Bile acids, microbiota and nuclear receptors
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Transcript of Bile acids, microbiota and nuclear receptors
Bile acids activated receptorsregulate the integrity of gastrointestinal mucosa
Stefano Fiorucci, MD
Department of Surgical and Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Perugia
There are no companies, etc. in a relation of conflict of interest requiring disclosure in relation to the presentation.
There is no state of conflict of interest requiring disclosure
VDR
LXR
PXR
Neutral pathway Acidic pathway
AndrogenEstrogenMineralcorticoidsGlucocorticoids
Fiorucci S., et al. Trends Mol Med 2007
FXR
PR
GP-BAR1
Bile acids are regulatory steroidsgenerated at the interface of cholesterol metabolism
and intestinal microbiota
Cell Metabolism 2012
Composition of bile acids in the gallbladder and feces of healthy individuals.
Ridlon J M et al. J. Lipid Res. 2006;47:241-259
Fiorucci S., et al TIPS 2012
Me
Me
HOH
COOH
R
24
5
Me
H
OH
OHA B
C24 5b-bile acids inmammalian
A/B ring junction cisBent scape
R=OH R1=H CDCAR=OH R1=OH CAR=H R1=OH DCAR=H R1=H LCA
R1
Bile acids and their receptors
The Superfamily of Human Nuclear Receptors
Endocrine Hormone Receptors
1. Androstan Receptor (CAR)
2. Estrogen Related Receptor- (ERR)
3. Farnesoid X Receptor (FXR)
4. Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor-4 (HNF-4)
5. Liver X Receptor (LXR)
6. Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor (PPAR)
7. Pregnane X Receptor (PXR)
8. Retinoid X Receptor (RXR)
Adopted Orphan ReceptorsMetabolic Nuclear Receptors
1. Chicken Ovalbumin Upsteram (COUP)
2. Dosage-sensitive Sex Reversal (DAX)
3. Germ Cell Nuclear Factor (GCNF)
4. Liver Related Homologue-1 (LRH-1)
5. NGF-induced clone B (NGFI-B)
6. Photoreceptor Nuclear Receptor (PNR)
7. Reverse ErbA (RevErbA)
8. Small Heterodimer Partner
9. Steroidogenic Factor-1 (SF-1)
10.Testis Receptor-2 (TR-2)
Orphan Nuclear Receptors
1. Estrogen Receptor-b (ER-b)
2. Estrogen Receptor- (ER-)
3. Glucocorticoid Receptor (GR)
4. Mineralcorticoid Receptor (MR)
5. Androgen Receptor (AR)
6. Progesterone Receptor (PR)
7. Retinoic Acid Receptor (RAR)
8. Tyroid Hormone Receptor (TR)
9. Vitamin-D Receptor (VDR)
Metabolic NRs expressed in the liver and gastrointestinal tract
Estrogen Related Receptor- (ERR) Androstan Receptor (CAR) Farnesoid X Receptor (FXR) Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor-4 (HNF-4) Liver X Receptor (LXR) Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor (PPAR) Pregnane X Receptor (PXR) Retinoid X Receptor (RXR) Vitamin D Receptor (VDR)
Bile Acids
Nuclear Receptors Membrane receptors
Receptor Rank of potency
FXR/RXR CDCA>CA>LCA
PXR/XRX LCA>CDCA
CAR/RXR CDCA>CA>LCA
VDR/RXR LCA
Receptors Rank of potency
GP-BAR1 (TGR5) LCA>DCA>CDCA
Muscarinic LCA, DCA
EGF-R Transactivation
FMLP-R Antagonism
Distrutti et al. J Gastroenterology 2015
FXR works as FXR/RXR heterodimer
Claudio D’Amore; Francesco Saverio Di Leva; Valentina Sepe; Barbara Renga; Chiara Del Gaudio; Maria Valeria D’Auria; Angela Zampella;
Stefano Fiorucci; Vittorio Limongelli; J. Med. Chem. 2014, 57, 937-954.
Non genomic effects Genomic effects
hingeLBDNH2 COOHDBDAF1 AF2
DIMERIZATION
A/B C D E
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
FXR3-4FXR1-2
1
(MYTG)
Bile acids
9-cis RA
Histones
De-Acetylation
FXR RXR
AF1
DBD DBD
AF2
AF1
CoRepressor
AF2Histones
Acetylation/Methylation
Ac AcAc
Ac Ac
Ac
Ac Ac
AcAc
Ac Ac
FXR RXR
AF1
DBD
AF2
DBD
AF2
AF1
CoActivator
CARM1
DRIP205PGC1-
PRMT1 SRC-1
AGGTCA n TGACCT
Fiorucci S, et al. Trends in Mol Med 2007; Rizzo et al. Mol Pharmacol 2006
An FXR – RXR heterodimer is essential for
FXR activation
RXR
FXR
FXR
NTCP
CYP7A1
SHP
Cholesterol CA
CDCA
CYP3A4/Cyp3a11, UGT2Bs, Sult2a1
MDR1
ABCBs
MRP2
Glycineconjugation
MRP3 MRP4
DCA
LCA
SMAL INTESTINE
Intestinalmicrobiota
L cells
FXR
FGF-15
GPBAR1
GLP-1
LIVER
FGF-15
CA, DCA, CDCA, LCA
GLP1-R
InsulinGLP-1
FGF-R4
PORTAL VEIN
Enterocytes
Β-cells
BILE DUCTS
BSEP
OSTα/β
Conjugated and Unconjugated BA
OATPs
Uptake
Synthesis
Excretion
PANCREAS
Future Med Chem 2015, in press
Cholesterol biliary excretion
SR-B1
↑ABCG5
↑ ABCG8
Bile acid biosynthesis
↑ BSEP (IR1)
↑ I-BABP (IR1) (intestine)
hIBAT/ASBT (intestine)
↑ hMDR3, rMDR2 (IR1)
↑ MRP2 (ER8)
NTCP
OATP B1
↑ OATP B3 (IR1)
↑ OATP8 (IR1)
CYP7A1
CYP8B1
↑ hFGF-19
↑ mFGF-15 (small intestine)
↑ SHP
Bile acid conjugation
↑ BACS (IR1)
↑ BAT (IR1)
Bile acid & xenobiotics transport
Bile acid detoxification
↑ Cyp3A4 (IR1,DR3,IR8)
↑ SULT2A1 (IR0)
↑ UGT 2B4 (1/2 FXRE)
Triglyceride metabolism
↓ApoAI (1/2 FXRE)
↓ ApoB
↑ ApoCII (IR1)
↓ ApoCIII (HNF4 RE)
↑ ApoA V (IR8)
↑ ApoE
↓ h hepatic lipase
↑ PLTP (IR1)
↑ hPPARα (imp. DR5)
SREBP-1c
↑ VLDL-R (BA, not FXR)
↑ Syndecan (DR1)
↑ Complement C3 (IR1) intestine
MTP
Glucose metabolism
↑PDK4
Cellular protection
↑ A-Crystallin (IR1)
TRB3,Akt?
LXR
RXR/RAR
LRH-1
RXR/RAR(h)
FTF/LRH1(rb)
FGF15 or 19,
JNKFoxo1
HNF4 PEPCK
F 1,6-biPase
G6Pase
Inflammation, coagulation
↑Fibrinogen
↑ h kininogen (IR-1)
↑ ICAM (FXRE in RARE)
FXRHepatocyte
FXRα
CYP7A1
CYP8B1
NTCP
BSEPBile
Canaliculus
BAs
synthesis
Bile acids
MDR2
MRP3
SHP
sinusoidal
capillaries
OSTα
OSTβ
Genes in red are inhibited by BAs
MDR2
MRP2
Fiorucci et al. Prog Lipid Res. 2010 Apr;49(2):171-85
FXR is central to bile acids signaling
Lipid
Metabolism
Carbohydrate
Metabolism
Bile acids
FXR
Bile Acids
Metabolism
Normal and
pathologic
growth and
differentiation
Immunity
Fiorucci S., et al. Prog Lipid Res. 2010 Apr;49(2):171-85
Cipriani S, et al. 2009, Current Medicinal Chemistry
ER
LXR
LXRb
FXR
PPAR
PPAR
PPAR
VD
GR
Con
trol
0
50
100
150
200
250
Rlu
c/b
Gal
0
50
100
150
-10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4
Agonist concentration (Log M)
GW4064
6-ECDCA
CDCA
Rela
tive
Luci
fera
se/b
Gal
Pellicciari R, Fiorucci al. J Med Chem. 2002 Aug 15;45(17):3569-72
-Festa, C. et al. J. Med. Chem. 2014,
COOH
OHHOH
1: Sepe VTotal Synthesis and Pharmacological Characterization of Solomonsterol A, a Potent Marine Pregnane-X-Receptor Agonist Endowed with Anti-Inflammatory Activity. J Med Chem. 2011 Jun 3. 2: De Marino S, Towards new ligands of nuclear receptors. Discovery of malaitasterol A, an unique bis-secosterol from marine sponge Theonella swinhoei. Org Biomol Chem. 2011 Jul 7;9(13):4856-62. Epub 2011 May 16. 3: De Marino S, Theonellasterols and conicasterols from Theonella swinhoei. Novel marine natural ligands for human nuclear receptors. JMed Chem. 2011 Apr 28;54(8):3065-75. Epub 2011 Apr 5. PubMed PMID: 21428459.4: Sepe V, Discovery of sulfated sterols from marine invertebrates as a new class of marine natural antagonists of farnesoid-X-receptor. J Med Chem. 2011 Mar 10;54(5):1314-20. 5: Festa C, Solomonsterols A and B from Theonella swinhoei. The First Example of C-24 and C-23 Sulfated Sterols from a Marine Source Endowed with a PXR Agonistic Activity. J Med Chem. 2010 Dec 9.
FXR and cholestasis: 6-ECDCA /INT-747/obeticholic acid
0 15 30 45 60 75 900
25
50
75
100
E27
6-ECDCA 10 mg/kg
6-ECDCA 5 mg/kg
Control
*
**
6-ECDCA 1 mg/kg
Time (min)
Bile f
low
L
/Kg
/min
0 15 30 45 60 75 900
25
50
75
100
Control
6-ECDCA 10 mg/kg
CDCA 10 mg/kg
E27 **
**
Bil
e f
low
L
/Kg
/min
Time (min)
0 15 30 45 60 750
25
50
75
100
E217 alone
E217 + GW4064
Control
*
**
Time (min)
Bil
e f
low
L
/Kg
-min
B
C
A
Fiorucci et al. JPET 2005
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7Medium
6-ECDCA
SHP Cyp71 Cyp8b1 Bsep Ntcp Oatp1
*
**
*
*
CDCA
qR
T-P
CR
mR
NA
*
* *
*
*
FXR orchestrates the innate Immunity in the GI and liver
FXR is expressed by and exerts counterregulatory effects in macrophages.
Mencarelli A et al. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol
2009;296:H272-H281©2009 by American Physiological Society
Vavassori P. et al The Journal of Immunology November 15, 2009 vol. 183 no. 10 6251-6261
0
20
40
60
80
100
Control FXR+/+ TNBS FXR-/- TNBS
I F I F I F
His
tolo
gic
cla
ssific
atio
n (
%)
Severe
Moderate
Mild
Absent
0 7 14 21 28 35 42 49
80
90
100
110
120
FXR-/- TNBS
FXR+/+ TNBS
Control
Days
Bo
dy w
eig
ht (%
)
*
* * *
b
Control
FXR+/+
TNBS
FXR-/-
TNBS
4X20X 20X
20X
20X
20X
20X
4X
4X
c
0 20 40 60 100 1000
SMA
TIMP-1
MMP-2
MMP-1
Fibronectin
1(I) collagen
TGFb1
IFN
IL-1b
TNF
I-BABP
SHP
FXR
°
°
°
°
°
°
°
°
°
*
*
Relative RNA expression
FXR-/- TNBS
FXR+/+ TNBS
Control
d
0
2000
4000
Control FXR+/+
TNBS
FXR-/-
TNBS
LPS - + - + - +
TN
F
(p
g/m
L)
e
*
*º^
*º
ºº^
a
0
1000
2000
3000
IL-1b
(p
g/m
L)
*
*
*
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
IFN (
pg
/mL
)
*
*
*
I F I F I F0
20
40
60
80
100
Control TNBS TNBS + INT-747
I F I F I F
His
tolo
gic
cla
ssific
atio
n (
%)
Severe
Moderate
Mild
Absent
a
b
Control TNBS TNBS + INT-747
20X 20X 20X
20X 20X 20X
0 1 2 3 4 5 5 10
SMA
TIMP-1
MMP-2
MMP-1
Fibronectin
1(I) collagen
TGFb1
IFN
IL-1b
TNF
I-BABP
SHP
FXR
15 300
*°
°
°
°
°
°
°
°
*
*
*
*
*
*
°
°
°
°
TNBS + INT-747
TNBS
Control
Relative RNA expression
c
d
0
1000
2000
3000
Control TNBS TNBS + INT-747
LPS - + - + - +
TN
F
(p
g/m
L)
*
*°
*°
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
*
*
*
IL-1b
(p
g/m
L)
*
0
1000
2000
*
IFN (
pg
/mL
)
Vavassori P. et al The Journal of Immunology November 15, 2009 vol. 183 no. 10 6251-6261
FXR shapes the intestinal immunity and interacts with Toll like receptors
-
TLR1/ 2
TLR6/ 2
TLR4
TLR5
TLR3
TLR7/ 8
TLR90
1
2
3
4
*
*
* * * *
P la s m a m e m b r a n e T L R s
I n t r a c e l lu la r T L R s
FX
R
re
l.e
xp
r. (
2-
Ct
)
-
TLR1/ 2
TLR6/ 2
TLR4
TLR5
TLR3
TLR7/ 8
TLR90
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
*
*
**
*
*
TN
F
re
l. e
xp
r. (
2-
Ct )
Re
v-E
rb
A-
Re
v-E
rb
A-b
LX
R
LX
Rb
PX
R
CA
R
TR
2
TR
3
TR
4
FX
R
SH
P
GR
VD
R
PP
AR
PP
AR b
PP
AR
RA
R
RA
R
RO
R
RX
R
RX
Rb
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
*
*
Fo
ld c
ha
ng
e
(C
pG
ve
rs
us
no
t t
re
ate
d C
D1
4 d
eriv
ed
PB
MC
)
- + - +0
1
2
3
4
CpG
TLR9+/+ TLR9-/-
*
FX
R
rel. e
xpr.
(2
-
Ct )
*
A. B.
C.
D.
Renga et al. PLoS One. 2013;8(1):e54472. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054472. Epub 2013 Jan 25
- - +0
1
2
3
4
6-ECDCA
TNBS
*
#
Mucosa
l dam
age s
core
- - +0
1
2
3
4
6-ECDCA
TNBS
*
#
Mucosa
l dam
age s
core
Wild type TLR9-/-
Renga B. et al. PlosOne 2013
TLR-9
Endosome
MyD88
TRAF3
IKK
IRA
K1
IRF7
PP
IFN
IFNb
FXR
Nucleus
CpG
C.
FXR, microbiota and probioticsa bidirectional liason
LA David et al. Nature 1-5 (2013) doi:10.1038/nature12820
Changes in the faecal concentration of bile acids and biomarkers
for Bilophila on the animal-based diet.
Sama I. Sayin , Annika Wahlström , Jenny Felin , Sirkku Jäntti , Hanns-Ulrich Marschall , Krister Bamberg , Bo An...
Gut Microbiota Regulates Bile Acid Metabolism by Reducing the Levels of Tauro-beta-muricholic Acid, a Naturally
Occurring FXR Antagonist
Cell Metabolism, Volume 17, Issue 2, 2013, 225 - 235
The intestinal microbiota modulates the bile acid metabolism
Hepatic metabolic and signaling pathways modulated by the gut microbiota.
Swann J R et al. PNAS 2011;108:4523-4530
Composition of cecal microbiota of rats from different diet groups as revealed by sequencing of
16S rRNA gene clone libraries. Population analyses for each diet group at phyla level
K.B.M. Saiful Islam , et al. Bile Acid Is a Host Factor That Regulates the Composition of the Cecal Microbiota in Rats
Gastroenterology, Volume 141, Issue 5, 2011, 1773 - 1781
⁎ Laboratory of Microbial Physiology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
Naive
group
TNBS
group
TNBS +
VSL#3
group
A B C
D E F
G H I
Mencarelli A. et al. Plos One 2012
FXR mediates Probiotics activitities in IBDs
NT
Ros
iglitaz
one
100n
M
(100
%)
(50%
)
(10%
)0.0×10 -00
5.0×10 05
1.0×10 06
1.5×10 06
2.0×10 06
4.0×10 06
5.0×10 06
6.0×10 06
7.0×10 06*
*
*
Conditioned Medium
RL
U/ b
gal
NT
calcife
diolo
50nM
100% 50
%10
%
0.0×10 -00
1.0×10 05
2.0×10 05
3.0×10 05
4.0×10 05
2.0×10 06
3.0×10 06
4.0×10 06
Conditioned Medium
RL
U/b
gal
*
*
*
NT
CDCA 1
0M
100% 50
%10
%
0.0×10 -00
1.0×10 06
2.0×10 06
3.0×10 06
4.0×10 06
3.0×10 07
4.0×10 07
5.0×10 07
Conditioned Medium
RL
U/b
gal
*
*
PPARγ VDR FXRA. B. C.
0
1
2
3
WTNaive
ApoE-/-
Naive VSL#3 DSS
Control VSL#3
#
PP
AR
(mR
NA
rela
tive e
xpre
ssio
n)
* *
**
0
1
2
3
WTNaive
ApoE-/-
Naive VSL#3 DSS
Control VSL#3
#
*
VD
R(m
RN
A r
ela
tive e
xpre
ssio
n) #
0
1
2
WTNaive
ApoE-/-
Naive VSL#3 DSS
Control VSL#3
#
FX
R(m
RN
A r
ela
tive e
xpre
ssio
n)
D. F. G.
Probiotic metabolism generate ligands for nuclear receptors
Mencarelli A. et al. PlosOne 2012
FXR shapes the intestinal immunityby interacting with glucocorticoid receptor
1A11A2
1A31C 1H1I
1B1D
1F
1J
1E exon 2/ATG
-36851 -32300 -5151 0
bp
ATG
hGR proximal promoterhGR distal promoter
ER-8
-34993 -34673
Renga B. et al. FASEB J (2012) Mar 23
FXR enhances the transcription of Glucocorticoid Receptor gene
- + - +0
1000000
2000000
3000000
4000000
pGL3(ER8)3X
pGL3(ER8mutated)3X
*
6E-CDCA
RL
U/b
gal
Renga B. et al. Pharmacological Research, Volume 77, 2013, 1 - 10
The distal promoter of NR3C1 gene (the GR gene) contains an FXRE that facilitates the
formation of a head-to-tail chromatin loop, increases GR gene transcription efficiency and is
essential to mediate the anti-inflammatory effects of FXR in the intestine.
An intact FXR signaling is required to preserve anti-inflammatory activities of GR.
Barbara Renga , Claudio D’Amore , Sabrina Cipriani , Andrea Mencarelli , Adriana Carino , Valentina Sepe , Angela ...
FXR mediates a chromatin looping in the GR promoter thus promoting the resolution of colitis in rodents
Pharmacological Research, Volume 77, 2013, 1 - 10
The steroid inhibitor RU-486 reverses protection exerted by FXR agonism in a mouse model of colitis.
Barbara Renga , Claudio D’Amore , Sabrina Cipriani , Andrea Mencarelli , Adriana Carino , Valentina Sepe , Angela ...
FXR mediates a chromatin looping in the GR promoter thus promoting the resolution of colitis in rodents
Pharmacological Research, Volume 77, 2013, 1 - 10
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2013.08.008
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
Wild type ApoE-/-
Untreated INT-747 INT-747 Rosiglitazone
3 mg/kg 10 mg/kg 20 mg/kg
*
**
****
Lesio
n a
rea (
pix
els
)
Oil Red O H&E CD11b
A B
D
C
E
G H
I
J K
L
M N O
P
Wild
type
APOE-/-
unt
reat
ed
INT-7
47 1
0 m
g/kg
Ros
iglitaz
one
20
mg/
kg0
20
40
60
80
Lesio
n a
rea (
pix
els
)
Q
R*
** **
Mencarelli A., et al, Am J Physiol 2009
FXR/GP-BAR1 activation reduces atherosclerotic plaque formation
GI lab Perugia University
• Barbara Renga
• Sabrina Cipriani
• Claudio D’Amore
• Andrea Mencarelli
• Adriana Carino
• Eleonora Distrutti
• Luca Santucci
• Franco Baldelli
• Annibale Donini
IRD-Tahiti
Dr. Cécile Debitus
Prof. ssa Maria Valeria D’Auria
Dr. Simona De Marino
Dr. Carmen Festa
Dr. Valentina Sepe
Dr. Raffaella Ummarino
Department of Pharmacy, Salerno
Prof. Giuseppe Bifulco
Dr. Maria Giovanna Chini
Dr. Gianluigi Lauro
Department of Pharmacy, Napoli
Prof. Ettore Novellino
Dr. Vittorio Limongelli
Dr. Francesco Saverio Di Leva
Dr. Valentina Sepe
Dr. Carmen Festa
Dr. Dario Masullo
Dr. Claudia Finamore
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