7/28/2019 Big Chem Semester Final Review

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Big Chem Semester ReviewAlthough you may use your notes on the Semester Exam, there is insufficient time to look up very much. YouMUST know your stuff for this exam!!!

Practice your notes in writing! Here are some things to be sure you know:All Symbols and Valences and Formula Writing! Practice on the computer disk and in writing on thepractice sheet. Practice Balancing Equations!Practice in writing each type of chemical problem. For Example:Find Atomic MassFind Molecular MassGet MolesFrom MassFrom number of atomsFrom number of moleculesFrom no. of formula unitsFrom Heat of Reaction

DensitySignificant DigitsFind the mass of an atomFind the mass of a moleculeFind Molarity of a solutionPrepare a solution, g/literPercentage compositionEmpirical Formulas

Molecular FormulaHydratesProblems using equationsHeat of ReactionEnthalpy of ReactionForce on Hemispheres

Change oC to KChange mm of Hg to kPa

Terms: Be able to Define, Explain, and Provide Examples for these terms:Historical IntroductionNatural PhilosophyThales of MiletusDemocritusEmpedocleseAristotleAlchemyFriar BaconSir Francis BaconRobert BoyleJohn DaltonLavoisierMendeleevChemistryMatterEnergy

Conservation LawsMassMetric PrefixesTemperatureSignificant DigitAccuracyPrecisionScientific NotationDensityMixtureHeterogeneousHomogeneousElementAtomCompoundMoleculeProton

NeutronElectronAtomic Mass NumberAtomic WeightMolecular MassIsotopeAllotrope

OxygenOzoneSulfurRhombicMonoclinicAmorphous

CarbonGraphiteDiamondBuckyballs, etc.

SolutionSoluteSolvent

Physical PropertyChemical PropertyPhysical ChangeChemical ChangeDistillationFractional DistillationChemical SymbolChemical FormulaValence

Oxidation NumberMolecular FormulaEmpirical FormulaStructural FormulaFormula MassFormula UnitThe MoleAvogadros NumberMolarityPercentage CompositionHydrateOverpopulationEvidences for ReactionsTypes of Reactions

SynthesisDecompositionSingle Displacement

Double DisplacementCombustion (burn it)

Mass-mass problemsHeat CalculationsEnthalpy H

Exothermic, -HEndothermic, +HActivation EnergyFactors of A.E.CatalystMass-Heat problemsAtomic Structure

Law of Conservationof Mass

Law of DefiniteProportions

Law of MultipleProportions

Law of Gay LussacFaradays Discovery

Discovery of theElectron

Properties of ElectronCharge-Mass RatioCharge (Millikan Oil)Mass of Electron

Ions & the ProtonMass Spectrograph

IsotopesX-RaysX-Ray spectroscopystructure of crystal

RadioactivitySize of AtomSize of NucleusSpectroscopyRutherfords AtomPhotoelectric EffectIonization EnergyElectron ProbabilityQuantum NumbersOrbitalsShapes of OrbitalsBoxes & Dot structure

The Periodic Table

Arrangement ofElements

Alkali FamilyAlkaline Earth FamilyThe HologensThe Noble GasesThe Octet RuleThe Spine Tingler

Chemical Bondingbetween atoms

Ionic (the rip-off)Ionization Energy

Factors (5)

Covalent (sharing)Hydrogen (between

O & H)Metallic

(delocalized e-)van der Waals

(betweenmolecules)

Infra-Red SpectroscopyMolecular Motions

TranslationRotationVibration (3 modes)

Structure of MoleuclesLinear (180o)Bent (>90o)Tigonal Planar

(120o)Pyramidal (104.5o)Tetrahedral (109.5o)

Polar MoleculesAsymmetrical

(dipoles)Kinetic Theory

Evidences (8).Atmospheric PressureDuke of TuscanyTorricellis discoveryDensity of Air

(1g/liter)Atmospheric Pressure10 meters of H2O

760 mm of Hg1 kg/cm2

101 kPaMagdeburg

HemispheresThe SyphonThe Brass AspiratorThe Nasty Waitress

TrickCans & 4-liter JugsThe BarometerThe Manometer

States of Matter (4)

Solids & CrystalsSolidificationSublimationEvaporationUnit CellAllotropeHydroscopicDeliquescentEfflorescentHydrateDehydrationAnhydrousDesiccatorViscosityVolatilityIonic crystal

Covalent crystalNetwork crystalMetallic solidPrecipitationRegelation

LiquidsVapor PressureBoiling PointTwo ways to boilCharless LawAbsolute TempMelting PointWarming curve for

H2O

Triple PointHeat of FusionHeat of Vaporizatio

Surface TensionCapillarityDuckyHumidyPsychrometer

GasesBoyles LawCharles LawDaltons Law of

Pressure

STP