First published in 2008 by Orpheus Books Ltd.,6 Church Green, Witney, Oxfordshire, OX28 4AW, England

Copyright ©2008 Orpheus Books Ltd.

CCrreeaatteedd aanndd pprroodduucceedd bbyyRachel Coombs, Nicholas Harris, Sarah Hartley,

Elizabeth Havercroft and Erica Simms, Orpheus Books Ltd.

TTeexxtt Olivia Brookes

IIlllluussttrraatteedd bbyy Mark Stacey

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means,

electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner.

ISBN XXXXXXXXXX

A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library.

Printed and bound in China

Contents4 5Introduction

5 Introduction

6 Family

8 People

10 The human body

12 About the human body

14 Our senses

16 How we live

18 About how we live

20 Where we live

22 About where we live

24 Kindergarten

26 Hospital

28 Shopping

30 Index

IN THIS ENCYCLOPEDIA, you will find out about the people andthings that are very familiar to you: for example, your family and

friends, your home and your school. You will also learn more aboutyourself, how your body works and how you feel from day to day.

There are lots ofthings to see in themain illustrationthat accompanieseach subject

Each subject ispresented withan introductorytext to explainwhat it is about.

If you look very carefully, you willfind a tiny bunch of keys in eachof the main illustrations in thisbook. Turn to page 31 to find outwhere they are hidden.

Most (but not all) ofthe items picturedcan be foundsomewhere in themain illustration.

The text thataccompanies eachitem explains what it is and provides moreinformation about it.

YOU ARE five yearsold today! All your

family are here tocelebrate your birthdaywith you. The postmanarrives with cards fromyour friends.

Family6

BirthdayOn your birthday you celebrate the day ofthe year when you were born. It is a very

special day for you.Your family give youcards andpresents. Youalso have aparty and inviteyour friends.

Brothersand sistersYou share a veryimportant thingwith yourbrothers andsisters: they have the same parents as you.They probably look like you. Twins, who areexactly the same age, look very similar.

ParentsYour parents are yourmother and father, or mumand dad. They looked afteryou from the very momentyou were born. They madesure you were fed properly,had the right clothes andwere warm, safe andhappy. They helped you tolearn to walk and talk, and

taught you to be well-behaved and polite toothers. As you grow up, they will always bethere to love you, support you and advise you.

PregnantYour mother gave birth toyou and to your brothersand sisters. During thetime when she is expectingto give birth, we say she ispregnant. This time lastsfor nine months. Hertummy gets bigger andbigger as the baby growsinside her womb. When itis ready to be born, shegoes to hospital to have it.

BabyWhen it is newly born, a baby does littlemore than cry, feed and sleep. But as itgrows, it can smile, sit up andlearn to feed and drink byitself. Soon it will startcrawling on all fours,standing up,walking—and talking.

7F A M I L Y

GrandparentsYour grandparents arethe parents of yourparents. So you mayhave two grandparentson your mother’s sideand two grandparentson your father’s side—four in all.

People8 9P E O P L E

PEOPLE come indifferent shapes,

sizes and colours! Buthowever different wemay look on theoutside, our bodies allwork in the same wayon the inside. And weall need to washourselves and brushour teeth regularly.

SkinYour body is covered in alayer of skin which protectsyour insides from water, dirtand germs. It also helpscontrol your bodytemperature. Your skin isconstantly regrowing.

TeethWe all have teeth to helpus to chew our food. Youfirst develop teeth as ababy. These later fall outand are replaced by largeradult teeth. It is importantto look after your teeth tostop them rotting. Teethdo not grow back like hair,so regular brushing helpsprotect them.

ManThere are physicaldifferences betweenmen and women. Menare usually taller andhave more hair on theirfaces and bodies. Theyare often stronger withmore visible muscles.Men also have a penisand testicles. Thetesticles create spermwhich fertilizes an eggto make a baby.

WomanWomen are usuallyshorter than men, withmore curved bodies.Women have lighter andsmaller skeletons. Theirhips are wider, to allowa baby the room itneeds to push its wayout into the world. Theyalso have breasts, whichproduce milk to feedtheir young. Womenhave a vagina.

HairHair grows most thickly onyour head, but it also grows allover your body except on thepalms of your hands and thesoles of your feet. Hair andnails are both made of thesame substance. Hair growsout of tiny pits in your skincalled follicles. The part yousee is actually dead.

10 11

THE HUMAN BODY is made up ofa head, neck, a torso (chest and

abdomen), two arms and two legs. Itcontains many bones and muscles,blood, nerves, and organs such as thebrain, heart and lungs. The individualparts of the body work together sothat we can eat, sleep, think and run.It is more complicated than any machine!

The human body T H E H U M A N B O D Y

12 13A B O U T T H E H U M A N B O D Y

BrainThe brain is a jelly-likeorgan inside yourhead. It is protected byyour skull (the headbone). It controls every

part of your body,including breathing,

heartbeat, moving and thinking. If you want a drink,the brain sends a message to instruct your arm andhand to pick up a glass and guide it to your mouth.

JointsJoints are the places where bonesare linked together. The elbow is amoveable joint between the upperand lower arm. The ends of thebones are lined with a smooth,slippery substance called cartilage.

HeartThe heart is a strongmuscle whichpumps blood allaround your body. Itsqueezes blood inthen pushes it out.You can feel thispumping action byplacing your fingers on the inside of your wrist or the side of your neck.

StomachThe stomach is a bagwith walls of muscle.Here the food youhave swallowed ismashed up into asoup-like mixture. Thelining of the stomach makes powerfuldigestive juices which mix with the food.

IntestinesThe intestines are the name given to the long,coiled tube inside your belly. The mashed-up

food from yourstomach is slowlysqueezed through theintestines. Thenutrients (goodness)from your food passesthrough the lining of theintestines into your blood.

LungsYou breathe air with yourlungs. Air containsoxygen, a gas thatyou need to live.The lungs passoxygen to theblood. The lungsalso breathe outwaste air.

BloodBlood is a liquid that carriesoxygen and food to all parts ofyour body. It also removeswaste, helps cool the body,clots when your skin is cutand protects you againstgerms. Pumped by the heart,it flows round your bodythrough long, thin tubes calledveins and arteries.

SkeletonThe skeleton is made up ofhundreds of bones. It keeps yourbody upright and protects yourorgans. The longest and heaviestbone is the femur (thigh bone).

About the human body

NervesNerves are like long, thinwires connecting your brain tothe rest of your body. Thebrain controls the body byreceiving and sending signalsalong the nerves. Most ofyour nerves are linked to thespinal cord. This is a thickbundle of nerves that runsdown your back. Liver

The liver is a largeorgan. It takes inthe nutrients fromyour food fromthe blood thatpasses through it.It turns these intothe chemicals thebody needs and stores them. It sends all thesubstances the body does not need to thekidneys, which get rid of them.

MusclesYou use muscles inorder to move differentparts of your body.Strong, rope-like partscalled tendons connectyour muscles to yourbones. Special musclesforce food through yourstomach and intestines.

HearingYou hear with your ears. The semicircularflaps on the outside of the head are reallyyour outer ears. If someonemakes a sound,vibrations travelthrough the airand meet theeardrum in theinner ear, deepinside your head.

EVERYONE has fivesenses. You can see, hear,

smell, taste and touch. Yousee with your eyes, hear withyour ears, smell with yournose, taste with your tongueand touch with your skin.

Our senses14

SeeingYou see with your eyes. Some eyes are brown, others blue,green or grey. This coloured part of the eye is called theiris. This is a ring of muscle that controls the size of theopening in the middle of it, called the pupil. Light passesthrough a transparent “window”, called the cornea, at thefront of the eye. It then enters the eye through the pupil.

TouchingYou feel with the nerveendings in your skin.The skin covers thewhole body. To findout if water is hotor cold, dipyour fingersor toes in thewater. Yourbrain soontells youwhich it is!

TastingYou taste with your tongue. On the tongue thereare hundreds of taste buds. Different buds cantell whether foodtastes sweet or salty,bitter or sour. Thetip of the tonguerecognizes sweetthings. The back ofthe tongue can tell ifsomething is bitter.Smell also helps you taste.

SmellingThe nose is theorgan which youuse to smell with.If someone grillssome food nearyou, you breathein the smell with

the air. The smell is picked up by nerveendings inside your nose. The nerve signalspass the smell on to the brain, whichrecognizes it as something good to eat.

15O U R S E N S E S

16 17H O W W E L I V E

OUR MOODS change from time totime. Sometimes we feel happy, and

other times we feel sad. We get annoyedabout things and we can even argue withour best friends. The next day it will all beforgotten! But always we must eat and drink to keep us healthy and we must sleep several hours so ourbodies get the rest they need.

How we live

SleepingDuring the day, weare active and useup energy. At nightwe feel tired andmust go to sleep sothat the body canrest and recover.

We all have dreams, but often we cannotremember them when we wake up!

18 19A B O U T H O W W E L I V E

IllnessIf a you pick up germs, you may become ill.Your body is weak and needs rest so that itcan get better.Medicine canhelp by relievingthe pain orfighting thegerms. You areusually well againafter a few days.

SadnessIn life, sad things

happensometimes—forexample, if welose somethingwe love. It is apainful feeling.Sometimes wecry. Our bodies

are healthy but ourminds are sad. What often helps is totalk to someone who will listen.

HappinessSometimes we are veryjoyful. We laugh a lotand everything is fun.Things can make ushappy, like a nice cake,a great slide, or ifsomeone praisessomething that wehave well.Sometimes wejust feel goodfor no reason!

DeathIf something living, aperson, animal orplant, is old or veryill, it may stopworking completelyand dies. Whensomeone dies, it is like falling asleep forever.People who have died live on in our thoughts.

FearFear is a very unpleasantfeeling. When we areafraid, we often sweatand tremble, and ourhearts start to pound.People are afraid of different things, such as

of the dark, or of fierce-looking dogs. If we speakto our parents or friends,this may help to calm usdown, and we canovercome our fear.

AngerWe often get angry ifsomeone has donesomething bad orbeen unfair to us.We feel likeshouting andstamp our feet!Anger usuallypasses and wecalm down.

EatingTo give you energy,you must eat anddrink regularly andhealthily. Feelinghungry is your body’sway of telling youthat you need to eat.

About how we live

WorkingAdults must workto earn money.Many peoplework away fromhome. But thereis also work to doin the home, such ascooking, washing and decoration.

LoveLove is one of the nicest feelings.If you feel very happy whenyour mother or fathercomes home, this shows that you lovethem. You can also loveother people in yourfamily and yourfriends. You arelucky when yourfriends love you too.

JealousyWhen somebody else hassomething that we want for

ourselves, or if we are notinvited to a party and afriend is, then we mayfeel jealous. If we thinkof how lucky we are inother ways, then we

can begin to feel better.

ArguingYou can argue forlots of reasons—for example, ifthere is only onetoy and two of youwant to play with it.If you learn to share,you don’t have to argue.

20 W H E R E W E L I V E

PEOPLE usually live in flats orhouses. There are different

rooms for different purposes. Wecook meals in the kitchen. This isoften also the place where clothesare washed. There is also a livingroom, a bathroom and bedrooms.A flat is like a house all on onefloor inside a larger buildingcontaining other flats. Somehouses also have a garage for thecar, and a garden.

Where we live 21

22 23A B O U T W H E R E W E L I V E

TelevisionTelevision programmes are broad-cast using radio waves. An aerial orsatellite dish picks up the wavescarrying the signals from the TVstation. These travel along a cableto your television set, where theyare turned into pictures and sound.

ElectricityIf you want to use a hair dryeror any kind of electricalequipment, you plug it into asocket. When you switch thedryer on, an electric currentflows into it, making it blowout heat. An electric current is dangerous, so you mustnever put your fingers in a socket.

TelephoneYou use a telephone to speak with s0meonewho is not near enough to talk to. In the

receiver there is a smallmicrophone. Themicrophone picks upyour voice. It istransmitted along acable or through theair to another phone.

ClockA clock tells you whattime it is. The longhand measures theminutes. It takes 60

minutes (an hour) to goaround the clock face. The short hand tells youwhat hour it is. This clock shows 2 o’clock.

HeatingWhen it is cold, youturn the heating on. A radiator heats theroom. The radiator haswater in it. The waterheats up inside and theradiator gets hot. Warmair spreads around the room.

ToiletThe toilet consists of a basin and a flushingcistern, filled with water. The cistern is

connected by a pipe to thebasin. When you flushthe toilet, the waterpours into the basinto wash away thewaste. From there,a pipe leads thewaste to sewersunderground.

WashingmachineYou use awashingmachine toclean yourclothes. You putdetergent in themachine. The clothes are spun round in lotsof warm, soapy water until they are clean.

RefrigeratorIf we buy fresh milk,cheese or meat, we putthem in the refrigerator.There they keep cool andstay fresh longer.

About where we live

CookerA cooker has a hob on topand an oven inside. If youswitch them on, they getvery hot.You boil things inpans on the hob and bake orroast things in the oven.

ComputerThe computer is an electronic machine whichdo all kinds of things. You can write on itusing the keyboard. You can play games on it.You can draw pictures or design things on it.You use a computer to go on the internet.

RadioRadio programmes arebroadcast using invisible radiowaves. The radio receives thewaves with its aerial. If youswitch it on and tune into thecorrect wavelength, you hearthe radio programme.

Light bulbA light bulb lights up a room.Inside the bulb there is a thinwire. When you switch on thelights, electricity flows into thebulb. The wire gets very hotand glows. The bulb makes thelight very brightly.

BEFORE children go toschool, they go to a

kindergarten or nurseryschool. Here they paint,make music, play, learn,

and make lots offriends.

Kindergarten24

TeacherTeachers work in thekindergarten. They help

the children withtheir reading andwriting. They readthem stories andshow them howto paint picturesor make music.

WritingWhen you write, youput letters together tomake a word. All theletters together makeup the alphabet. Youneed to learn thealphabet in order to write. Each letter has a certainshape. The first word that you learn to write isusually your own name.

Musical instrumentYou can make music with amusical instrument. Whenyou play a xylophone,each key sounds adifferent note. Ifyou play these in acertain order and toa certain rhythm,you can make a tune.

ReadingThere are lots of storybooks in kindergarten.The teachersometimes readsthem out to the wholeclass. The childrencan look at thepictures and start tolearn to read.

PaintingYou paint with paintbrushes on topaper. You mix the paint with water,then guide your brush across the paper.You can use the colours you have, ormix them together to make new ones.

Magnifying boxTo see a very small thing much more clearly, youcan put it in a magnifying box. The glass has aspecial shape to makethe object look bigger.If, for example, you puta caterpillar and someleaves in the box, youcan see how thecaterpillar feeds. Youcan also see itsmarkings.

25K I N D E R G A R T E N

26 27H O S P I T A LHospital

MedicineMedicine helps to cure illnesses.It can come in the form of atablet, a capsule or a liquid.When the doctor knows what iswrong, he or she will give you aprescription. You then take thisto a pharmacy, where you getthe medicine.

NurseNurses work in hospitals. They helpthe doctors to make you better. Theydo many different jobs. They takethe your temperature, give you yourmedicine and bring you your meals.They tend patients’ wounds inaccidents and emergencies.

InjectionYou are given aninjection sometimesto stop you gettingdisease. The doctoruses a syringe with athin, hollow needleattached to it.

X-rayAn x-ray scan is an image of your insides.If you break a bone, the doctor can use itexamine the bones and check exactlywhere the break is. X-rays are also usefulfor studying your teeth inside the gum.

DoctorDoctors know about what causes manyillnesses and how to cure them. If youtell the doctor where it hurts, he or shewill try to find out what is wrong. Whenthey know why you are ill, they can thenhelp you to get better.

StethoscopeA stethoscope allows thedoctor to hear inside thebody. While you arebreathing in and out,the doctor can hearwhether your lungs areworking well.

YOU may betreated in a

hospital if you arevery ill. The doctorsand nurses help

you getbetter.

Fruit and vegetablesFruit and vegetables are full of vitaminswhich are good for you. Apples, lemons,cherries and tomatoes are fruits. Leeks,potatoes, and onions are vegetables.

Shopping28 29S H O P P I N G

IF YOU want to buy meat, you go to thebutchers. You will find fruit and vegetableson sale at the greengrocers. Bakers sell bread

and cakes. You can buy allthese things andmore at asupermarket.

MeatThe meat that we eat comes fromcattle (beef), sheep (lamb), pigs (pork)or hens (chicken). You must cook orroast meat before you eat it.

CheckoutThe supermarket checkoutis where you pay forthe goods youwant to buy.You take themfrom thetrolley andplace themon a belt. The cashier then puts them through ascanner, which records the price for each item. Thetill works out the total payment due for all yourshopping. You give the money to the cashier.

MoneyYou pay for things with money.In the past, before money wasused, goods were exchanged.If someone who bred pigswanted bread, he would

exchange a pig for a few bags of flour. Money is abetter way of getting what you need! All goods onsale have a price. You can use coins (for smallsums) or notes (for high amounts). You can alsouse plastic cards to pay for things.

MilkMilk comes from cows. They aremilked every day. Milk is kept cold andbrought to the shops. Milk also is usedto make cheese, butter and yoghurt.

BreadBread is made from wheat.The seeds, or grain, is groundup to make a fine powdercalled flour. This is mixedwith water and yeast tomake dough. Dough isbaked to make bread.

Index30 31Did you find them?

The red circles showexactly where thekeys can be foundon each of the mainillustrations inthis book.

pages 6-7

pages 10-11

pages 16-17

pages 24-25

pages 28-29

pages 8-9

pages 14-15

pages 20-21

pages 26-27

Aabdomen 10aerial 22alphabet 25anger 19arguing 19arteries 13

Bbaby 7, 9bakers 28birth 7birthday 6, 7blood 13bones 12, 26books 25brain 12, 15bread 28, 29breasts 9brothers 7butchers 28

Ccable 22, 23cartilage 12cashier 29checkout 29children 24, 25cistern 23clock 23clothes 7, 23computer 23cooker 22cornea 15

DEdeath 19digestion 13doctor 26, 27dreams 18eardrum 15ears 15eating 18elbow 12electricity 22energy 18eyes 15

FGfamily 6-7, 19father 7, 19fear 19femur 12flat 20follicles 9food 12, 13, 15, 22, 29friends 6, 7, 16, 19, 24fruit 28, 29germs 9, 18grandparents 7

Hhair 9happiness 18hearing 15heart 13heating 23hips 9hob 22home 18, 20-23hospital 7, 26-27house 20-23human body 8, 9, 10-13

IJKillness 18, 26injection 26internet 23intestines 12, 13iris 15jealousy 19joints 12kidneys 13kindergarten 24-25kitchen 20

Llight bulb 22liver 13love 19lungs 13, 26

Mmagnifying box 25man 9

meat 28, 29medicine 18, 26microphone 23milk 29money 18, 29moods 16mother 7, 19muscles 9, 12, 13music 25musical instrument 25

Nnails 9nerves 12, 15nurse 26, 27nutrients 13

Oorgans 10, 12-13, 15oven 22oxygen 13

Ppainting 25parents 7, 19penis 9people 8-9pharmacy 26plug 22postman 6pregnant 7prescription 26pupil 15

Rradiator 23radio 22radio waves 22reading 25refrigerator 22

Ssadness 18satellite dish 22school 24, 25seeing 15senses 14-15

sewers 23shopping 28-29sister 7skeleton 12skin 9, 15skull 12sleeping 16, 18smelling 15socket 22sound 15sperm 9spinal cord 12stethoscope 26stomach 12, 13supermarket 28, 29syringe 26

Ttaste buds 15tasting 15teacher 25teeth 8, 9, 26telephone 23television 22temperature 9, 26tendons 12testicles 9toilet 23tongue 15touching 15twins 7

Vvagina 9vegetables 28, 29veins 13vitamins 29

WXwashing 8, 20washing machine 23womb 7woman 9working 18writing 25x-ray 26xylophone 25