction, Desmoine junction)

-Lecture 09-06-2012

ANATOMY

09-11-2012

Textbook CH 4- tissue histology, epithelial and muscle: Looking down on squamous tissue is difficult to tell what type it is.. you most look at the side to get a better view

- Ref to LAB MANUAL for simple cuboidal epithelium Simple columnar epi, is common in the walls of the hollow organs, and the free surface often has microveili -stratified cuboidal are common in exocrine tubuals -pseudo stratified columni are likely found in the treachia (fig 4.4 ) But all cells touch the basement membraine (if you look closely) Remember; Cilia are fingers that beat to move materials, Microvili are folds Transitional epithelium (common lines the urinary bladder (this constricts when empty, but will streach to accomidate a volume (but in streaching becomes thinner) Table 4.5 is a chart of epithelium Glandular epithelium: 2 types: Exocrine and endocrine Exocrine releases secreations through a tube onto a free surface Endocrine releases secreations directly into the blood streem. Goblet cells are exocrine cells made of 1 cell only Exocrine cells release in 3 ways: Merocrine- tears, salivary, mucus Secreation is only what was produced by the cell Apocrine- lactiferous, Secreation is the product of the cells and parts of the cells that break off Holocrine- The cell, products and membraine all break off and become the secreation Epithelial cells always have cells touching and connected (typ. Gap and tight junctions) MUSCLE: 4.13, 4.14, 9.1, 9.2 Muscle cells are called fibers

ONLE muscle tissue have ability to actively contract *Table 4.13 on PPT is an all in 1 table of muscle types Skelatal muscles are STRIATED! Important Cardiac muscle forms the “walls of the heart”! Intercalated disk (found in cardiac muscle only)

CONNECTIVE TISSUE (chapter 4) Remember .. muscle is NOT connective tissue Cells of most connective tissue is usually separated, by matrix (not cellular but products of cells ex.(hyilan cartilage)

Anatomy

09-13-2012

Chapter 4 Quiz on Monday -connective tissues: Keep points, cells are not always close/ attached together. There is an abundant space between them -3 categories for this class… (connective, fluid, and connective) Loose connective tissue products: areolar and adipose (the 2 most common types) Dense connective tissue (proper)- regular (in protein direction), tendons, ligaments, aponeurosis) Irregular- (dense connective tissue) a good example is dermis of the skin Areolar holds soft tissue in place (ex. Vessels are held in place bu..) Adipose cells- plasma membrane and no visible nucleus DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE Dense regular connective tissue designed as weight bearing tissue Tendon- attaché muscle to one Ligament- bone to bone FLUID CONNECTIVE TISSUE Blood and lymph (more in latter lectures) SUPPORTING CONNECTIVE TISSUE -Bone Osteocytes form circular bands around the central canal.. -cartilage: (you have to look at the matrix!) Hyaline- made up of condrocites in a “lacuna” the matrix should appear smooth and glassy. Found with the end of bone at a movable joint. (and rings of the airway system, and supporting nasal cartilage and costal cartalage) Elastic cartilage- has protine fibers(elastine) within the matrix. Found in the penia of the ear and epiglottis Fibro cartilage- the matrix has fibers in 1 direction. Found commonly in vetebrial disk and pubic sumphsys and in meniscus of the knee) Neural tissue- Tissue that allows a signal via action potential, the only tissue that can send transmissions.

Body membraines are a combination of tissues working together, not quite a single tissue or organ. (almost alkways have epithelium and connective tissues) 4 types of membranes: Cutaneous- “skin” Internal membranes: -Mucousal- line the body cavities and tubes that are open to the outside environment -Serous- line the body cavities that are not open to the outside (produce serous fluid) -Synovial- lines the articulating joint capsules

Anatomy Lecture

09-18-2012

The Integumentary system (textbook Ch. 5) -Epidermis- apilla area has some areolar tissue -Dermal “papilla” is thye “egg crate foam type” layer under the epidermis -Keritinozation- the process that changes the living cells to dead, keratin cells - know stratum basale and stratum corneum

- Have an understanding of keritonization -Malanocytes- pigmented cells (do not actively divide, and produce several typed of melinen) they stay in the stratum baselle!) - melanosomes travel along melanocyte processes and are absorbed by the cells they contact Dermis: -epidermus, stratis baselle makes u the walls of the hair follicle “a epidermis constructed vase” holding the hair - 2 important terms: - Medula= the deepest portion of the tissue - Cortex= the outer layer (not the surface).. possibly after that is the capsule, etc. Hypodermis:

- Sub Q layer REFERENCE: -Pg. 165- descriptiohn of aging -Pg. 168 Disorders -Pg. 160-161- Burns

Anatomy

09-20-2012

Textbook CH 6, Skeletal, Bone, Tissue Bone matrix:

- Collagen - Proteoglycan - Hydroxapatite

-Blasts want to become –cytes Osteocasts- very large, destroys bone to provide Ca to the body Canaliculus- connects osteocytes together Compact bone on the outside, spongy bone on the inside (spongy boan also responsible for genisis. Trabecula- “sponge like or cheese cloth like” (reticular tissue) Fig 6.5 stress lines of the proximal femur Canaliculi- “little canal” coming out from the lacunel Perferating canals-“ Volkman canals” 6.4,6.6… caniculi picture in spongey bone Terms: Diaphysis- shaft Epiphusss- end Medulllary- marrow cavity Metaphyss- grown together ossification center Flat, short, and irregular shaped bones have no epiphisys Periostium becomes tendons Avulsion Fx- when the tendons pull a piece of the bone body from the rest of the bone.

Anatomy 09-25-2012

Know the difference between the different types of bone cells (Osteogenic, Blast, Cytes, stem cells, Casts,) Living cells are located within the lacuna Osteoblasts are responsible for building bone, a good diet, hormones, and physical activity triggers these cells Osteoclasts- (destroy bone)… mineralization is absorbed by the blood stream

- Open areas within the bone matrix is the lacuna, the pathways between lacunas are Caniculi - Lamallae-plate-like layers around each osteons

FIG 6.6…* VERY IMPORTANT *

Trabecule bems are usually individual osteons Endosteum- a thin layer of tissue that covers the hardened structures of spongy bone Periosteum- multi-layers (similar in make-up to tendons and ligaments Articulating surfaces don’t have periosteum (cartalidge) FIG 6.8 * also important, will be on exam

- Epiphysis and Diaphysis, Medullary canal (filled with yellow bone marrow), Metaphysis (where the growth plate resides)

- Within the spongy bone is RED bone marrow (where hematopoisis occurs (usually in flat , long bones and bones of the proximal femur)

Articulations WILLL BE ON MONDAYS Ossification “To harden into bone” In embryonic development- Intermembranous ossification occurs (to start the skeletal growth) Endochondral ossification- forms from existing bone *see Fig. 6.12…. KNOW ALL ASPECTS OF THIS PROCESS The epiphyseal plate formation where hyaline cartilage separated the pri/ secondary ossification centers “Articulation”=” Joint” (not necessary movement) Synarthrises- immovable joints (sutures in the cranium) Anphiarthroses- Slightly movable Diarthroses- freely movable acronym: S.A.D. 4 types of fusion: bone, fibrous, cartilage, synovial

Lecture 09-27-2012

Articulations: (lecture 6, chapter 8) Structurally:

- bony articulations- 2 bones are fused into 1 (synostosis) Frontal skull, coccyx…

- Fibrous articulation- 2 bones held together with protein fibers

-sutured joints- skull -Gomphosis joint- teeth -syndesmoses- long protein fibers- radal/ ulna spans

- Cartilaginous articulation: - Synchrondroses- (hyaline cartilage)

Ex- epiphyseal plate, rib #1 Symphysis joint: Ex- pubic symphysis, intervertebral disks, sternum joints

Synovial articulation: (di-arthrosis) ~freely moving. *** ON EXAM *** - All synovial articulations have 4 components, 1- Articular capsule 2- Synovial membrane 3- Synovial fluid 4- Articular cartilage

** know fig 8.7 ** Cartilage within the capsule is nourished by the synovial fluid ** the knee will NOT be on lecture exam Monday (will be on next lab exam) ** ON EXAM ** (figures 8.14, 8.24)

- Flexion, extension, hyperextension (beyond 180* of movement) - Abduction, Adduction - Elevation, depression (shoulder shrug op and down) - Protraction, retraction (jaw) - Circumduction- a combination of the above 4)

*********THE EXAM************* Report at normal time Pick either multiple choice, or diagram sheet and start… when you are finished do the other one.

• All information is on the powerpoint files, review the “review PPT” •

Anatomy 10-02-2012

**Lab exam #2 will be Mon, October 8th (skeletal system, axial and appendicular skeletons)

Chapter 9- Muscular system (skeletal) and Chapter 10- Muscular system (section 10.1 only)

3 types of muscle- Functions:

- Skeletal movement - Posture - Communication - Support of soft tissues - Guards body entrances and exits (sphincters) - Maintenance of body temperature

Properties: (only in muscles)

- Respond to a NS stimulus - (CONDUCTIVITY) ability to receive a signal and send that signal down the length - (CONTRACT) able to actively shorten and lengthen - (EXTENSION) ability to stretch beyond their normal length - (ELASTICITY) can rebound to it’s original size

• See figure 9.1 for layers of lining and coverings of the muscles

Muscle fiber= 1 muscle cell (microanatomy)

Section 10.0-

- Agonist (primary mover) it contracts.. something happens - Antagonist (opposes the force) buffering - Synergist (muscles that work together) - Fixator (holds the joint in position) -

Myofibrals (bundles within the muscle fibers) (accounting for 95% of the mass of the cell) along with numerous mitochondria. Sarcolemma- plasma membrane of muscle membrane this membrane MUST receptively take the action potential and transmit it along the length of the fiber Sarcoplasmic reticulum- covers the muscle fibers (powder blue lines on the drawing above) Transverse tubual (T Tubual) this is where the action potential signal travels and into the sarcoplasmic reticulum and triggers Ca+ to initiate contractions (purple line on the drawing above) Myofibral- a bundle of thick and this protein filaments Thick filaments- made of myosin molecules M Line- holds thick filiments at a regular interval Thin filaments- made of 3 protiens

- Actin - Tropomyacin - Troponin

Held together by the Z Line The striations seen on muscle fibers are the differenation of thick and thin bands of filaments.

Anatomy 10-04-2012 MUSCLES

Epimysium> Endomysium surrounding muscle fibers> Sarcolemma covers each fiber which contains myofibrils incased in sarcoplasmic reticulum Fig 9.3- 9.4 Myosin head pivits with the help of ATP and the mass of these heads pivoting are seen as “contraction” of the muscle Sarcomere- functional, contracting unit in a muscle cell, Each unit contracts a small amount. A sarcomere is measured from the Z line to beginning of the next line. Action occurs when Ca+ influx makes the myosin head contract and that grabs the sarcomere and pulls Fig. 9.5 c. Filiments depicted if sliced along myofibril Motor unit- all of the muscle fibers that are innervated by one neuron Fig. 9.17 The bigger the muscle the bigger the motor unit is and the smaller the muscle the smaller the Motor unit. Neuromuscular junction- where the neurons contact muscle (*REMEMBERE.. there is actually a synaptic gap at the junction) 1 muscle may be made up of many motor units (1 neuron per motor unit in the eye, more in large muscles of the arm or leg The sarcolemma is the special covering of the muscle at the synaptic junction (making the “motor end plate”) Muscle hypertrophy- building the number of myofibrals within the muscle Table 10.2- 10.3: Types of muscle fibers

Type I- slow-twitch, Oxidative, (OS)

- Greater stamina Type II- fast-twitch, Glycolitic, (FG)

- Greater fatigue Muscle origin- motionless point of attachment Muscle insertion- motion/ moving point of attachment **Rule of thumb- in arms and legs, any muscle, it’s proximal end will be it’s origin (distal will be it’s insertion

Anatomy 10-09-2012

Neuro Neuro tissue is the only tissue that can receive, transmit and INITIATE an action potential (the body is controlled by 2 systems, the nervous and the endocrine system) There are no nerves in the CNS! Abriviations: CNS-

Anatomy 10-11-2012

** know anatomy of a muscle and neural structure of the nerve for Quiz on Monday (look at PPT associated with that).

- Viceral “of the internal organs” - Somatic “of the body (skin, muscles, and other special sensory receptor) (those not included in

Viseral paths). PNS> Motor> Viceral motor> are being sent to smooth and cardiac muscle and these are divided into sympathetic or papasymyathetic divisions.

- Afffarent- “arriving to the CNS” ARRIVING! - Efferent- “departing the CNS” EXITING! (*Motor)

Nuroglial cells – (a collective name for supporting cells in the neurosystem not the nerve cells

*”there are no neuro-stem cells” Oligodendrocyte- a mylenating cell body that connects several nerve fibers (this occurs in the CNS) Neuron structures (Fig. 11.5)

- Multipolar- typically motor function - Bipolar- typically sensory - Pseudo-unipolar

Unipolar neurons are important when talking about signals entering and exiting the spinal column Anaxonic neurons- ? about there function??? Neuroglial cells (or glial cells)- 4 types: -Satellite cells- located within the PNS ganglia - Schwan cells- located in the myelin sheeth - Astrocyte cells- in the CNS (brain and spinal cord, important in the BB Barrier - Olegodendrocyte *Remember—unmeylenated axons still have a covering of schwan cells but not wrapped like the meylanated axon

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Unipolar neuron

Dendrites

Axon

Peripheral fiber

Central fiber

Anatomy 10-16-2012

Cervical and lumbar enlargements correlate to the increased size to feed the extremities Medulary cone- end of the proper spinal cord (aboyt L-1/ L-2) Coccygeal ligament- holds the end of the nerves of the cord in place 3 types of meninges:

- Pia matter - Arachnoid layer - Dura matter

There is some space between the layers of the meninges (CSF) Unipolar neuron- one long nerve fiber with the soma pushed to the side

Nerve tracts travel in either columns, or tracts, or Funiculi When looking at a cross section of the spine the anterior horn is separated from the edge of the spine, the posterior is close or touching the outer edge.

Anatomy 10-18-2012

• Lab manual Fig. 19.1 has book Fg 13.2 in chart form which is a little better to look at (don’t need to know embryonic parts of the brain from Fig. 13.2).. know late embryonic and adult parts Dura matter has 2 parts (periostial and meningeal) Arachnoid layer has a web-like later called Trabecule Blood vessels are located within the trabecule of the arachnoid layer Ventricles of the brain are lined by ependable cells (and coroid plexis) produces CSF 2 lateral ventricles, a 3rd and 4th 80-90% of CSF is made in the lateral ventricles 500ml are produced, circulated and reprocessed per day (100-160ml at any one time) Reabsorbed by the arachnoid villi

Convolutions- “twisted” (referring to Sulci and Gyri) of the surface of the brain Fissure- “ a deep sulcus” (i.e.: longitudinal fissure) Insula- Iinside the lateral sulcus, is the 5th lobe Gray matter= a preponderance of SOMA’s White mater= mylenated axions Cerebral cortex- outer layer of gray matter Cerebrial nucli- deep cluster of gray matter

Anatomy 10-23-2012

- Cerebrial cortex- outer layer of gray matter - Lobes- “large areas of brain regions” - Remember the Insula (which is a lobe)

Primary sensory cortex (postcentral gyrus), (parietal lobe) Precentral sulcus – initiation of motor signals to the soma (neurons here are called pyramid cells) Cerebrial nuclei- deep gray matter White matter: Association fibers- front to back Commissural fibers- left to right (largest is the corpus colosum) Projection fibers- up and down (brain stem to cerebrum) 5 regions of the brain: Diencephalon- usually called the “Thalamus” further broken down to the epi- and hypo- thalamus Thalamus acts as a relay station receiving signals from the spinal cord and sending them of to appropriate sensory regions of the brain. Hypothalamus- Responsible for a lot of the emotional wants, cravings, moods..

Midbrain acts as the reflex center for the auditory and visual Signals. Limbic system:

- Part of the cerebrum and diencephalon - Basic survival factors - Mostly a bundle of neuro pathways (not covered very much in Bio… more in Psy)

Arbor-vitie (tree of life)- in the cerebellum. (responsible for smooth skeletal muscle movement) (ears send some signals to the cerebellum (i.e.: balance) Pons: has neuro pathways that connect the right and left cerebrum (like a lower corpus collosum) Medulla oblongata: coordinates autonomic functions… many pathways that come in end here

- In ascending sensory and descending motor usually cross (decusation pyramid).. sp

Anatomy 10-25-2012

** Monday’s exam is everything up to chapter 10 (todays lecture) - No word banks on exam - Probably a matching style CN question

CN could be motor, sensory, or both (just like the 31 pairs of spinal nerves) *See table 13.5 for better view of CN function

AUTONOMIC NERVIOUS SYSTEM Sympathetic and parasympathetic NS is EXCLUSIVELY motor! ANS maintains “homeostasis” (Latin~ “a steady house” ANS is different than the Somatic system! (table 16.1)

- *Totally different nerves and pathways) Mylenated post-sympathetic organ Enteric NS (ENS)- Associated entirely with the gut

Anatomy 10-29-2012

(and 10-31-2012- re-cast) The autonomic NS

Sympathetic NS (also called the Thoracolumbar system) (parasympathetic system- called “Craniosacral” system) Ganglions are needed to protect synapse’s outside on the cord Possible questions:

- Motor or sensory (motor) -

Or the synapse can occure in a sympathetic COLATERAL ganglia: Or… Synapsing in the medulla:

See figure 16.2, 16.3 for sympathetic nerves exiting from the ventral cord to the chain ganglia and on to the target. Terms to know:

- Gray ramus communicam - White ramus communicam - Collateral ganglia - Post ganglionic - Splaincnick nerve

See fig 16.5 for more :

PARASYMPIC SYSTEM:

Targets are the same targets for parasympathetic as sympathetic but no - Ann nerves leave between T1 and L2 - Both motor - Both the same targets - Have both pre and post ganglia - Always originates in a lateral horn

Differences: - Opposite signals See fig 16.4:

10-31-2012

Look at 16.9 for “simplistic” view of sympathetic and parasympathetic paths Fig 16.2- just the sympathetic Fig 16.3a- shows the communicans Fig 16.3b- (see separate 3 slide PPT on Angel)

Anatomy 11-01-2012

Taste and smell respond to chemical sensation Taste hairs of the taste cells are like dendrites Taste nerves enter the medulla, up to the thalamus and in to the insula SMELL CN I- Olfactory Bulb of olfactory bulb lays on the cribiform plate that contain foramina that allow the olf. Nerve fibers to penetrate into the nasal cavity See Fig. 15.3 Olfactory sense has Afferent and efferent pathways which explains the suppression (extinction) of smells over time using (granulating cells) Sense of smell has some unique connections

- Conscious persecption of smell - Memory of smell in Hippocampus - Emotional response of smell in Amygdala - Visceral response through the hippocampus and into the Reticular formation

HEARING: Remember the difference between the auditory Canal and the auditory tube Auditory tube (eusctacion tube is mucus membrane) The Stapes presses against the oval window and Starts the middle Hearing depends on “mechanoreceptors”

When stapes pushes in the oval window the pressure pushes out of the round window

Anatomy 11-06-2012

*Lab exam on Monday: Lab exam #4 will cover material from 7,8,9 only! (not 10) Jars will be eye balls and brain for lab exam OUR FINAL EXAM and cumulative 50 point exam WILL BE TUES DEC. 18 at 2:45 (no lecture that week) Take hone quiz, due 2pm thurs.

Lecture

All structures of the inner ear are “membranous” imbedded within the hard temporal bone Scalia vastibuli and scali timpania are connected, the cochlear duct is separate

- Scalia vastibuli and scali timpania - Filled with perilymph - cochlear duct- filled with endolymph

-spiral organ (organ of Corti)

- the 3 rows of “hairs” are actually nerve cells (steriocilia). Embedded in the Tectorial membrane. Causing the sount to be converted into nerve impulses (the 4th fiber in particular (the one that is not touching the Tectorial membrane) do most of the hearing.

Know details of Fig 15.28, and anatomy of the spiral coclia Path of travel is from the cochlea to the coclear nucleus, to the superior olivary, to inferior colliculus to the inferioir of the insula.

The vestibular nerve is responsible for balance and joins up with the cochlear nerve The membranous tissue of the semicircular structure grows within the bony laberenth Semicircular ducts are analogous to the carpenters level with X Y and Z axis’ See 15.38 for a good look at: -Ampula - cupula - crista ampularis ….. structures

Anatomy 11-08-2012

The heart (circulatory system): The pericardial sack has 2 membrains (the parietal, and visceral)

- Parietal is the classic “sack” - The visceral is a shiny lining on the surface of the heart ** also called the epicardium**

Pericardial fluid resides between the two membranes Coronary blood flow feeds the myocardium Valves of the heart are designed to prevent “back flow” Bicuspid (mitral valve) “L. atrioventricular valve” Tricuspid “R. atrioventricular valve Aortic and pulmonary semi-lunar valves close passively Heart skeleton “fibrous sleleton” – prevents the electrical impulses from moving continuously from the atrium to the ventricles.

Anatomy 11-13-2012

(from audio lecture)

Quiz on Monday, with endocrine lab afterword. Tues 11/20 Lecture, respiratory Wed- No LAB Monday 11-26. Conference- (with Mellas) bring questions Lecture exam on Tues 27 in large room (exam will probably be slightly shorter) ** find take home quiz handed back on 11-12? Finish up heart PPT…. Key words: SA Node AV Node Bundles (Bundle of His) Bundle Branches (Right and Left ventricular branches) (interventricular septum) Perking fibers (conducts contractions from the Apex upwards) A little more than half (55%) of blood is “formed elements” ** platelets are not cells Plasma is 91-92% water 7% other solutes Plasma contains albumins, globulins (immunoglobulins), and fibrinogen 99.9% of all formed elements in blood are RBC’s Neutrophills are most common Lymphocytes are second most common Monocytes are third ** be able to identify these by sight Erythrocytes: Bi-Concave, 7-8 µm across Life span is 120-126 days Anucleic (no mitochondria, golgi apartaus) just a plasma membrame filed with a protine (hemoglobin). 2µm thick at the thickest part

RBC’s are shapped that way to provide a greater surface area to volume producing a greater area of gas exchange. The shape of the red blood cell is CRITICAL In a hemoglobulin molecule there are 4 globulin protenes, (alpha and beta) At the center of each globulins there is a hemi- group

Anatomy 11-20-2012 (Prof. Hill)

Lymphatic system: Production of lymph Collection and distribution of excess tissue fluid Maintains proper blood volumes Absorption of lipids Small- lymphatic lymphatic capillaries Large – lymphatic ducts Are one way flow vessels Fluid is returned to the venous system 3.5 liters of fluid a day are recalculated by the lymph system 5 major lymphatic trunks that drain into 2 lymphatic ducts

- Lunbar - Intestinal - Bronchiomediastinal - Subclavian - Jugular

Lymphatic ducts: - Right lymphatic duct (drains into the right subclavian vein - Thorasic duct (collects almost 80% of all circulating lymph and 60% from the right) -

Tunica media of the lymph vessels are lined with smooth muscles Flow is altered by interthorasic pressures Types of lymphocytes: T Cells- Direct attach B Cells- capture foeign bodies NK cells (natural killer) Macrophages T cells mature In the thymus then on to lymph nodes, or targets

The lymph nodes are a progressive filtering system Nodes are clustered around key organs See fig . 22.6 for cross section of lymph node T cells develop in the Thymus also part of the endocrine system Thymus is large when young and shrinks through life Spleen- filters blood (looking for foreign organisms.. similar to what the lymph nodes do for the lymph) And the “grave yard” for RBC’s

Anatomy (review) 11-26-2012

For endocrine sys. (ductless sys.) - Know the names of the glands and locations

Pituitary:

- Post. Pituitary- (neurohypopysis)… inervated with nerves! (produces Oxytosin, ADH ONLY) - Ant. Pituitary (the MASATER gland)- many… many hormones (~10)

Thyroid:

- Responsible for regulation of Ca+ (osteoblast, osteoclast, …) Adrenal gland:

- Adrenal medulla, adrenal cortex (Epi. In the medulla, other hormones in the cortex) Pancreas:

- 95-98% EXOCRINE (producing digestive enzymes into the duodnum) - Clusters of 25-40 cells make up Islet cells (producing Insulin, glucogon)

RESPIRATORY (ch 23) Terms:

- External resp. gas exchange bet. Air and lungs) - Internal resp. (gas exchange bet blood and tissue) - Ventilation - Transport

Anatomy 11-28-2012

Lab exam #5 on 12-12-2012 (in lab on wed) Microscope assessment (test)

- Done in groups of 6 - Look but can’t touch the microscope - Written instructions to include (finding and identifying cells and tissues under magnification) - Slides possible: multi-polar neuron, motor end plate, cross section spinal cord, cross section

peripheral nerve, Blood, Cardiac muscle, treachea/ esophagus - Remember to use proper procedures for setting up and taking down microscope

Tues 18- 14:45 Final exam in lecture hall Remember, trachea lining is made of pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium

- (non-keritinized) Stratified squamus epithelium lines the esophagus - 1st 3rd of esophagus is skeletal muscle, the rest is smooth muscle

THE LUNG:---------------- - Visceral pleura and parietal pleura (with the plural cavity in between) Type I- cells.. Type II- surfactant secreting Cells Pneumonia (irritates the Pneumocyte cells)

Anatomy 11-29-2012 (Transcribed)

Quiz on Monday: Endocrine system- Respiratory system- Digestive system- DIGESTIVE SYSTEM: Functional activities- breaking down raw food to a molecular level and remove byproducts Alimentary canal- the tube from the mouth to the anus (from the stomach on is referred to as the GI tract) -Well over 26-30 feet Long -opened to the outside so It’s a mucus membrane -the epithelial membrane Changes on it’s travel -Starified squamus in Places where there’s high Abrasion -stomach and columnar In stomach and intestines Def: Rouget- a rough surface (the roof of our mouth and tongue) allows us to manipulate and roll food (also occurs inside the stomach- gastric rouget)

Hard palate is made of 2 bones: maxilla and Palatine bone Frenulum of the lips and tongue Labial vestibule At least 3 types of taste buds:

- Fillaform, fungicorm, circumvalette, - And vallette

3 paired salivary glands (exocrine) Injects an enzyme called amylase (amylase turns Carbohydrates into sugars)

- Parotted glands - Submandibular gland - Lingual gland

TEETH: Made of dentin The depression in the bone where the Tooth root is embedded is called the “alveoli” Tooth diagram is ALWAYS on the exam Humans are, Di-fiodont (we have deciduous Teeth and permanent teeth) And we are: Hetterodont’s (we have different shaped teeth For different functions) We have 32 permanent teeth 20 deciduous teeth SWALLOWING: Buccal phase- pushing food against The hard palate and back to the Pharynx Pharyngeal phase- food is pushed posterior and into the esophagus Esophageal phase- the 1st 1/3 of the length it is skeletal muscle, It’s 2 layers thick, a circular ring of muscle that squeezes progressively (peristalsis). The entire alimentary canal has 3 major walls (4 if we count the outside wall)

- Mucosa - Sub-Mucosa - Muscularis externa (2 layers thick, and has a circular layer and a longitudinal layer) - Serosa (named the Serosa only inferior to the diaphragm)

Anatomy 12-04-2012

Abdominopelvic cavity- lined with a serous membrane (the peritoneum) - Both a visceral and parietal membranes - The visceral peritoneum is also called the serosa - About 7 Liters of peritoneal fluid produced per day

Mesenteries- visceral and peritoneal membranes combine to form the… See fig 24.5 Stomach made of columnar cells Different regions have different types of columnar cells That make different secretions. Folds within the stomach covered with Rugae (Roo-Gay) See fig 24.11 for cross section of the stomach wall The stomach has 3 muscle layers (not 2) Gastric pit- deep folds within the rugae. Where mucus, and digestive enzymes are Produced. The hydrochloric acid acidifies the stomach to allow Pepsinogen to convert to pepcid. Remember* the Rugae is gross anatomy, the gastric pit is microscopic The small intestine is designed to maximize surface area for absorption “Circular folds” (pleica circular) adds to the increase in surface area Villi within the intestine, can be seen with the naked eye (furry looking)… also increases surface area Following down the small intestine

- Duodenum- greatest amount of absorbtion - Jejunum- greatest amount of cilia - Ilium- contains some lymphatic tissue (Peyer’s patches or lymph nodes)

The villi of the intestine are about 1 mm tall Individual villus:

Capillary network to take away neutriants and distribute them in the body. Lipids and fats DO NOT enter the capillary vessels. The lymph vessels (lacteal) absorbs fats ** this diagram is ALWAYS on the quiz

Anatomy 12-06-2012

Must be able to label fig 24.16 ****LARGE INTESTINE**** Colon and large intestine are synonymous Cecum (of the colon) is the first part Of the large intestine There is a valve (not a sphincter) between The illium and the cecum “the illiocecal valve” The tiniae coli- longitudinal muscle layer Of the wall of the colon. The pulling on this layer produces the “haustrom”… the lumpy structure of the colon. The liver has many functions:

- Carbohydrate metabolism - Lipid metabolism - Protein and amino acid met. - Synth. Of plasma proteins - Vitamin and mineral met. - Digestion - Disposal of drug and hormone products

The porta (portal) is where the blood vessels enter and leave the liver See fig. 24.19 for microscopic make up of the liver Gall bladder anatomy:

- L and R hepatic ducts - Common hepatic duct - Custic duct - Common bile duct - Hepatopancreatic ampula

****Urinary System**** Function- to cleanse the blood of harmful material Remember to label the bladder as the “urinary bladder” Covering is called the “renal capsule” The renal medulla has alternating pyramids and columns Urine is formed in the cortex (outer tissue) And drains through the medulla (pyramid) and into The papilla Know the path of blood flow through the kidney

Anatomy 12-10-2012 (conference)

Ureters- lined with transitional epithelium, the one epithelial layer where the cells aren’t tightly bound together (found in the lower ureters and bladder you can’t tell the tissue is transitional until it’s streached Urinary bladder- 3 distinct layers (4 layer construction) Trigone- a specific region at the base of the bladder with unique cell structures Over 1 M nephrons in each kidney The basic units of urine formation Located in the cortex 2 parts-

- Tubular components (simple cuboidal epithelium) - Vascular components

In plasma we have a high percentage of watter -protines -neutrents -hormones -salts And the bad stuff: -uric acid -urea -ammonia In bowman’s capsule, the capillary surface is covered with “podocyte cells” (foot cells) that make it possible to tolerate extreme pressures and the podocyte cells have holes that allow parts of of plasma to leave. Protines are too large to leave through these small holes When the fluid that is squeezed out leaves into the P. convoluted tube it’s called “filtrate” As the filtrate travels along the tube it becomes urine

The distal convoluted tube comes very close to the capsule

Anatomy 12-11-2012

Male Reproductive System Function:

- Production of haploid, gamet… Gross anatomy:

- Ductus deference (vas deference) - Seminal vesicle - Prostrate - Urethral

Scrotum

- Divided into 2 pouches - Tunica albu - Dartus muscle (and cremaster muscle) pulls testes closer if it’s too cold

Sustentacular (sertoli cells) provide a protective membrane like the BBB in the cranium Sperm cell is the only place where a true flegelum is found in the human body

Anatomy 12-13-2012

Tuesday, 2:45p for final exam! Mellas will be in the learning center Friday and Monday 10-12:00 noon Uteruen wall- thickesed layer of smooth muscle in the human body The wall has 3 layers:

- The mucosal layer (endometrium) (ONLY the functional zone undergoes shedding during mensi) - Thick muscular layer (myometrium) - Outer layer (perimetrium) (outer thin serosa layer)

Uterine tube- ciliated lining The end of the fallopian canal have “fimbria” some of which are attached, others move freely If cells from the endrometrium float out of the fallopian tube and into the peritoneum become stimulated via hormones each month, cause inflammation “endometriosis” Suspencery and ovarian ligaments hold the uterine structure in place The ampula (the fallopian tube near the ovary) region is the most important part of the structure responsible for fertilization EXTERIOR STRUCTURE: Vestibule- contains the utherial orifice and the vaginal orifice Clitoris- almost identical to the the male penis- 2 spongiform caverns and glans at the end Vaginal canal- stratified epithelium (aka- birth canal) Oogennisis- (development of the ovum) Females develop about 5M primordial egg cells during fetal development (at 3 months of development) 2 hundred thousand at birth Less as we grow in the outside world Outer layer of overies are simple cuboidal epithelium After the follicle ruptures releasing the egg the remainder becomes a “corpus lutium” which releases estrogen and progesterone. If no conception occurs the corpus lutium becomes a corpus albican. These “left overs” can be counted to determine the rate of egg production in the animal.

END OF NOTES…