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BY:BY: Yean Kek Fong Yean Kek Fong (B10204)(B10204)Subashiny KrishnamurthySubashiny Krishnamurthy (B10153)(B10153)SudheepSudheep RamasamyRamasamy (B10127)(B10127)Alice Durga Rathinam (B10128)Alice Durga Rathinam (B10128)
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DiscussDiscusscognitive advantagescognitive advantages
&&disadvantages of bilingualismdisadvantages of bilingualism
ininchildren and adultschildren and adults
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What is bilingualism ?What is bilingualism ?
Ability to communicate naturallyAbility to communicate naturally and fluently in more than oneand fluently in more than one
languages in all area of lifelanguages in all area of life
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ChildrenChildren
Learned 2 languages at theLearned 2 languages at thesame time in earlysame time in early
childhood.childhood.
Simultaneous bilingualsSimultaneous bilinguals
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Advantages Advantages
Metalinguistic
Awareness
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Cognitive flexibilityCognitive flexibility
Divergent thinking Convergent thinking
Measured by providinga person with a starting
point for thought and
asking them to generatea whole series of permissible solutions.
Measured by providinga number of pieces of information where a
person must synthesizeto get the correctanswer.
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Cognitive flexibilityCognitive flexibility
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Communicative SensitivityCommunicative Sensitivity
Participants level of awarenessParticipants level of awarenessabout what is going on in anyabout what is going on in any
particular language interaction.particular language interaction.
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Communicative SensitivityCommunicative Sensitivity
More sensitiveto the needs of listeners
Pick up cluesand cues aboutwhen to switchlanguages .
Code switchingsolve cognitivetasks.
ResearchLiterature
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Cummins & Gulutsan(1974)
Enhance greater
ability & verbaloriginality .
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Field IndependenceField Independence
Children
more fieldindependent
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Common Underlying Common Underlying
Proficiency(CUP) Proficiency(CUP) Developed by Jim Cummins
Shows the working of the mindin
relation to bilingual acquisition
Also known as the IcebergAnalogy.
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Common Underlying Common Underlying
Proficiency(CUP) Proficiency(CUP) The level of competence achildattains at a certain point inasecond language dependentonthe level of competencealreadyachieved in their firstlanguage.
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Common Underlying Common Underlying
Proficiency(CUP) Proficiency(CUP)The interdependent of concept skills andknowledge found in a centre processing system.
Cognitive and literacy skills established in themother tough or first language will transfer across
languages
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CUP Model CUP Model
2 iceberg 2 languages which overlapand share
Water line A common underlyingproficiency or
operating system
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Both language are outwardlydistinct
But supported by sharedconcepts
and knowledge derivedfrom
Learningandexperience
Cognitive andlinguistic abilitiesof the learners
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Common Underlying Common Underlying
Proficiency(CUP) Proficiency(CUP)Deeper level of cognitive processing
e.g. : synthesis, analysis, evaluationis necessary to academic progress
Children &
adults :If achieved threshold of cognitiveproficiencyNo difficulties in achieving bilingualproficiency
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Bilingualism creates connective reserve
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Enhance attention and cognitive control Enhance attention and cognitive control (children and adult)(children and adult)
sharpen the brain & the ability to
focus while ignoring irrelevantinformationbetter learner in school.
Cognitive advantages
Children
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New neurobiology research :New neurobiology research :
Bilingualism particularly in earlyBilingualism particularly in earlychildhood enhance the concentrationchildhood enhance the concentration
and protect against the onset of and protect against the onset of dimensia and other age relateddimensia and other age relatedillness.illness.
Delays the age related
diseases
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Potential Disadvantages Potential Disadvantagesof Bilingualism among of Bilingualism among
children and adultschildren and adults
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Disadvantages Disadvantages
Acquire language more slowlyAcquire language more slowlythan monolinguals.than monolinguals.
(collier 1995: Hamayan & Damico 1991)(collier 1995: Hamayan & Damico 1991)
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Disadvantages Disadvantages
Start speaking 3-6 months later Start speaking 3-6 months later
Learn one language first & add aLearn one language first & add asecond one later during school time.second one later during school time.
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Temporary mixing of Temporary mixing of Languages till the age of 4.Languages till the age of 4.
Disadvantages Disadvantages
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The size/ amount of vocabularyThe size/ amount of vocabulary
(Pearson Fernandez Collar 1993)(Pearson Fernandez Collar 1993)
Preschool bilingual children's vocabularyPreschool bilingual children's vocabularyscores are often lower than monolingualscores are often lower than monolingualchildren.children.
Disadvantages Disadvantages
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Di dDi d
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Bilingual children use fewer Bilingual children use fewer correct past tense-speciallycorrect past tense-speciallyirregular past tense.irregular past tense.
gooded gooded
runned runned
Disadvantages Disadvantages
Di dDi d t
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Smaller *receptive & productiveSmaller *receptive & productivevocabularies.vocabularies.
**Receptive: willing to listen to or Receptive: willing to listen to or accept new ideas or suggestions.accept new ideas or suggestions.Verbal fluency tests.Verbal fluency tests.
Disadvantages Disadvantages
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Di d tDi d t g
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Added academic loadAdded academic load
Reading/writingReading/writing
Disadvantages Disadvantages
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Usually are either better at oneUsually are either better at onelanguage & worse at the other.language & worse at the other.
Example: Let's say a person knows EnglishExample: Let's say a person knows English& Chinese. He may be more comfortable& Chinese. He may be more comfortablereading English newspapers & take morereading English newspapers & take more
time with chinese newspaper.time with chinese newspaper.
Disadvantages Disadvantages
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ConclusionConclusion
Various studies have proven thatVarious studies have proven thatbilingualism is not a disadvantagebilingualism is not a disadvantage
where there is need to prevent fromwhere there is need to prevent fromchildren & adult.children & adult.
It is aIt is a gift of life gift of life to be bilingualto be bilingual ..
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