Bio 105: Blood - Napa Valley College Blood H… · 4/13/2016 5 WBC - Basophil •Release histamine...
Transcript of Bio 105: Blood - Napa Valley College Blood H… · 4/13/2016 5 WBC - Basophil •Release histamine...
4/13/2016
1
Bio 105: Blood
Lecture 13
Chapter 11
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc 1
Outline • Overview of blood • Functions of blood • Composition of blood • Composition of plasma • Composition of formed elements • Platelets • WBCs (White Blood Cells) • RBCs (Red Blood Cells) • Blood Types • Clotting • Disorders
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc 2
Blood
• A fluid connective tissue
• 2 parts
–55% Plasma
–45% Cellular
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc 4
Blood Functions
• Transportation
• Protection against invasion
• Blood clotting
• Regulation
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc 5
Blood Functions
• Transport
–Primary transport medium
–Oxygen
–Carbon dioxide
–Nutrients
–Wastes
–Hormones
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc 6
4/13/2016
2
Blood Functions
• Defense
–Against invasion by pathogens
–Contains WBCs and antibodies
• Clotting
–Prevents blood loss due to injury
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc 7
Blood Functions
• Regulatory
– Temperature
– Sales
–pH
–Water
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc 8
Composition of Blood
Figure 11.1
Blood Composition
• Plasma
– Liquid
–93% water and 7% dissolved substances
• Formed Elements
–Cells
–Platelets
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc 10
Plasma Composition
• Plasma proteins
• Nutrients
• Ions
• Salts
• Dissolved gases
• Hormones
• Waste products
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc 11
Plasma Proteins
• Albumin – Water-balancing properties
• Globulins – Transport lipids and fat-soluble vitamins
• Clotting proteins – Example: Fibrinogen
• Lipoproteins – HDL and LDL
• Antibodies – Provide immunity
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc 12
4/13/2016
3
Review Questions
• What type of lipoprotein carries cholesterol away from the liver?
• Which of the lipoproteins is considered the “bad” cholesterol?
• What is the ratio between plasma and formed elements?
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc 13
Composition of Formed Elements
• Platelets
• WBCs
• RBCs
• Stem cells give rise to all the formed elements
–Red bone marrow
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc 14
Formed Elements
Figure 11.2
Platelets
• Thrombocytes
• Fragments of a larger precursor cell
–Megakaryocyte
• Life Span
–5 to 10 days
• Function
– Essential to blood clotting
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc 16
Plasma and Formed Elements
Table 11.1 (1 of 3)
White Blood Cells (WBCs)
• Leukocytes
• Life Span
– Few hours to a few days
• Functions
–Defend body against disease
–Remove wastes, toxins, damaged and abnormal cells
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc 18
4/13/2016
4
White Blood Cells
Figure 11.3
White Blood Cells (WBCs)
• 5 types
–Neutrophils
– Eosinophils
–Basophils and Mast Cells
–Monocytes
– Lymphocytes
• T cells, B cells, Natural Killer Cells
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc 20
White Blood Cells
Table 11.1 (2 of 3)
White Blood Cells
Table 11.1 (3 of 3)
WBC - Neutrophil
• Most abundant
• 1st to respond
• Phagocytes
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc 23
Image From: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_granulomatous_disease
WBC - Eosinophil
• Defend against parasites
• Lessen severity of allergies and asthma
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc 24
Image From: http://www.leukos.us/archives/11-01-2013_11-30-2013.asp
4/13/2016
5
WBC - Basophil
• Release histamine
• Play a role in some allergic reactions
• Mast cells
– Similar to basophils
– Found in tissues
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc 25
Image From: http://faculty.une.edu/com/abell/histo/histolab3a.htm
WBC - Monocyte
• Largest of the formed elements
• Develop into macrophages
–Phagocytic cells
– Engulf microbes, dead cells and cellular debris
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc 26
Image From: https://www.flickr.com/photos/mluon753/8465984355
WBC - Lymphocyte
• B cells
–Produce antibodies
• T cells
–Destroy foreign cells
• Natural Killer Cells (NKC)
–Attack virus infected cells and tumor cells
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc 27
Review Questions
• Which WBC releases histamine?
• Which WBC fights parasitic infections?
• What WBC is the largest?
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc 29
Red Blood Cells
Figure 11.4
4/13/2016
6
Red Blood Cells
Table 11.1 (3 of 3)
Red Blood Cells
• Erythrocytes
• Most numerous of formed elements
• Transport oxygen
• Carry carbon dioxide
• Life Span
– ~120 days
• No nucleus
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc 32
Red Blood Cells
• Contain Hemoglobin
–Oxyhemoglobin
• Greater affinity for carbon monoxide
–Odorless and tasteless gas
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc 33
Structure of Hemoglobin
Figure 11.5
Each hemoglobin molecule consists
of four polypeptide chains (globins).
Each hemoglobin molecule can carry up to four molecules of oxygen.
Each polypeptide chain contains a heme group
with an iron atom that binds to oxygen.
Oxygen molecules bind to hemoglobin
Oxygen molecules released
Review Questions
• What hormone increases production of RBCs?
• What organ produces the above hormone?
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc 35
Red Blood Cell Formation
Figure 11.6
4/13/2016
7
Blood Types: A, B and O
• Named by the antigen found on the surface of the cell
–A
–B
–AB
–O
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc 37
Blood Types A, B and O
Table 11.2
Blood Types: A, B and O
Blood Type Antigen Protein
Antibodies Blood that
can be received
AB A and B None A, B, AB and
O
B B Anti-A B, O
A A Anti-B A, O
O None Anti-A and
Anti-B O
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc 39
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yt97PT-bKCg
Blood Types: A, B and O
• Most Common – Type O
• Most Rare – Type AB
• Universal donor – Type O
• Universal Recipient – Type AB
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc 40
Blood Types
Figure 11.7b–c
Blood Types
• Antibodies present throughout their life
–Anti-A and Anti-B
– Too large to pass through the placenta
• Different antigen: Rh factor
–On RBCs
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc 42
4/13/2016
8
Blood Types – Rh factor
• Develop anti-Rh antigens if exposed to Rh factor antigen
• Can pass through placenta • If Rh antigens present on RBC = Rh (+) • Rh (-)
– Forms anti-Rh antibodies if exposed to the Rh antigen
– Transfusion – Given birth to Rh-positive baby
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc 43
Figure 11.8 (1 of 4)
Rh Factor
Figure 11.8 (2 of 4)
Rh Factor
Figure 11.8 (3 of 4)
Rh Factor
Figure 11.8 (4 of 4)
Rh Factor Blood Types – Rh factor
• Hemolytic disease of the newborn
–Anti-Rh antibodies develop in mother
–Cross placenta
–Destroy Rh-positive fetus’ RBCs
–Anemia or Death of Baby
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc 48
4/13/2016
9
Blood Types – Rh factor
• Rhogam
– Serum contains antibodies against Rh antigens
–Given the Rh (-) moms to prevent the production of anti-Rh antibodies
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc 49
Coagulation Blood
Clotting
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc 50
Image From: https://www.rndsystems.com/pathways/blood-coagulation-signaling-pathways
Coagulation
1) Blood vessel damage occurs
2) Blood vessel constricts/spasms
3) Platelets adhere to the damaged site
4) Clotting factors are released at the site of the injury
5) Clotting factors activate inactive proteins in a cascade
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc 51
Coagulation
6) At the end of the cascade
– Fibrin strands form and trap blood cells
–Platelets form a meshwork forming a clot and sealing the damaged vessel
7) Clot contracts and pulls damaged edges together
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc 52
Coagulation
• Vitamin K
– Liver
• Aspirin
–Platelets
• Genetic Diseases
– Ex. Hemophilia
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc 53
Review Questions
• Can blood type A donate to blood type B?
• Can blood type AB donate to blood type B?
• Can blood type A donate to blood type AB?
• What is the universal recipient blood type?
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc 54
4/13/2016
10
Blood Disorders
• Anemia
– Iron Deficiency Anemia
–Hemolytic Anemias
– Sickle-cell Anemia
–Pernicious Anemia
• Leukemia
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc 55
Blood Disorders - Anemia
• Several types
• Reduces oxygen carrying capacity
• Too little hemoglobin, too few RBCs or both
• Symptoms
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc 56
Blood Disorders - Anemia
• Iron Deficiency –Most common
– Inadequate hemoglobin production
• Cause –Dietary deficiency
– Inability to absorb iron
–Blood loss
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc 57
Blood Disorders - Anemia
• Hemolytic anemia – RBC destruction > RBC production
• Causes – Infections – Defects in RBC membranes – Transfusion of mismatched blood – Hemoglobin abnormalities – Immune mediated
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc 58
Blood Disorders - Anemia
• Sickle-cell anemia
– Example of hemolytic anemia
• Cause
–Genetic disease
–Abnormal hemoglobin
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc 59
Blood Disorders - Anemia
• Pernicious Anemia – Insufficient production of RBCs
–Vitamin B12 required for RBC production
– Intrinsic factor (protein)
• Cause – Lack of intrinsic factor lack of B12
Decrease in RBC production
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc 60
4/13/2016
11
Blood Disorders - Leukemia
• Cancer of the WBCs
• Increased number of WBCs
• Abnormal cellular function
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc 61
Important Concepts
• What kind of tissue is blood?
• What is the ratio of blood plasma vs formed elements?
• What is the composition of blood, plasma and the formed elements?
• What are the functions of blood?
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc 62
Important Concepts
• What are examples of proteins in the blood? – What are their functions?
• Know the function of lipoproteins • Know the difference between LDL and HDL • Where are blood cells formed? • What type of cell gives rise to platelets by
breaking into fragments? • How do WBCs leave the blood vessels and
enter tissues?
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc 63
Important Concepts
• What organelle is missing in a mature RBC? • How is RBC production regulated? • What hormone regulates RBC production and what
organ produces it? • What is the effect of carbon monoxide poisoning? • Know the characteristics, function and lifespan of
RBCs, WBCs and Platelets • How and where are RBCs destroyed? • What are the types of WBCs and their functions?
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc 64
Important Concepts
• (In detail) Be able to discuss how a blood clot is formed – know the abbreviated steps of clot formation
• What vitamin is necessary for clotting to occur?
• What common drug inhibits clotting?
• What is an example of a genetic disorder that effects blood clotting?
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc 65
Important Concepts
• What are the major blood types? – Know their differences, what antigens they have and what antibodies
they have
• What blood types can donate to each other? • What is the universal donor? What is the universal recipient? • What is the Rh factor?
– Know what problems it can cause during pregnancy and blood donation
– How the body mounts a defense against Rh – What drug is given to Rh(-) pregnant women? And why? – What is the effect of this drug?
• What is the result of a reaction to a foreign blood type antigen? • Know all the blood disorders discussed
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc 66
4/13/2016
12
Definitions
• Plasma • Formed
elements • Hemoglobin • Oxyhemoglobi
n • Stem cells • Thrombocytes • Megakaryocytes
• Leukocytes
• Phagocytes • Histamine • Dilate • Permeable • Erythrocytes • Biconcave • Erythropoietin • Bilirubin • Glycoprotein
• Homeostasis • Agglutination • Antibodies • Antigen • Lipoproteins • High density
lipoproteins • Low density
lipoproteins
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc 67
The End
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc 68
Image From: https://www.pinterest.com/myfreetime1234/animals/