Bibliothèque nationale · 2005. 1. 4. · Abstract riiriit ari II.263-1)aierl t-i(lt~) coller aiid...
Transcript of Bibliothèque nationale · 2005. 1. 4. · Abstract riiriit ari II.263-1)aierl t-i(lt~) coller aiid...
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Abstract
riiriit ari II.263-1)aierl t - i ( l t ~ ) coller aiid an LIPL(;-2 coiiipliaiit 1-irlco d i ~ r for \-vt-!. Ion. Il i1
r a t r viclco applicaiioiis. au<l Iiigti bit ratc iiitrrlaccd \- i ( l rm applicat ions. rcrptw i\.i\l)-. -['lit*
rrsiiltiiig vidro co<lt.rs acliitt\-tb escellerit tratlroffs aiiiorig I>it ratc. qtiality. aiid coiiipiita-
t ioiial coriiplcsit!-. I t i Iact . cspcrirneiital r<-siilts sliutv t k i t oiir \*ide0 codt>rs oiit prrforrii
t lic Iwst krio~vri 1 - i r l w corlim i r i ternis of coniprcssioii pcrforriiarice a n d ericotlirig spcid.
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Table of Contents
*.
Abstract 11
List of Tables
List of Figures
vii
1 Introduction 1
2 Background 5
2.1 Iriforriiat iori . l ' l i t w r ~ . C'o~ic-cpt s - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .->
2. 1 . 1 E r l t rop>- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t i
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1.2 .Joiiit Eiit roll!* ancl ('oridit iorial Krit r o p ~ - ti
- 2 . 1I i r t iial i~iforriiat iori I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....
2 . Erit r op~- ('wliiig . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . s
1 f i i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.- r i t l i t i l i r !)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 . Rat c-Dist or t iori 'I'licorrrii C'oricrpt a 10
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4 H ~ - h r i c l \-ideo ( ' d i iig 12
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.S .\lot ion Est iiiiat ion 1.5
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2..i. 1 Blork Statrliiiig .-ilgorit linis 16
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2..5.L> Fast SIot ioii Est irtiatioii Algori t liiii lS
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6 Discretc C'mi rie Trarisforiii ( DC'T ) 23
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3 Block-Based Motion Estimation 29
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1 l [ o t i\.aticjn 2:)
. . . . . . . . . . 1 . l l o r i o n E.çtirii;ttioii tvi t i l Ritte-t 'i>iiipiitnt ion ( 'oiistraint :il
. . . . . . . . . . . 1 . 2 . Ra t r -Dis to r t ion Optiniizil(l l lot i( j r i E s t i n ~ a t i o r i lj.7
. . . . . . 1 . 2 . ( o n i p ~ r t ; \ t iori-Distortiori 0pti:iiizmI .\ Iorion Estir i iat ioi~ 11.;
1 Priiposrt l \ lot ion Est lriia t ion .\lqori t lin1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : { f i
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . 1 St a r t iris I 'oi i i t : Prv(lict,ion :!b
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Stwrc-il P;rt I I 4 1
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Tt~~-riiiii;itioii P ~ i i i r . \ l ~ o i i t l i r i i 1-i
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . 1 n i t i R I . !fi
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :1. 1.1 [ i i i t i i i l i z i t i c ~ r i i(i
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . 2 Stxari-ii I);tr l i I I )
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :1. i.:3 ~ i t i i 7 1
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 i i .;:i
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5 Application: H.263 Based Low Bit R a t e Video Coding 6'7
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1 liot il-at i<iii ari(l Hii(.kqi.oiiri(l ti7
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.1.1 Tlic t 1 .'iti:I Si a;itlar(l: O\-r.ivic.~v t il)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . 2 - T h o II.Z(i:l I3 i t StreaiiiStrii(-tiirc.. ;O
5 . 1 11.26:3 JIac-rol) l i~k I.a>+c-r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 . 2 Prupos<v l ( 'u<ltxr 7 I -- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 I -p i c t i i i ( \ . \ I I 3 ( 'ucliiig S t r a t i ~ g ~ - 1 .)
- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2.2 1'-pict i i i . ib JI13 ('odiiig . \ l<*t l io ( l 1 ( i
5 . 3 13 a t (. ( ' o r 1 t t'ol <* ) - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3 F A p ~ r i i i i i ~ r i t al R ~ ~ ~ i i l i s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S.)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i. I slliiiiiiar>~ ! I l
6 Application: MPEG-2 Video Coder 9 2
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii. 1 51 PL(;-2 O\-<.ri-it*~v !t!
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 . 1 . 1 Profil(. arid 1 . ( 3 \ . ~ 1 !Kl
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1.- Fir l r la . I'raiiios a i i ( l I'ivt iir(. ! L I
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1Iot ioii I'rtvli(-t i o n !).5
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1 .-l Fraiiie D( '-1- ;iii<I Firicl D ( ' T !)7
. . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1 .i R i t St rraiii 51-iitas alid .\larrol~loc.k i,a~-(.r !H
. . . . . . . . . . t ('o~ii~)utatioii-1)ist ort ion Optiiiiizrd Slotiori Est iiiiatiori !FI
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 . 1 Slot ion \ i ~ t or Pn.dict iori 1 O 1
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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2.2 Scarcti Pat Ii ancl Scarcti Terrtiiriat icm 102
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 . 2 . bIicrarc-liic-al St r i~c - t iirc 1 O:{
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 . Iiiipltwi<mtat ion Isïiir 105
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . i Fast Riittx-Diitort ioii Opt itiiizcd .\[o<lt* St+-(.r iori I O(;
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . li.S.1 RD Opt iiirizcvl IIo<l<> S c l ( ~ t i o n IO;
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Eric-«(lin(: o l 1-Pictiirrs 1 12
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 . 3 I.:iicotliri~ o f 1'- Pict iircï 1 1-1
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - Tlit- Finit(. Statc '\Iaclii~ie ( F S J I ) 11.;
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 . '~lirr~sliold .In ailcl Rat<. ( 'ont roi 1 1 d
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ti..l Si~~it i iat i o ~ i Rcst~lt.; 1 l!)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . fi.-!. l ('JI O p t i i l i i zor l \lot ioti Est iiiiat i o i i i 20
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (i. 1.2 R D Opt i i i i i n v l JI PIa:(;-'> \'iilvo ( ' o ( l t ~ 125
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (i..? i i a 12!1
Bibliography
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List of Tables
ti.S Tlic a \ - a i l a t ~ l ~ tlinc-rol)lcxk ~ i i o t l ~ t>.pvs for 1'-fra~iiv. . . . . . . . . . . . . . !)s
fi.!) - T h o i b i i t ropj-. joi r i t t'riii.fq)?-. a i i d I ~ I I I I iial-iriforriiai ioii for ( . I I . Q) . . . . . . 1 1 1
(i. 10 Tlie orit rop). aricl c - o i i c l i t iurial critrupy for cxxliiig rriodc . l l . . . . . . . . . 1 12
-- i . 1 1 i d t i r o f o i t a r i o r i l r i I I r i t t o r . . . . 1')''
ii. 12 ( 'uitipiitat ional p<~rfori l iariw for t Ii(* 2II-log. ii.iirt.11 iiricl oiir ~('iil.i.Ii . . . . i2:I
6.1 :l ( 'oiiiput at ioiial pi~rfi>i.rii;i~i(.i. for. t \ IV Iiitkiarcliiral ic*ai.cli aiid oiir w a r r l i . . 125
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List of Figures
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tj.2S S[PF,(.;-? Protilt. an(! L(-\.t\I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . !):I
Ti.')!) [iiter'iar-ec 1 1-irleu frariie c:o;isis t 5 of t ivo fit'/( 15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ! 1.;
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . f;.:!O \ I PE(;-2 S[cjt iori \.tv.tor r~-pt ! ! ) ( ;
ii.:i 1 \IFE(:;-2 D( "r r!-pt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . 9;
. t h i r a t l i t r i o r D ' i i r 1 i r r r i - 1 i )O
....K. T t t i r of p o r t 0 5 j . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 1
. . . . . . . . . . li.:ll Uiariiori(i--liaPril ii.ar(-ii ilira I L W ( I i r i tiiotiori r~~tiriiiitiori 10:i
. t t a t r i 1 1 1 1 1 t 1 1 - t i ~ t i i t . . I O - I
ii.:iti 1'SS R of r lit. Tl[.> (-oclrlr arifl r lit. i'iil!-+t1ac<-li F! D ~>ptii!iizr~(l (-u(!t\r . . . . . LOh
.i.... PSS R o f t lit. i-o(lor ;tri(I r i i t ~ I'iill-icbari-li !{il optiriiizrvl (.o(Irxr . . . . . IO!)
5 J i l i r i i t o r . ï ; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 11)
ii.:i!i T\it% Iiiritoqrarii ( j f r titi (lii;iririz;ttit)ii stt . [> i t t . 1 ) l > t - t x ( l i ( - r i o r i tbrr(ir. . . . . . . . 1 1:;
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t;.-10 S [ H riio(lr.;t>ltx<-tiori: [-pi(.tiirti.-. I I I
j 1 [ B 0 1 t t : P t 1 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 I <;
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-12 -[-lie. ROS lrsecl i r i tliis ~vtjrk. 11s
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii. -13 ( '(.' I R (iO 1 \. i d w wqi itxri<-es. 1 '1 1
. . . . ij.-l-I PSSR porforrriance a': a fiirictiori <if i:onipiitatioii for oiir aigoritlirii 12 l
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-1.5 PSXR as afurict ioriof1)i t rate. 1%
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t i . 16 i3ritff.r fiiilriess and X 1-ariat iori. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12;
t i . C'; PSSR anri bit rate a5 a f'i~ric-tion of r i r i i t x . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3
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Chapter f
Introduction
rtiwkl. riiotioti \-cctor( s ) . arid assoc-iattvl [)arartit:ttars (sut-h as q ~ i a ~ i t i ~ a t i o r i <tep ~ i z t ) ~ . c t r . 1
t i i a t ?-iclll t Lie rniriiniiin~ 1.agrarigiari \-a11 itx .l = D + ,\ R. w h w c LI a r i < l R art. t lit. associa t t t i l
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i w i o i i (.si i i i i i i i i o i i algorit Iirii t tiat \vil1 ~ - i t b l i l giiorl i ~.;L(I(Y)IFS aiiioiiq i i i o t i o i l (-otiipta[~~itr ioii
([islort i o r i . rilot i o n \-wtc~r \ ) i l rai <.. ;iii(l t.oriipiitat ioiial cost . First . ii ric8iv rus1 ~ i i i i ( . l ioii
fur r i lo t i o i i t5stiiiiatioii \v\iic-li is il \ i ( ~ i q l ; t i ~ r l ï1111i of I ~ I C t l i r (~8 <I~liiritilii*~ i r i a ~.ngi.itiigiiiii
foriiiiilat i o t i is i i i t rorliicod. TIic a<l\.iiiit agt* of t 1iv L ) r o l ) u ~ ~ < l c-ost f t i r i c i i o r i is t tiat via i Ili8
[>a ra i~ i~~t (~ i . s i l i 1 II(. cost ftirit-t ioti. 1 l i v iiiot i o i i \x-ctor \ > i l rat t t ari(1 t l i ~ ( w r n p u t i ~ t i o id co>t
i x r i hr <.itrt~fiiII>- w i i t r o l l d . Srcoiid. t lit. .;(*arc-li ;ircBa is alloivt.il r o t a s p a i i d or coiit raisr as
a f i i r i c - t i o i i o f t t ic . local statistics of tlir tiiotioti f i t x l d . S i t i i i~ l ;~t i~r i rcsiilts .hot\' t 1 1 ~ IIIU-
posrd p r ~ d i c t itx' 11iot iori pst inla t i011 alpori t 1 1 1 1 1 CiiIi ica(l t o a CI raiiiat ic iiic-r(5as<x i 11 iiiot i o i i
~ s t iiiiat iaii s l ) i~v l for oril'. a sirial 1 loss i r i coiii pi-{*ssiori pcrforrii;iriw. .-\ ciiiiqiifl f m t i i i . ~
of oiir algorit l i r i i is t iiat t lir rrroiist iiict ioii rliialit>- of t tir assoc-ia t i d t.i(iro (vi(-o<l(lr is
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Chapter 2
Background
2.1 Information Theory Concepts
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2.1.1 Entropy
t i t n n of t 1 r i t r i o f . i t t l o t ~ r ioi f l q > t m ( l o r 1 t lit. a<- t ~ i a l \-aliitts
1.1.2 Jo in t Entropy and Conditional Entropy
v.-~M-P t t l t ~ . Y i t r i t l J' art. t ho alpliai,t.r- of -1- ; I I I ( ~ \ ' i . i ~ s ~ > o ( . t in.l!-. L I i t t [{( -Y. \ - I t I i t 3 r 1
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asiiqriwl sho r t e r (.od~s. Clii ffnian wiim lia\.(% t lit. p r ~ t i s i - o r i c l i t iori propcri J-. T t i (vl ; ) rv.
t! i t~>- ( - an I)t> i -orrr t - t 1 ~ - dtv-otltvl \ri t holit kriij\viiiq r lit. iri(li\-irliial (-ij(lr. l r n q t lis in ;u lvanw,
t i i o . ~ O ] t a Fliiifriiari (-r>ilt)s ix r i I F (ltlriyntlrl < l i t - l i t \kat t lie i i \ - t x r a ~ e I) i r rat^ is
:vit h in ont2 I,it of r hr rn t ropl- ( Eciiia;ion i7.1:l j I. \[O~PO\-CT. i f t 1w ~!-r i i lwl prol>aIiiliriw
aria po\vi>rs o f i. t l icn t lip a i - r r a q ~ ratrl OF r lit) IIiitfriian (.o(lt~ i; t il(. G a r i i c i t ~ t h . t ~ i i roi>!- - of t l i ~ ~ ~ . i ~ ~ I > o l s . Hi~ffrnan (-ocles iirr r!-pic-all~- < :cn t~ra~tvI iisinq a r r w . Han-t.\-t-r. iinlik{t
Sl iannon- F a n o rwrlrs. Hiikfnian coclrs a r tx hiiilr fronl t iitl ho t toiii 1 1 p. <lm-t in$ \vit 11 T lit)
I i ~ ; i \ - t ~ ~ o l r r w a n < 1 ~ v o r k i na - proqrtwivt.i!- loi(^- t 1) r i i t x root .
Orir clra\rhai-k o f H i i f h i a n i-ij(ling is t li;tt ,111 (.ij(itw-or(is lin\-<% iriitaqtxr liw$t lis. So
r i t t 1 liiqli t h e p r o h a l ~ i l i t ~ - of oritk of r lie .-~.riihol.: is. r liat .';>-nihol i t i l 1 ri i lfit IN.
2.2.2 Arithmetic Coding
.\ri: liriiilt ic c-o(liriq is a loislr~s c o n i p r r a ~ i o r i T rv.liiiicliit\ I !iat h t~r i (~f i t .; f r o t i ~ t nS;tt itiq rniiliipltl
~ ~ - i i i l ) ~ l s aa n ~ i r i e l t x dam iinit htit a t r l i t x ~ i 1 1 ( ~ t i r i i r l rotaiiis th<. iiii-ri~!iit~rititl ~~. i i ih>l- l ) !--
<!mibol (-o(liriq a p p r i m - t i of Hiiffnian t u l i r i q . Arithnit>ti(- i*o(linq Gc\parattas t l i ~ ( u ( 1 i r 1 ~
i.onipontDnt f ron i t hcx riioclelirig roniporittrir . Tliis p ro ( - t3~s a l l o w f<)r t lit. 4l>-riaiiiit- a(laprii-
t ion o i t tir. p rohah i l i t y riio(lr1 ~ v i t lioiit afftv-ri ri? t tit) i i r i iqn of t i ic ( .O( 1t.r. ïlit.i)rt)t i<.iill>.. in
a r i t l i r i i c t i i cocling. a sirijle cotle\vor(l is aiiigiit->tl to t w l i posr ih l r wqiit.ri(-i. of * y i r i l > d ~ .
Eric-li co(lrn.or(l (*an a lways he r ep re s r r i t r f l 1)'. a tialf-opcri s ~ i l ~ i n t e r \ - a l i r i r l i ~ i i i t i~r\ .al [O. 1 1 .
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2.3 Rate-Distortion Theorem Concepts
First. Ici .Y aiitl .Y Iw (lisrrctc raticlorli varial)lrr; ivitll alplial>ctt .I' iiriil .ï w s p c t i\-vl>-.
iiiitl t Iic joiiit prol)nl>ility riiass fririctiori I N * gi\-tw 14.1.. .i- j = Pr{.Y = . r . .Y = .i.). wli r r (~
.r E .Y arid .i- f .Y. Sost. Ict t lic distartioii f i i t i c t i o r i d( .r . .i.) 1)c a riioasiirc o f t l i v c-ost of
rrprcs(~rit itig t l iv s>-riilml .r it*ith tlic s~-iiihol .i*. Tlic distort iori f i i i i c t ion d(.r. .ia). togrt lier
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Tliv r x l t -(ii.+wt iorl Juricl ior, R( D ) for a soiircis .Y i i - i t l i ii\v.ragt8 (listort ion d,,, i i ; ai\-t:ii I>>.
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2.4 Hybrid Video Coding
i r i t h e 11)-hrid i.i(lro cudiiig sctienie. Iritra-frariit* (-wliriu, t~iipli>?-s oril!. spatial r<-:(iiirii.lanc!.
recliicriori rilet hud. t lierefure. t tiv frariirs (-a ri I>e twiro(l~i I irl(ltlpi'n(len t 15 For h t t ~ r - f r a r w
cotli riz. tio~vr\-m-. Imt ti rerriporal and spatial rt.f liiri(lanc!; recli ic-rion riivt l i w 1.; arc: iiie(i
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Generic Encoder
Generic Decoder
Fiesiduai
Coding I
, +.<. FiSliri) 2.1 1 . ; i i l<i fi.;] Iil(.5 i I i r lit . p a s t a i i i o r 1'1ir i ~ r t b ~ i r t l r e ~ ~ , i i i r t ~ ( 1 t o [)clrfi,r:ll tt1~ll[)ot':i1
p l \ r i r i t 5 1 1 1 i 1 - 1 1 O ! i 1 1 1 1 p i - 1 . .\
1 i i l i l t ) ki t l l l t l i lnt i \ I)!. intrr-fr;rriicx < . i ) i I i i i c i.: <-; i i l i .qI ;i P o r pic-t iirit. [.'OS 1' p i i - 1 Iiï('5-
o ~ i l \ . i i~ l ( . fraiiitx i I1 :lit> p s t . i I ~ > ; P I ! a: r t lf t>r1~111-(~ for t < * i i i [ > ~ ~ i i ! [)t-(vli(,t iot i . F-O1 [ k t llr('5.
O[,<. fr;tril(. i r l t I l i . p s t ; ir i [ l oritl frariitl i 11 t lit. f i l r iirt. art. 115(3 1 for ttlrri para 1 [)rti(!i(.t i o i i . [ri
tjrfitbr 10 r t v l i i r - ( l t i r i i l l l t !ni~~ritat iori c o r i i p l v s i r j of i~ot li t Ili. c>n(.o(l<lr ; I I I ( \ ( h - d t l r . 1 Ii(' B
I>i~-ri lr t . . ; anb 1iut r ($prr~r l ( - iy[ 1);- ariy o t 1it.r t! l > t + of [)ii.t iir(x. an(\ or i i?- t litb ( ' l i ~ ' + r [ O r P
pi(.t ~irtb is ii.;(aiI as a rt*ftmlrir.t>.
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T
Motion Estimation
Inverse Quantization
A
lnverse DCT
_j Motion F rame ! Compensation Memory
moticn vector
Block Motion-Conipensated Prediction and DCT-based Residual Coding
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2.2. siicii as biock riiatcliirig. D(.lrl' arid scalar q~iantizatiori. i l I,c (liscusscrl i i i riioro
tlctail.
2-5 Motion Estimation
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2.5.1 Block Matching Algorit hms
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Current Frame Reference Frame
Search Region
Figii rv 2.3: Fii I I srarrli riiot iuti ~ s t iriiat ioii prowss
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Matching Criterion
2.5.2 Fast Motion Estimation Algoritlini
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2D Logarit hmic Search Met hod
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Fiqiiw 2 . 1: TIiv 2 D Ioqui r l in i i i - wiirr-ii
i-ori\.fxrqt-s ori a lwal niininitini.
Three-step Search M e t h o d
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Parallel Hierarcllical One-Dimensional Search (PHODS)
I ' l l i c ; rlltat l l o ( i is i!i?:c'tl o r 1 il. r jn t~-<t i f i le~nsio~l ; \ l I)iriii~>. r r - / l t t i a t n ~ l i w ( in t l i t . i i w i i i i p r ion
t t D f i i r i t r i i l o t . i l I t i i Diir i i iq tliis
~ c ~ : i ~ r - I ~ p r o c ~ s s . h - 1 l~orizorita] a n r ] \-cartical 5 p t i a l ( l i ~ ~ ~ t ~ i ~ s i o i i s aso s(\ar(.\ltx(i i ~ ~ t l t ~ l ) ( % ! i ( l o ~ i t l ~ -
-- - 1 . . , . - 1 . \ s in t I i r ~ I<igasitliniir- +rarcli . a ( i p . = p ) \ ( > i d l rt-ycjri i.; li(lril a s . ; l i i ~ i ( ~ t I .
Ft)r a onex-<iirrirrisiorial warcli alon; 1 . I I I I s t t i s 2 . . t I i t x
1 I ~ s w samplirig %ri(/ for t / w iirst itwation is 0 1 . i, Il. 0 j . / ( I o . 0 ). i v i t h t h t - > s i rn~h11g
i~l t( lr i-n[ ti,, = 2rii+'i(~)1. Thts I o c : a t ion ivi t h t f w 111i n i t ~ l ~ ~ i ~ l l[:\ D a n ~ o n g r t.lisvt~ point.< is
i l . w t l 21s the cc~rltcr of t h rit"st. iterat.iori. The st-lr:ori(l itc->ratiori var(-h(->s for ~ h t - % i1ii11i11111r11
l).lr..in ar t lie following r i t 1 points. (-ri,. O ) . i O. 0 1. i t i , . O j . irrtirrrwl at th<. Io(-atiori iritii
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Hierarchical Searcli Met liod
1.0 ci rriirii\-riit i l i ~ t 1itficici:i-irs in fast smrcli a!gurit Iiriis. ivliic-Ii ( I t p ~ t i ( i oii a i i i ~ ~ i o r u r i i < -
cI(u-(*asi riz .\ I :\ D sr rfaw. Ii icra rcliical scarch riiet lier 1.: \ ~ i w (dt~\v~lopc~r l [Ci]. [ I I liit~iarclii(,nl
warcli. t Iir scarcti procws is iiut coiifiiied to a siil>sct o f t I N ) witrc-Ii i.rgioii. iiii[l is l c s i ikc~ l j -
t o h c t r a p p d i i i a local mi iiiriiiirii. L-sirig loiv rowli i t ioii rrprt~st~ritat ioiis of t lir fraiiles.
t Iic ciitirr warcli rcxgioii cari processet1 at diffrrrrit la>xw. Iri adclitiori. t h hi<~rarchical
st riictiirib nlloivs t l i ~ ilse of di tfcrmt sizctl searcli regioiii aiitl iiit8arureriimt n.iricloivi t tint
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Full Resdution
Scale
-- -- , Motion
Estimation Level 1 -.
r 2 Scale
r - - -- - - - -. - Motion
Level2 Estimation
i i iot ion r s t iriiat iuri i?: t lieri perforniecl at t l i e 1iight.i. level. Higlier ivt-~ls i n t lit. p>-raiiii(l
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2.6 Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT)
t rarisfortii t ( ~ c . h i i i q i i e s u-liicli can acliic.\-r goorl dm-ornblat ioii pdoriiiaiicr. aiid artb iiiiicli
vasiw to i riiplcriicrit . *flic!- a rc t lie Discrets Ibiricr Trarisfot~ii ( D FT) . t liv FIadatiiar(1
-1'raiisforrn. t tic Slarit Transforrii. aiid t lie Discrctc ( 'osiric -1-rarisforn~ ( DC'T). Eadi of
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2 DCT Coefficient Quantization and Codiiig
I l Sirice t tir ti~i~tiari CJ-c is IPSS scnsit ive to ~ r i ~ r g y wit li higli spat id fwqiii~ricii~s. t tic.
ioivi.r frt.(liimîy I l ( 'T' cochfficiç.iits arc. in grrirral. 1-isuall!- rilori. iriipost aiit t tinii ot l i t m
[.?l]. I r t h i r P a s a sct o f non-iirii forrti wiglit a (-nll<d t lie I I t I I nint r i r is
iisid to quarit izc t lir <-otdfi(-iwits. Eadi w\.rip\it slioiilcl \ai.>- i v i t li t l i t . frr(lii(w<-y. as ivvII
;ib t hi* t>.piz ( i n t ra. iriter, of t lie iriiagc. T I w p n m w o f ~~i iar i t izat iori o f t lit. \ < 3 I l ( '-T - 'il J
i-otbfiit-iibiit s g ,,. i. J = 0. 1. . . . . . cari I)c <.spri~ssrd 11)- ! j ,., = roii ~ t < / ( - ). i t - l i t ~ t . q,., i': t l i t * ' T l j ' i
i v ( * i n l ~ t in tlie quarit izat iori iiiat ris (2. aiid t lir q is t l i t . qi:aiit izat ioii factor. [ I I g ( ~ i t ~ a 1 .
i i v o ~l~iaiitizatiori riiatrisrs. Q,,,t,.,, nii(1 (J,,,t , , . ai(. rivliiirt.cl i r i \-idt'o (-o<liiiq Iit~aiist. oc t Iic
rliiriw.nt prolwrt ics of t lir D( '-1' cocf ficirnts in i i i t ra ari(l i r i t or co<lvc! pict iiri8-.. -flii- lo~v-
l i . i ~ ~ u r i i ( - j - tv(-iglits iisiial1~- ha\-e siriaIlci iiiagiiit iiclrs t liari t lit- Iiig1i-fit~rl~irtic~~ wiglit s i i i
(),,,,,.,,. Ilo~vr\.er. i i i gcrirral. iiiiiforrii ivciglits are iisecl i i i Q,,,t,,. Brraitst. t liv qiia:itizatiori
iilatiis (2 \\-il\ iiot cliangc. at Ivast n-itliiri a fraiiic. tlii. ratc niid t lit. cliialit~ of t l i ~ coclcd
frniiie are directly coritrolltd II)- ttic qiiaritizatiori factor q of eacli hlock. Tlic algoritlirii
t liat ~Ictcrmi~ics the i-ali~c of q drpr~icls or1 tlic applicatiori. thr rate. aiid t h t b iliialit>*
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r ilt. rli1ant izi.(l (-ipffi(-itbnt.s arc3 -apprt)';inixti.l~." ;trrniictvl in o r f i e r ot' a.-(-im( lin: f r ( ~ ~ ~ i i ~ i i - > - .
-rllis proc-ess il.;iiall!- iiicyraïrs t lie niinii->rr of (.orisr(,iit i \-r D( "r rt~ro-\-aiiiwl t-ot+fi(-irrit.;.
- i r i i p n > \ - ~ s s iq ih i - a r i t 1 ~ - w n i p r r i s i o n rtficirri(->- ii 3. :{r i . : 5 I . :i 1:.
2.8 Video Coding Standard
I r i t l i i s rl ie1i. i~. oiir proposwl n i q j r i t h n i s n-il1 Iw iriipl(~nit~rittvl i r i r l i r ( - o n t r s t o f t h ( % II.%:$
;i;ii 1 SI P E:(;-i! \.i<lt.o lin? i t an ( i a r [ l Franiework.;. [ -Iwrt~fort~. i 11 î lit> f c ) l l o ~ v i ~ i ~ ~ i ~ h ( . t ions.
a Ili-it*f tltw-ripriori 01' .;ii{.li i-iilro cwl ing st a n ( lasils il; prvwti trr l .
2.8.1 The H.263 Video Coding Standard
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2.8.2 The MPEG-2 Video Coding Standard
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Chapter 3
Block-Based Motion Estimation
3.1 Motivation
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irii~)lc.riit~ritatiori. i t also lias tivo rvcll-kriowri clrziwtmc-ks.
1-tif. tirst (!rnivl)ack is a drgratlcd i-idtw r l i i a l i t ~ - i i i low hit r a r r api)li(-atioris. f l i i -
psoblt~ii is t liv r ~ s i i l t o f t iro liriiitat ions: ( 1 i i i t b t . i i m ( l c - r (-aiiriot J I sol t lit. riiotiori
\ - t ~ - t or bi t rat P . and ( 2 1 t lic rwcoder c-anriot 1001.: alwacl. 1 [cric-t-8. t. lit. o l ~ î ai ricd triot iori
i-txrtors ( 1 0 rio! riei.i.ssaril>- >-i<.ld t tic --hrst" ovt-rall imcwliri: rrriilts. 1 - l i t . i i i ipact of t lie
almi-r liriiitatiori': i': iisiiallj- more si:nifi(-nrit iit Ion- h i t rattXs. siri(.t. t.litb i:iotio;i \.thi.tor h i r - -
rat h t * ( - o i : i c ~ wlnt i i -cl~- l;,ra~l (:!O(% - .iI)'.< of t li t . t t > ~ ; i l I ) i t r a t i l ) i 1-1. 2-1. 1!)1. Iri ui.(l(br t o
sat ir&- a ccrtairi !)i t ratta i.c-qiiirmicrit. t II(: (-ricocl(.r t h c ~ i tias I O iic;tX a I ~ I . S ~ ' I - <I~iarit izat i on
s t q ) diiriiig t l i t . cliic.orlirig o f t l i r D ( - ' I c-oi.fFi(-kiit 5. 'f'lli.;. i i i t iirii. stb\*tw*l> (lty-ailils r lit-
r o p s ~ l d ~ i r - t i o i i cliralit>.
' l ' l i t* wi-urirl drairl)acl; is F'S- B.\l--\'r \-(.ri- iiirgi. i-oiiipiitat i o i i r t~t~ii i r . t ~ r t i t ~ ! i t . ~ . For iBs-
;iiiipl(. t lit. trrn-sttXl) 1 - algorithiii t i s t ~ l i i i r lic 1 ' - 2 -l-.\l5 c~ii<-o(lt~r t>-i>i(.iill~-
r~~( l i i i i . os !,O'.Z - !)ri'.;,( of t l i t . 1 o t al iiiiriii~r ol rorii ~ > i i r ii t ioiis. 1'5- B1 1 :\5 i.t*t[rii rtb IiiiiriJ- r - u r l l -
1 ) 1 i 1 at ioiis iiiaiiil!- I)t~t.atist~ t I i e . ~ . i i ~ i i a l l ~ . folloiv a firtvl s(a;ir(-11 [mi I i ivliorib ~ t ; i r t iris poirit
i.: i i l ~ ~ t i s t d . -lliis iiiipfios. t liat. t u accu~~iiiioclatt~ \-i(lcv s c ~ t ~ i i t 3 ~ l ( - t ~ s ~ v i t h riori-it;i!ioiiiir>-
t i i o t ioii fields. a w;irr-li pat li t ravtmi rig al1 poirit 5 i I I a Iiirgt. s(.ari-li asoit i i i t i s t I)t.
ti.;tvl. - 1 ' I i ~ FS-BS IA' i liigli coriipiitat iorial rriliiirviii<-tit s lia\-(. fiiiblt~l niarll- i-iwar<.1i ar-
t ii.ii k a s . rrliicll liai-(% pro(llic(vl sri-cral rffici<~iit algorit liiiis siiïii a s 10% warch. t tirw-st<*[)
5t.n rcli. cross srarcli. corij iiga t c graclicrit scarrli. Iiii~r;irïlii(.al warcli. aricl I~luc-k haarii-
pliiig [r>. S I . $2. 2. I l . 2 . 5 . Clo~vri.er. iiiost of t lic. al)o\.c. algorit tirlis nia!- qiiickly 0t.t
I i.appc(l i i i lucal iiiiiiiriia. J-icldirig a sigriificaiit l o s i i i ~1st irtiat iori 1)d'orriiaticr.
I i i t tiis ivork. irv proIIosr a i imv iiiotioii cstiitiatioii algorit liiii t l i a t is J~otll (ltficierit alid
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3.2 Motion Estimation witli Rate-Computation Constraint
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n-Iitxrp t Iic non-ntlqat ii-e. in111rs t i f t Iir Laqranqiar i iiiiilt iplirr.: X arif l riiiist !j(- ( . i i< j~(%i i i o
The Prqosed Lagrangian Cost Function .li 1 1 i
Lt.1 115 n s i r ~ ~ r r bar for ;i riia(.rol~locli , i . j j a p rc - ( l (~ l i t~ i~ i l .i('ilr(.I~ ~ > i i t Il P t Iiiit (.o\-i1r5 t I i ( 1
-ta;iri.ii a r a t~s is t i . arici t h a t P corisisrs of t h r ie<liirn(x. of niotioii \-(3cti~r.; i V I . VL. . . . . v \- i.
T h t h s t ihsc ip t 1, i n vrL in(li(-at(as thtx scarrh ort1t)r. t h a t is v,, = I .r,,. y,, 1 is ! I l i x tjtli riwtiori
\-(b(-tor in thr sparcli par/,. A f r ~ r con~i(1ering th<-> l-e<.tor v,, nloriy tlitl ~t.iii.(.Ii parh 'P.
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3.2.1 Rate-distort ion Optimized Motion Estimation
3.2.2 Computation-Distortion Optiniized XIotion Estimation
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3.3 Proposed Motion Estimation Algoritlirn
i l r i t v i t o i i i l i l t lit. saar(.li par 11 t ~ i i i p l o ! . ~ . r l i i i r l l i ~
ii-or!;. Ttit. ioi~r(*i! pat li i l i i > i i l i l ipt.<-ib- a +->iiiitlri(-il of riiot iori \-tbi.t o r K . i \ . I i < ~ i . t ~ T l i i b .*opt inial"
riloi iuri ~ - t > ( - t o r (-a11 I > t l Foi i n ( l iv i t hi ri n ~ i r l i r l i i ~ t l ~ ( .o~lipi i t i l t ionai i-ost . r h i - t ~ t ~ -oitsi-Ii p i r lis.
, .pirai it.ari.li p t J I . a (l iarl ioi~cl-sl ia~)c~ I .twri.li 1);it li. a ri( 1 a tlo;it in.--(-i~ritt~r *ib;iri.li [ ~ i i t I I
r 1 s t . ln t h ( > f rial s i i h ~ c t . t i o t ~ . t ~ v o otfi.(-~i\.tl ttlrniinatiori a ly~ri t l i i i i . : Imi tvI o n t ivo
prolxthi list ii- rliorlrls 1 rrspt.ct i i- i . l?- ) rvill I>tx i nt ni(liicr( l an<! (lis(-ii+tv 1.
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3.3.1 Starting Point: Prediction
hlean Predictor
Weighted Mean Predictor
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rlirtor oiitprrfornis r h r iinifarni mean prtvlir:tor r l i i r i i s d ahw.c. fiirtlier i n i p r o v m i m t s
i i i pcrforniarim are r ~ s p ~ c t r t - 1 b ~ - irhangiri? t h . i-aliiel; o f r l i r (-ot*fficitwts r i ; ' i arlapti\-txl>-
(tiiriris nint ion tlsrirrinrion.
Median Predictor
Stat istical Meaii Predictor
-4 rriorp porvt~rfii~ riori-lirirar prrclirtor is tlitl -iat i.rii-ai riit-ari \ - t ~ ( - r ~ ) s Y = P. r / 1. r~lio-ta trvo
a ~ r r i p o n t ~ t . ~ arta al-O w r ~ ~ [ I I I ttvl i r i ~ l * ~ ~ > t ~ r i t I e r i r l > - MI(! i ri x i i ( h i r it-al riiiiriritlr. i\Ï t l i o ~ i t l c w - o f
qtliitnlit!-. wix will rit^: iltw-rilw t Iitl priwtvliirt> i i ~ t v l :O tx-tiriiatia P . i l i t ~ .r ( - o r t i l ~ ~ i i t ~ r i t o f c . flitx wa la r .i- i.: t i l t . ni3iqiittvl a\.t-ragtx of .r i - ~ i i i p j r i t ~ i i t - o f a i l p o ~ ~ i l , i t ~ r i i o t iori \-v(.ror<. I I i t x
~ w i g l i t iris w~t f i c i twt 3 arcb t ~ ~ i ial t o t tir coriiiir iorial prui);iI>ili t it+ o f t l i t . .r i-orti potitlrit.;. T!i tx
(-oridit iorial prohabili t it.5 art1 (lrtrrriiiriril i i i . i r i q a ririitt-t art. [lia(-hi rit. i FS.\ t r t i o i l t ~ l t haf
i' rt~prcw~r1ttvl 1 ) ~ - a (-oiltal)o~i<. o r a .;et of stittt. c-uclt. t - t v . t ~ r \ . E<t<.li c.i,(Io \vt.tor r rps twr i t s
a ro la t i \ - t~ l~- larqtb <tat of tixriiplaitx \ - rc tor i ut . -flic. i-uriipoiit~iit.; of r i i t l ttwiplart. w . f o r s ut
a r r feat iirr q~-rtil~ul' reprtw\iit irig t tir .r curtipuiitaiit uf p r i ~ \ - i o i i s l ~ - (-wlt~il riior iori \-tlc.rors i r i
t h ROS. [ r i ot1ir.r u-unis. a rcri iplat t~ \xlctor ut i \ t l i t b oiitpiir uf ü riiappiriq fiirictiuri rvhoatb
iiipiits are the ROS mot iori 1-wtor .I coniporicritç. is t h r iripiit tu a ttxctor qiiaritizt\r
i \ -Q) wtiose coclrhouk coiirairis ail statc code vcctors. Iri t tiis rvork. t tir. Follou-ing t i w
itiapping Fiinctioiis aricl \-Q:: a r e corisitlered:
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( b s p c ~ t ~ d t o >-icld ver>- aisi-iiratt3 + t at i-rical nit>ari prwlictml rtior ii,ri i-ta<-ror.;. So t t l rliat
ol i r iii![>ic3nit>ritati<,ri uf rhf. - i a t i ~ t i < - a l riicaan prrvlictor (iot*s iiot rrqiiirt. t l ia t r l ~ t k r a l ) l t x
- - p:obal)ilir i t . ~ G t a . ; t u r d o r tlvtan tlirri-t l>- p r m . r ~ s s e v l . 1 Lit. t h . t i i r i a t t ~ ~ (.ai, I , t a t j h r ni rit%([ ..aiil>-
I)!. i i iairitniriiri~ a <-oiirirt2r for. t w 1 i i t a t t ' i - o < i t . ~ - t v - t t x - . ~ I ~ I I s - \ I I C - I I ii [ ~ r t ~ t l i ~ - t i o n r t ~ f - ! i ~ l i ( ~ ~ ~ t ~
i> rclat ivc1~- iitiiplt..
3.3.2 Searcli Path
Spiral Search Patli
1- l i t . w a r ï l i art.a i . ~ iriitiall!- ilit.-iiltvl iritu + < l i ~ i t ~ t . - - l i ~ [ > ( * ~ l iuritoiir.: o r ia?-t.s~. a>; .Iio\vri in -
i r t 3.9. Ttit. i<~iir<. l i i t a r t s a t r tir* pri:<li<.ttvl riiotiori \xa,.ror \ '. i~iiitkixfl CI- *-[.ii!-tlr O" ir i
t 11tl fiquw. \\-t% t ! ~ c t t i ~ ( ~ r c h t htl h>x\rs 1.2. , . . S C > ( ~ I L ~ ~ iall!- in t l i t $ - a r r ~ t : t)r~It%r. *I-i i t> w a r r h
or(1t.r iri radi l a ~ x ~ r is ar l>i t riir!.. . ; i r i w al1 poi rit s i r i t tir I n > w [vil 1 Ili. wnri.ii t~(l. I'lit. spiral
itxarcli pat Ii lias he tm iiwd iri t tir kI.263 'I'.\IS.j (-oilttr-5 riiutiori trti i i i i i t iori alqurittirii. 1 7 i i t a
riiiiiil)i~r of v a r c h puir i t i i r i ~ a c l i laye-r are si\-eri I I > - S % I . iviiere 1 i-: t l i r Ii..!-t*r iri<lca'r.
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( ' h a p ter :j. Bloc-k-Bas-ed .\lot ion E.st irrlariorr
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A - -
v u -
Float ing-Center Search Pat h
-Y. v.ilI t hrii ht-1 t h v reritvr of t tie new- war(.h ri.-ic,ri rilarktvl as l r r y r - I i. Ifo\vcl\-t.r. I~v-ai isc~
o f tht* ijvr~rlal). uiil!- t l i t . :l in [ri!-er 1 i v i i l I N * t t~ . ; tcv l . S t ~ t . t l i t . I w r t r ~ t , t i o r i \ . ( ~ t o r
f w i r i d artlori.; t lit. :1 point': rvill be tllr i-eriter OF t l i t . iit3\v stw-cli rt:;riori riiarkr-l as l<l!)t r - 2.
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('linpter 5. Block-Based -\lot ion Est irriat iori
3.3.3 Termination Point Algorithni
I r i Ri) optiitiizctl rnotioii cst i mat ion. iriiiiiitiizirig . I ( l i ) = I l ( 1 ) ) i X R( i l 1 caii Iw \-cr>- (-«III-
p u t atioiiall>- tlcniaiicling. III (.'D opt iriiiztd riiot ion cst iiiiat ioii. to fir icl t lic rilot ion \-cctor
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aiid cliiiosiiig sri appropriatr teriiiiriat ion p i t i r is t licrc~forr a d i f f i î i i l t tas k. 0 i i ~ solii-
arcas i v l i (w3 t tir iiiotioii field is not srtiootli. I i i siicli a cast.. t h t a i.açraiigia;i si i r facr
is likcly riot coii\~:s. Ei-rri whcn tlic niot ioii field is stiiootli. tlir scarcti as spccified
1)). tliis II>-pot licsis <.an cliiickly get t rapped ir i a local iiiiiiiiiiurii.
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3.4 Sinlulation Results
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iis(v1 t o ( [ r i ~ - t - the3 FSlI t ~ d t x \ . tlitx tv(-~i~/it.cvl n~t*ar i \ V J ! - s \ l 1 a I w oiitpt~rIi)r11i5 t ~ I P ~ ~ r l i f o r r i i
~ ~ i t * a ~ i I \ I - - \ -S\ l a n ( ] ~ I - u - s \ I j i r i rtXr:m of pr t>( l i ( - t io~i a(-~-l i r i i ( - j* . \ [on*o\ -~*s . t l i t x ~ t a t i 5 r i ( - a /
t a r i - t 1 - 1 a t a t t t r i t I I I l . l'iriiill!-. r io t . i ( . tb
t lint \[ED-.-\ ~-icI(h a [ O I Y P ~ tSrlt rop!; tllan t . I i (~ ilicjrt.* ~ - o ~ t l l ) I t * ~ \iritXiir ~ I I I ~ 1 G r i l t i51 i(-al riltxln
i)r-idit.tors. This. coii[>lr*(l \vi r l i i 1.; Iiialier rohtist r i t w t o (r1iaririi.l tmx)rs. i.: l i l < ~ l > - t ~ l i ; i ~ riiit(lt1
i t pitrt of t h e H.2GI ~ i t a r idan ! .
[ t i.: (-1ear frorii [ -a l1it.5 :I.:! :1.:1 t ha t t lie ( l i tFerrtictas i r i a\x>ragi- (-.rit rijpiv.; a r t - r r la -
i l I l This siiggr:xts rliat niotiori zitiriintiuri/i*otlirig is riot wrisii i\-e tu prmlictiori
ai.riiracj-. .\Loreo\-er. as . l i ~ w r i i r i Tahl i~s 3.4 a n d :I.3 for \ i 15s .\\I ER[(*, \ ;tri( i ( ' A R F H O . ~ E
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Previous Frame Present Frame
- - a . E:iitrop~. for C A R P H 0 3 E of iiiotiori w c t u r .r cotiiporirrit offscts i r i t i l tb rcaruti ai-va c.c.ritcro(l at I l i t1 rricari ( ' r I E X S - h ancl S I E A S - t3 ). wcigtittd riicari (\l'.\I ). tiirrlia~i
(11El)-.-1 niid IIED-El j. iiicaii-l)ascrl statistical iii(nari (\I---\-S.\I a~icl 51-0-511) . ari(l ~i-cigl i t (~l rtirari-l)asclc-! staf ist ical iilcari (\\'SI-511 ).
![Page 61: Bibliothèque nationale · 2005. 1. 4. · Abstract riiriit ari II.263-1)aierl t-i(lt~) coller aiid an LIPL(;-2 coiiipliaiit 1-irlco di~r for \-vt-!.Ion. Ili1 ratr viclco applicaiioiis.au](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081616/5fe7f620a29ba857c87e19bc/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
~ u i i ~ i t s aiid (.rit ropy of t tir .r r-oriiporiciit o t r w t s of t liow mot icj i i i ~ v - t o r s loi-attvl i i i t lit.
i~imts and eiit.ropy of t l i i ~ .r cottiponrtit offsots of t tiow riiotioii i-rctor-s lo(-iit~(l i i i tlic wascli
3.4.2 Search Path
111 t Iiis p a r t 1 lit1 cortipiit at iori-rlistort ioti pri.rorrtiaiir(~ OF rtirt hot!.; Imwd ori t I l t b t hrcc
s(~iscli pat lis (spiral warcli pst li. <liartiorirl-slia~)<.<I soarcli pat li. aiirl Lloar iiig-wiit<v warcli)
<liac.tiiscd i i i S ~ c t ion :1.:1.2 is <~\aliiatrti . T1ic c.uitipittat ion-distort ioii q ) t irtiizi~d iiiot iori
(.si iriiat ion algorit iinis assoc-iatctl ivi t I I t lic t III-w smrcli pat lis art. ic~iplriiiwtc~rl ir i t hc
roiltcst of tlic SIPECi-2 TA15 \-itiim cncodri. llorlel l (2-la?-rr II>-poilic.sis) (lisciisscd
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PSNE vs. Csrnputat~on 38 I
football. dl3 frames
Search '~Vindow: -47 Io 47
Rate: 8 MbitUsec
i /'
/ //
x Spiral
Diamond
o Roating center
PSNR vs. Cûrnputation 35.1 :
34.9 i Searcn Window: 4 7 IO 47
Rate: 8 Mbituses 34 8 1
x Sprral
Diamond
o floatrng center
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3.4.3 Termination Point
f lit1 ~)rt)poswI p r ~ l m h i l i i t i ( - nlwit!l.: I h a ~ t ~ 1 < > I I 1 I I<- ' > !a~ .o r I ( > - l > o t I i~i i i : ilil( : I - / ~ \ Y < . ~ T Cf ! . p > t 11-
P . O t - i l f l i t i i t i 1 O w 1 t t 1 1 O . ïlitl
i . i i l w CII(:U( lrr t q i plo!-et-l a Huat iiig-wriii.r .;r*ar(-li j>;i t li i ri t hi. rxp(.i.i riitbrit . 1 1 t s \ - i ( lt-.O
+<y~ii(-~tiws are t lir ( 'C' 1 R cil) 1 ( 0 < - 0 pi st .1~. :;O frnrii(-?/wc i T L r i 1 ( ; , \ R D E S
,w(ltitxnc(is. niid the. t a r y t I ~ i t r a t t is d S l h i t s / w r . K t ~ s ~ i l t s ;inJ show~i iri F i ~ ~ i n ! :$.l.l .
[--or t i l t x FOOTBALL .wqiieri(re. the two riiethoih arv \-ri-'- crioie iri [,rrforiliari(-rb. t-tolv-
P . for C;.\ R D E S wqi iencre. t lie riict ho([ haird o!i '\ loflol 1 is [ilor(-. (?ffii.irrit i liari t litb
ur i rb I~asc.tl Uri Slo(lr1 t I. For ver>- a c t i ~ ~ wrl i i r r i<-vi : . siicii as t lie i;oo-rn.-\~r.. tlit. propow(l
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PSNR vs. Computation
38:
Football. 36 frarnes
Search 'SJindow: 1 7 !O 47
Rate: 8 Mbit~sec
x 2-cayer Hypothesis
a 3- lay~r Hypolhes~s
Eoat Region
3 7 ( 0.6 0.8 t 1 2 1 d 19 t e
CarncuraiianuMB ( * al operations) x tif
PÇNR 2s. Carncutaticn 33.0 r
33 d k B Mbilu sec
x 2-iayor 3ypcthesis
û 3-iayer Hypothesis
F i g r 1 ('oriipreisiori perforirianct~ of 2 riioclt~ls for warch trrriiiriatio[i i n terriis of PSS R nricl riurii l ~ e r of conipiitations per r~ iac roh lo îk .
![Page 65: Bibliothèque nationale · 2005. 1. 4. · Abstract riiriit ari II.263-1)aierl t-i(lt~) coller aiid an LIPL(;-2 coiiipliaiit 1-irlco di~r for \-vt-!.Ion. Ili1 ratr viclco applicaiioiis.au](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081616/5fe7f620a29ba857c87e19bc/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
C'hapter :I. Block- H a s d .\[ut i o r i Est irria t iori
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Chapter 4
Rate-Distortion Optimized Mode Selection
1.1 Multi-niode Video Coding
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4.1.1 >Iacroblock Coding Mode
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( ' l~apter- -1. Rat r-Distortiori Optirriizetl .\loclr. Sclrrrt i o r l
4.1.2 Conventional Mode Selection Algorithms
T i i ~ <Iran-lmck o f t l i ~ approacli is rliat t lie r i i o d i a ii rid i t s associntivl paraiilet ers are s r ~ l c ~ t wl
\vit hoiit jo in t coiisidcration of t lie h i t rat(. ari(l t lit . \*idiw rcprodtict ion cliialit>-.
4.2 Rate-Distortion Optimized Coding Mode Selection
[ r i t tiis WC-t ioii. a i-asranginri forniiilat ioii i:: (wiplo~*(~rl t o arldrc-5.: t lit* prohlcni o f w l ( ~ - t i i i <
siibjtct to R(.l ' . .U ) < B...
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- - CI
- C - d e - w d
C 4
* .6 CI -
C C. -. -+
ii - h w r - r..
T:
ris 2 ri - rr h u
e - Z Ci d - cil +
z - F: '1.
5 - C - - A - - 3 b'
'7
M - + C
,
5. - L C - - - d
?; h
-7 Y - V - S
T '7 , 5 - - r -. - L
3$
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4.2.1 Exliaustive Search: Performance Upper Bound
[Ioirc~\- t~. 1 lit. al)o\x. t.rliaristi\-r. scarrli r t i t ~ t l i o ~ l (-aii I N * \x-r>- i i i t~f f ic ic r i t for \ . i ( l i u i-udirig
i t a i~( la r ( l s s~ ippoi .~ i r iq riiariy codirig riio(lw aii(l ~>;trariit~ti~rs. For tisariil)lc. t lic i i i i i i i h
or possil>l(. cotiihiiiai ions r > f codirig rtiotles ar~(l iiaaoi-iat(*(l ([iiarii izat ion . ~ t ~ p s i r c 1IPEC;-2
iiiniri p ro l i l (~ /~ i ia i~ i l ( ~ i - ~ I for P p ic t~ i r r s is 259. 111 t liis t w i D . t hi: r~sti l t îr ig S[PE(L2 t w u l i ~ i q
t iriw ivill 1~ 30 -10 t iriivs longer tliaii tliat of r lit- 11 PEG-2 l'II5 c.iirurlcr. [Ioivt.\.rr. a5
sliown i i i Figiirc -1.15. t liv associatecl gain iri roiiiprrssioii efficitwc~. ivoiiltl t)c 1 .r> - 2.0 d B
iii PSXR as coriipartd t o t lie .\IPEC;-2 T.\lr> t~ricodcr.
To iiirrcasc. wriipii t at ioriaI cfficiency. i v r propose t iro fast iiiotlc-sclrct ioii algorit liiiia.
Tlie firsi algoritlirii is hasrci on a t krcstioltliiig riivt liotl. For I-icleo cûtliiig staiiclards wit li a
![Page 71: Bibliothèque nationale · 2005. 1. 4. · Abstract riiriit ari II.263-1)aierl t-i(lt~) coller aiid an LIPL(;-2 coiiipliaiit 1-irlco di~r for \-vt-!.Ion. Ili1 ratr viclco applicaiioiis.au](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081616/5fe7f620a29ba857c87e19bc/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
rclatii-ri!. -n ia l le r n i i n i h r o f i .LI,. (2, ) i.onikitintionç. tlir t lirr~sliolciinq r w t l iwi CRII bta \w-y
t.fFwt itx- i:i rcvliiciri? t h e r-onipiitat ional iIc~riiariris. The- th e on ri alqori t l i r i i i.; Ix tsrc i on a i l
nrlapt ii-e tirii te .;tatts rriacliinr F5hI I n i r t l i ~ i . \v l i i r l i txploii >i r ht- i ta t i ~ t ical rtvliiiiiinii(-!-
ariii)riq rit~iglii jori nq niacrohlocks.
-1.3 Fast Mode Selection Algorit hm 1: Thresholding hIet hod
![Page 72: Bibliothèque nationale · 2005. 1. 4. · Abstract riiriit ari II.263-1)aierl t-i(lt~) coller aiid an LIPL(;-2 coiiipliaiit 1-irlco di~r for \-vt-!.Ion. Ili1 ratr viclco applicaiioiis.au](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081616/5fe7f620a29ba857c87e19bc/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Rate VS. PCINP. 39
38 - %S. 60 trames
W:n Size 3 1 37- ,' /
/ :P. GOP 12 1'
/
Football. 74 frames
'Elin SIZP -7
IF. GOP 12
320 2 4 6 9 1 O 12 14
Rate tbps) x 10'
I . iR~iw 1. i.j: -r kit. coiIipresiiori per for r r in i ic~ curti pariwri ber wcarri t l i t . SI P EG-2 T S I i c.u(-lilr
aiid t lie full-warcii R-D upt iriiizetl rrioclv arirl qiiarit izatiori i t ~ p ~ I c < - t iuri alqorir l i r i i c.o<lrr for Hiis wqiicrice ( top 1. arii.1 F*üotl~all wqriprice ( hot torii 1.
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4.4.1 Finite-State Machine (FSM)
4.4.2 The Reference Lagrangian .In
.As rhotsn i r i Figura -1. Iü. t lie tlistrihiit iori of t lic opt i r n i i r i i Lagrangiari .lm is a lw 1 - t . q -
sr r i tc t tirid. Thefore . t htb refcrence Lagraii5iari .IR cari bc &rit-ed frurii t lit: opt i i t i c i r i ~
![Page 75: Bibliothèque nationale · 2005. 1. 4. · Abstract riiriit ari II.263-1)aierl t-i(lt~) coller aiid an LIPL(;-2 coiiipliaiit 1-irlco di~r for \-vt-!.Ion. Ili1 ratr viclco applicaiioiis.au](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081616/5fe7f620a29ba857c87e19bc/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
( r ) .\.[ODE
step For a frnriir o f t I i r Foijtlxtll 2(-1c11ir~:1~-(~.
d e r
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i \ . h r r ~ r r * , , are t lie n-eiglit ing rnefficimts at position ( i . j 1 in t ht> ROS. 7 - h ~ Laqançinri .In
<:an hc controlietl t ~ y scalinq t h e .IR. For t-xanipb. il i v e s(-altl rlown .IR. niorr i .Il,. 0, i
pairs ivill h e consiil~rrrl. and t l i c prohahilit.? of finding t h e optimiini I .\Il. Q,) in(-rc-ast.5.
T'tic. cost. t10n.c~-cr. is a ..;tibstantial increase in niinifwr o f mn~piitation,. .
4.4.3 Impiementation Issue
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- * - C
> 1 A
L
g L kr' '31' Y . d i '4- . - d
5- c . d '1:
;. 2 -4
TL' u G LI rG 0. g L
5 Y
bl' . d -1. ri, - L
L ,-
A
c ct t
L L e-. 'fi
+ U h V . d *.
rc N . - 4-. C Li
5 - d b
5 - C - " C U
:t:
G, - b
0 C C I
L . c
2r U . d - - + ir
ir h -A
-Ci' d w
2; c' - b' h 4 - C Ci
d
Cr: a . - , , C b. . - L C b C A
u
L u i(
k'
r: I d
.Id -4 d
w 3 + c. - t: C - L
L 3 L Y d
V Li h 4
u 'Il 9 U
Ij e
rY
l- ia 3
4 2 rr Y
'ji . - tr tr: .&. C
t L
0 c L w - u
5 C M
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t i t i
4.5 Summary
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Chapter 5
Application: H.263 Based Low Bit Rate Video Coding
.5.1 hlotivation and Background
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BitsArames VS. rare 70a.
6ûûr W.263 Miss A m e n a
149 frames 500 -
/ DCT coeii 2 JOO-
side info
/= 5 i<
1 0 0 - mohon vedor
![Page 81: Bibliothèque nationale · 2005. 1. 4. · Abstract riiriit ari II.263-1)aierl t-i(lt~) coller aiid an LIPL(;-2 coiiipliaiit 1-irlco di~r for \-vt-!.Ion. Ili1 ratr viclco applicaiioiis.au](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081616/5fe7f620a29ba857c87e19bc/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
switrhing Iwtwren i1itt.r nrid iritra coding is iiiost Iy ad-hoc.
5.1.1 The H.263 Standard: Overview
' I ' l i v II.263 standard ivas rlr~-(~Iolw(l for \-idc.o codiiig for loir h i t rat<. aiitlioi-isiial cwiiiiiiii-
iiicat ioii SJ-sreriis. II.?(i:l is I>iisml o i i I I . L i l 1 P - 1 I i t*iiiploj-s a.; itiput t liv .;aiiit3
I~iiiiinaric~~/c~iroiriina~ic~~ r-olor Ç ~ ~ I T (-[:'>:O. 1- C'l) ( ' r ) . aiicl oril>. riori-iritvrlacd pici tiros
tir<. (-odrcl. 7'Iir riiarroblork. I>lork r l o l i r i i t ioiis atid D( 'T/ I l ) ( '-f t ~ l u a t ions arc i<l(mt ical t O
t Iioscl of EI.26 1 aritl '\IPEC;- 1.
I i i a(1ditioii to tlir H.261 ( ' I F ;iri(l ()('II.' iriiag. forriiats ( s ( ~ -1iil)lc ;.fi). £1.263 slip-
port sor ic srnaller source iiiiagv foriiiat (siil)-QC'IF) aiid t ivo liir2cr foriiiat i ( - IC ' I F i i t i < l
I(i( ' IF). .-\iiotlicr cliflrreiiw froiti C 1 . X is quant izatioii. 1 - i i l i k t a [ I .% 1. qiiaiiiizat iori is
riot r rs t r ic td to cliangr oiil~. for i.\x.rj- I i riiacrol>locks. [ t caii I N . cliaiigd a t t lit. pict tir{..
1 group of hlocks (CO B ). arid iiiacrohlock la>-ers. l lorroi-cr. I I.263 allon-s ;-pcl acctirac!.
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5.1.2 The H.263 Bit Stream Structure
Figtlrc . 5 . L $ siio~vs an !1 .Z63 1-itleo scqiimcr la!-rr rt r i i î t iirv. Tlie H .263 b i t ar rtbarti s!.nt a s
is arraiigt*cl iri a tiierarchical st riict iirr iv i t li foiir laytw. Dat R for cach pirt tire coiisisi 5
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, . ! header
I 'OB [ M8 1 MB 1 MB -mm..- 1 MB , Group of blocks
p'c'u'e header
rta-i>.iicliroriizat ion alid th<- iriSoriiiitt ioii n h i i r t h . pirttirct 5izr. t<~rripoial r<~ft~r(*ri<.t~. ([iiiiii-
t izatioii SI('[). t I IP typr iiiforiiiiit i o i i k)r t I N * foiir optional (-o(lirig riirxii~. V I i..
I ) a t a for tlacli Groiip of Bloclis ((;OLi) i i i a (;OR 1ayt.r rorl5ists of ii (;O13 lii*nflr'r
follo~vocl 1))- ilata for niacrol>lo(~lis. l-:arli (;OB coritaiiis o i i ~ o r riiorib roi^.; of rtia~rol)li><*lis.
k'or t lit* firsi GOB. rio COB Iic~atlw is I ratisniittd. Tlic GOH fitbacltv- coiisists of t l i c * i t i i r t
c-odi. for rcl-syricliroriizat ioii. I Ili. (;O 13 iiiiiiiI>(~r. quant izat iori i t q ~ . rti-.
Ilata iri t Iic iiiacrol>lock ( 1 1 13 ) I;i>-tbr iurisist s of a riiacrol)loc-li Iittiid(3r folloi~ccl II> . (la1 a
for tlic sis d x S I~locks. .\ri I I I 3 i.: c.oiiiprisrd of fair Iiiriiiriancr ! 1-) l>ii>rlis arid oiio of (YI~.II
of t Iiv t \w cliroiiiinance bloclis ( ( 'r. ( ' 1 ) ) . \\.licri t tic PB-frariic iiioclc is st~lcctrd. t lit- . \I 13
i r i ;i [>-pirtiirr and the I I B i r i a B-pirtiirr- arc3 codecl as o i i ~ uni t . i r i this case an ' \ I f3 la>.t-r
i-oiitai iis 12 hlocks. Tlie Iicadcr roritairis t lie niacroblocli t!.pr t licl co(lt~l I)lock pat tcrii.
t l i i x niot ioii f x ~ t ors. etc. .-\ dct ailmi disriissioii ahout t lic 1 1 B 1-i~r \vil1 I > P $\+(.ri i ri t lit.
I I'
/' ./-
GO6 .... e... GO8 GO6 Picturc
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I Picture
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P Picture
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3.2 Proposed Coder
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('hapter 5. ;\pplir-arion: H.76:I Hast~rl Lori. Bir Rate \ - id ru C'uding
5.2.1 1-picture MB Coding Strategy
.\I; .spt*cihrrI i r i t lie F[.')6:1 .;t sri( lari i. irit ra (xjrling of [-pii.t I i r rr (-i>ri.;i';is <jf S < \ D( 'T t-<j(-.C
fit-imt 5 ( ~ a l c i ~ l a t i o r ~ . :iniforni f l i i i i r i t izat ion. arid t htw si i r i - l t a \ - t > l ~ I A ( I 1-arial)lt~-lt~rigt.li ( . ( j( l in?
i or a r i t hrrietic (-o<ling !. I.t*ft to t lit. (1rsioni.r. Ii<j~\.t~\-t~r. ic t l i t1 prohlr-ni of (itl~t-rriiiiiirig t l i r
vallit) o f tht. qiiantization of t [ i f . I l ( 'T (-«~tfi(*ient.s. T l i t k oriiy ~ L V O s t - t~~i i r tmeri ts : u t a t t
( 1 j t l i t 8 ~-ai~ita of QI -.-\KT t-arl t-lia:iqtvl ari(1 t r a w r t ~ i t t t ~ l o r i l > . k i t t lit: pi(-[ lire :tri( 1 o r t 1 1 t b
qn>ii~~-<~f-l>loc!.;s ( (;OR lii~-t.rs i i i i t l I 2 i t tir f<jiir poi.iil)lt. \-:i-I~it>+ o f D Q I - . \ K T ! 2 I>its 1 ; I I . ( .
I L P C ~ T O atljiiit t t i ~ valiit* of ()( ' . \YI at rlit! .\IB 1a~x.i.. \\;. h j l l o i ~ t l i e H.Zfi:l a p p i ~ o a 1 ~ 1 ~
\slirrv (11-.\Y[ of tlie tirsr rtiacrc,l)lw-k of rlir tirsr I-pi(rr.iir(1 i.: i n i r i a i i~ - w t to t I i (8 r i i i t i ~ i l t .
i a 1 1 1 c b ( i . ~ . . Q[-:\ST= l t j 1. a r l f i QI - - \ K T d'tlacli ot.livr ~i~ti(-rol)ltj(-Ii is stlt {ii~riri? t i l t * t>ri(-o(l-
i rig p r o c t ~ tu t Iw \-alt ic of (2 1 -.\SI- c j i ' r lit* prvt-ioiis ii~acrol>lo(-li. . I - l ie~r i . si~i-*ii a Liqra~iqia i i
paraii ietw X t tiat coiitrol': t lit' K D t ra(dt-otl. t lit. i a l i i t - of 4) i - ; \XI ' cari I ) t 1 ailjiisttvl I)!.
oiit1 of t h r I possible valurs of DQI-.\KT r tiat n1iriir1iizr.a .J:i X j = D + A ( R, - R.. 1. 1 1 - l i t w
R.: and D art. t h e riiirribt:r of hirs a n d t h e ciistortiori ( 1 ISE or 11:iD assoc-iate(l \vi t h t tic*
correupoiitlirig DC'T coder. rtsipcct ive l~ . . and the R, is i d e i riforriiat ion as s1ioci.t~ in l;li)lt-:
- - .7. t . S r x t . LW compare t lie s r i i a l l e~ t -1: ( A I wit.h . I f ( X ) = D + X i K, -+ R.:). t lii: Lagraiigiaii
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Direct Method
1 1 1 . llorm\-er. as can I>e sceri frurii tqiiat ion ( 5.-l?). c\-eii r he evaliiatiori of D r i i i is t l w
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Two Stage Method
RD Optimized Motion Estiiiiatioii
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Mot ion Vector Accuracy
Nhti011 Prediction
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Diamoiid Shaped Searcli Method
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bIB Mode Selection Criterion
. \ f t r r riiot ion wt iiiiat iori i i i t hi. t il-O-st an(. rii<.t i i o ~ l . t l i ~ w c o d ( ~ lias to r i o t < m i i i r i v r l i t b i i i o ( I t s
of t Iit) JI B. aloiig \vi t l i t I I ( . i-alii(1 of t hc q~rarlt izat ion of t ho I l ( '-1- cocffiri(~rii S. -1:: (lisi-ii-s(-cl
iri ( '1iapti.r -1. t lie ..l)c-at" .\ 1 I3 riiu<l(% s c l ( ~ - t i o r i is t Iiv oric t Iiat ~ - i i~ lds t lir I)(lst R D t r;i(lwtF.
Ilor-c spm.-ificall~.. w\.r sliortld .;(YI; t Iic niocIo 1 i l t lie qualit J- factor ( Ql '.-\ST ) 0.
zii-<w t lit mot iori i - ( ~ t o i - ( s ) ohtainrd i i i t lic iiiot ion e s t iriiat iori s t agc t liat riiiiiiriiizit t l i ~ b
Lagrar~giaii
.j.,(.ir. y ) = D + x IR,,, + n, + R,] . (.~-i:l
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.3.2.3 Rate Control
5.3 Experimental Results
'I'he fol lo iv ing espeririir~ii al rt.st i l t i: i l i i iat ra te t lie coniputat iorial coniplcsi t!- ari(l [wrfor-
rilarice of the proposeci H.'l(;:l-l)ascd \ . i r l w c-oclirig algorithni at i-rry loiv h i t riitt.5. :\-; in
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PSNR us Rate
J' jJ5- '{. CE. Cr
d ' d
3a- :; I s USE - f
33 5-- f 1 LRAD 1 t
33 - & - H263
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Btl~frames YS. rare 7Gû r
6c@ Our ccder Miss Arnertca
Figiirc 5.21 also slioivs t liat. wlicn tiic 11.-\D is s t i b s t i t u t d for the SISE. t lit. PSSR
gaiii ( i n d B ) is rcclucerl II>- IO'%-'15<%. Sinre i Iir PSSR is iii\.erscly proportiorial t o t l i e
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- Our ccaer (MB strategy aniy: -
3 Our coaer tMB nraieqy + new
mcoon vector ssnrnaocn ccang!
32 5 40CO 6000 ;-O00 3000 Tûûrï)
Raie laps)
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PSNR vi Raie
2 C s H 263
F d
?3 5 - - WB nraieçy . new rnoticn estirn~~~arvczoicg
1
C MB waieqy . i e w rnciicn estirnaacn~coainq
Z 23 - < - M-Pain. :M = f i
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( a ) ni-r' R A T E ( BITS )
Bits vs. Frames 900
I
I O O C I
O O 50 100 150
Frarne Index
PSNR vs. Frames JO. I
30 O 50 100 150
Frame Index
Figiirc 5.2.5: 'Thr rat(.-distoi-tioii prolile for oiir cotlcr: ( a ) Bit rate aiif1 ( I I ) PSSR for 150 I.raiiics of t hc test s~qiici ic(~ \ I I S -411 ERICA. The distort ion and b i t rat c is miit rollvd t lirough coristarit pai.arii<~t vr X.
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i a ) BiT H.-!TE i BITS 1
110' Sutier Lenqth vs. frame
Miss Amenca
8 kbps
Full Buffer lenqth 20 kbils
Frarne lndex
a 35- z m a Miss Amenca
3-
10 9 50 1 O0 l5O
Frame lndex
Figiire 3-26: The ra t r -{ l i~tor t ioii profile fur uiir ïo(ler: ( a ) Bit ratt-3 an(l ( I I PSS R foi. 1-50 frariies of the test w~~ i i~~ r i c t : \ [ ISS E R - . The btifft'r itatr is iisrd to <:oriti.ol t l t e l i t .
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x H 262
r Our :rCer
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t llr prrfor tnar~( .~ i i ~ i p r o t w ~ i m t is large o v ~ r a tri&> rarigr of hi t ratrs. This is s~ll)jcr.t for
fiirt hcr rcw~arcti.
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Chapter 6
Application: MPEG-2 Video Coder
6.1 MPEG-2 Overview
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- -- - - - - --- -- , I &2:0 4:2:0 3:2:2
H l t H 1 1 1920 x 1152 1920 x 1152 , 80Mbls 1 OO Mbis
l a I.P.6 -- --- - I.P.6
1
! 4:2:0 4:2:0 4:2:0 4:2:2
HlGH 1440 , 1430 x 1152 1440xf!52 1440x1152
60 Mb/s 60 Mb:s 80 hl bls 1.P.B 1.P.B !,PB . - - - .- --- - -- + -- -- -- - - - - -- - - - - - - - -- - - .- - .
4:2:0 4:2'0 4:2:0 4:2:0 4:2:2
MAIN 720 x 576 720 x 576 720 x 576 720 x 576 15Mbls , 1 5 M b/s 15 Mb/s 20 Mbls
I 1.P 1 1,P.B 1.P.B I.P.6 - - *-- ---- ---- - - ----- - -.
4:2:0 4:2:0 1 l
LOW , 352 x 200 352 x 200 4 Mb/s 4 Mbis
I 1P .Q 1.P.B
Level , / /'
' SIMPLE MAIN SNR SPATIAL HlGH ,/ Profile '
6.1.1 Profile and Level
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6.1.2 Fields, Franles and Picture
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, ' < ' e 1
Top Field < ' 8
1 , *
6.1.3 Motion Prediction
th-pe for eadi rtia(.rol~lock. [ r i mt ia t tolli~w. ire only <lis<-iiis Iranit. pr<~<li(-tiori ari(1 tidd
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Frame motion vector
16x16 I I 1
1 l - F rame motion vector
Field motion vector
16x8 Top
16x8 Bonom
......+ Top field motion vectGr - Bottom field moticn vector
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Frame DCT of the luminance macroblock
Field DCT of the luminance macroblock
6.1.4 Franie DCT and FieId DCT
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6.125 Bit Stream Syntax and Macroblock Layer
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6.2 Computation-Distortion Optiniized %lot ion Estimation
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Bit Rate Ratio vs. Brt Rate 1 I
0.9c Garden Ssquence. 60 irarnes
0.8 b IP. Windcw size 3 1
9 DCT
Motion Vector
+ Macro Block Header
0.3 t o Video Sequence Header
Bit Raie iMbtWsecl
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Previous Frame Present Frame
6.2.1 Motion Vector Prediction
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6.1.3 Searc11 Path and Searc11 Termination
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6.1.3 Hierarciiical Structure
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2. J:
1. J ;
0, J , ,
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6.2.4 Implementation Issue
16: 16 Frame Prediction and 16 x 8 Field Prediction
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Full Block Matcliing and Part.ia1 Block Matching
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6.3.1 RD Optirnized Mode Selection
Tli(wrrti<-ail!-. i t i ori1i.i to obtairi t h optii~iiil tiiocl(. aiici aswciat(d t~iiaririzntioii s t t 8 p
t liai iiiiriiiiiizcs t l i v . / ( A ) iri Ecitiat ion (-1.40). t lit- (mcwlilr lias r i ) t~sliaiist i\-i.l!- ç(l;irr.li a l \
r liv a\.ailiil,li* [-oriil)inatiori:: o f iiioclc .\ I ;ir:<l c ~ i i a i i t inat ioii .~ r c.p Q. Fur 1 1 PEG-2 riiiiiri
profiltb,/rii;iiri Ir\-el. t tic t.sliaiist i\-c searclii tig i itiplics t lint al1 ci-l -1 1. (2) c-oriihiria t iorii i ri
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( a ) Br's
Rate vs PSNR
Bus. 60 frames
Win Size 31
IP. GOP 12
/ - full-search RD cptirnized I i TM5
32 1 /
31 C /
1 30
O 2 4 6 a 1 O 12 14 Rate (bps) x loi
Rate vs. PSNR
Football. 24 lrames
Win Size 47
IP. GOP 12
32' 1 1
O 2 4 6 a 1 O 12 14 Rate (bps) x loi
g r 6 . 6 : PSS R ( i i i d B ) of t lie T\13 nritl t lir full-warcli Il 1) opt irtiiz~tl algorit l i t i i for t lic n u and I-'C)O'I'il--\ L I. s < ~ ~ r i c i i c ~ ~ s .
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Rate vs. PSNR 37 1
i
/ ' Win Size 15 /
1P. GOP 12
l / / -
/
/ - full-search RD oplimized
29 t TM5 -
- O 2 4 6 8 1'3 12 1 J
Rate (bps) x loL
Dependency Betweeii Codiiig M o d e and Quantization Step
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Distribution Function of Q and Mode
40 1 Mode lndex
O lndex
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Coding Mode
I l i t liie scctiori. tlit- corridatiori ariiong t l i r rieig1il)oririg iiiac-rol,luc-lis' iiio&% îrill I)o aria-
I > - z d . n-li(w t tic r r i t rop!. is iis~cl as the corrriat ioii riiiDasiirr. -1'lic piirpow of t liis a t ud>-
is t o ItBl (wnirii: \vIict ~ C T or riot t lit ~wiphl~oririg r~ia~rol>lc)~ks ' (*odiriq r l l O t l t b 1'-l)fbs of(^
iliiorriiar ioii a h i t t hc riio(l(. of t tie preswt riiacrohlock. T ~ v o qiiarit i t it.5 \\--il1 1 ) ~ ~t i id id
i i i t liis w c t iori: ( 1 ) t l ir- riitiwp>. il( .\l) of the iiioriv .II of t titi priwrit i~ia(-rol>lor-k. aiitl
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6.3.2 Encoding of 1-Pictures
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x 1 0 ~ Histogram of the quantization prediction error
-.
Bus. 60 ftarnes -
Quantitalion prediction error
SI 13 is tcrriiiiiated. Or ii(.rwisc. t lie valiic Q- rcprcwrit itig t lir r i i i r i i r r i i i r ~ i Lagraiiginii i?:
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FSM Q h MSE I- STOP
4
FRAME DCT & a
t W +b- Rate b CONTROL
CONTROL L
MSE STOP FIELD DCT
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6.3.4 The Finite State Machine (FSM)
l ' \ i r coiiipiitatiori-~1crf01~1i1a1icc tradeoffs tliat cari I)c ohtniriecl h h - t l i t . aljoi-t* algoritlirii
(I(~[)ctid oii t lie cliaractrrist ics of t lie inpu t iiitcrlacul i-itlco s t 8 q t i t ~ i i c - c i i i i < l or1 t hi. cttit.-iivicl-
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Motion Only
- i - O 1
USE & yI
3.1. + - % B 1
STOP Us€ r
nm8
I - CONTROL Motion+DCT
\\ FFIAUE OCT .) USE i ,* v1 STOP
lntra - + ' % F
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o w ) ~ i t i a l l ~ - thtl ~ : m i o 215 t l i t 1 c~ lqo r i t l i r~ i I I S - > ( ~ i n Siv-tioii t;-2-3. rI1t1 p r o p o ~ ( v l niot ior l h (~ i r (91
;ilzi,rit tirri i.; vvry ~ t f tw ii tB h c ~ ï i i i . ; ~ c-a~i(liciatt* r t io t iori ixxc.t or. aiva!. f'rorii t l i t . prc.(licrivI
n i o t i ~ r i c-ec-tor a r e tIiiickl!. ~ I i r i i i n a t ( d li.orii ruriclictt~ratiori. rlii.; I)c.liai-ior i3 c q w c - r c d 4 r i c . o
l i l i r > l ~ - niotiori veç to r s art. i i .~ i in l l~ . localize<l ivit liiri a *iiiiill i i t~igl i lx>ri i tm\ o f t l i t x pnvli(.itvl
111ot ion \ - ~ t o r and t l i t . niirril,rr of <-onipiitat ions incr iwair ~ t i h s t a i i t iitily a.; iiior.i3 la>-ers ;ina
ttsarrii rieri.
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6.3.5 Tlîreshold .IR and Rate Control
Tlireshold . II ,
Rate Control
T t s c i inipoirarit practiral issiir is lirirliriq itppropriari. \alii(>s for t ho L;iqraiizi;iri
paranitatrr A. t i ic I<(l>- pnranirters t liai. ïoiit rol riiainl!. t l i ~ R D tra(ltwffs. 111 this ~ ~ o r l ; . t l i t s
pi~rariii.ttlr ,\ is iriitiaIl>- i r t i m a t e f l b a s d o r 1 (uriipiirtarl long-trrni ~~~~~~~~~~5. i i i i ( I i.: tli(1ii
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ivli(brt- t lit. ~ ~ a s a i i i t ~ t ~ r a is t lit dcc-ay factor i i w r l t o i-oiii rol t i t i . \-itriat iuii of t Iit* parar:iiDttxr
X ( r ). T l i ( 3 p i i r pow of i i i t rorliicirig ttic pasaiiitBt(br O i i ~ Ecliiat ioii ( ti.52 i ir tu r(xiliirib t l i t .
i-ariat ion o f t liv A. I ) t ~ - a ~ i s c s i ~ n ~ i l a t ion rcs~i l t s S ~ I O U - 1 liat l w t i t x ~ R [) p(~-~or ! i i a i i c (~ (+ail h t v
a(-liic.\.cd \vI i (~ i X is (wri i tar i t ivitliiii a fraiiio. I*i)clntirig X t>;icrvl o i i r f i t . iil,t,\.tx i-tbciir~ioii fur-
i i i~ i la i h foiiii(1 t o ho a 1 1 (%fficimit sol111 ioii. 111 f i i ( * ~ . s d a t ive> t u t l ~ t b iiiortb ( . o i i i p l t - x iilqorit h r i ~ s
~ l iwr i l )cvl iii [dl. t l i r i .~~s i i l t i i ig I tD coritrol iilgoi.itliiii i.- \-tXr>- siriil>l(-. ?.tat i t . [>tdorriiaii(-tb
is goo<l.
6.4 Sinlulation Results
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The Test Video Format
6.4.1 CD Optimized Motion Es t imat ion
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i r e 3 : C'C'IR 60 1 \,itleo stBqriences.
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Table 6.1 1: Rrqiiircrl riiirlilwr o f conipiit atioii in riiot ion est iniat iori per riiacrol~locli t liai i l se full searcti algorit lirii aticl partial hlock niatching iiict tio(1.
2D-logaritlimic Searcli vs. CD Optimized Diamond-Shaped Layer Search
trwt hoci. the samc 2-lei-cl tiicrarchical st riict tire of t tic SIPEG-2 TSI:', coclttr. sri(
riiot iori searîli nict hocl in Ilal f- pel rcsoliit ion fraiiie. Siriiiilat ion resitlt s arc slioiv
6.12.
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a 6 - 1 2 P(xrforiiiaiit-<a coniparison hvtivceri t tic ZD-logarit hniic riiotioii searcl! aricl oiir C D optiriiizetl cliariiorid-stiaped laycr srarcti.
Froni Tahle Li. 12. \vr caii sec t tiat o u r algorit lirii is more efficient tliari r h r 2D-
a lot of t e ~ t i i r c (for rxariiple. t lie Roiver I~ccl ). arid t lie 2D-logarit liriiic ~t~iii .~.li algorir lirii
i i i a srrial1t.r diffrri-ncc twrwcrii the 2D-loyaritliiiiic scxircli algoritlirii aiiil oiir algorit lirii.
4-level Hierarcliical Search vs. 3-level Hierarcliicai CD Optimized Diamoiid-
Sliaped Layer Search
I l i tliis part. \vc \\.il1 coiiiparc tlie -1-level liicrarcliical srarcli algoritlirii iritti oiir 3-le\-cl Iii-
crarcliical CD optii~iizrd cliari~oiicl-stiaped laycr warcti algorit hiii. T l i r l - I - l c \~ l Iiicriirclii(.al
srarch will geiicratc t ir0 otlier loivcr resoliitiori franics for riiotio~i searcli. aricl pcrforiiis
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PSNP. vs. Camputation 38
Search Window: -47 to 47
Rate: 8 Mbitssec
/'
,d'
iiiuch riiorc efficient. Bericles. oi i r algori t ilni reqiii res l e s rriernorJ- arirl i i iril,stari t iall~. Itw
coriiples. T tiis is he(,iiiiw oril>+ oriv low rcaol i i t ion i riiagt> i i reqiii r d . Fi y i i r t a t i . 1-1 5 hoiw
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6.4.2 R D Optirnized MPEG-2 Video Coder
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t e 6. .-\pplicat ion: .\ [PEC-2 \ 7 r h C'der
Bus. IIP. W-31
I
7. . MPEG-2 TM5 coder
-. Full-search RD Optirnired
- Efficient RD Optimized
30 29 1 O 2 J ô 8 :O 12
Rate (bps) 105
. MPEG-2 TM5 coder
- Full-search RD Optimized
- Efficient RD Optimized
1
2 4 ô 8 1 O 12 Rate (bps) x loC
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( a ) Biiffer fiillncss
x 105 Buffer vs. Frarne 12 1
f Optm Buffer 655360 bits 10k
Bus 60 !rames
Buffer Size 80'163854 nits
36.12 dB. 7 96 Mbps 2;
Decay Factor 0.25
O' O 10 20 30 40 50 00
F rame
Lambda vs. Frarne I J O r
Deay Faciar 0.25 - ao- 2 ,
Frame
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( ' l iap ter 6. .-lpplic-at ion: .\.IPEC;-i! \ ïdro ("odrlr
PSNR vs. Frame 40:
US 60 frarnes
Suifer Size 80'163853 bits
36.12 38. T 36 MbpS
33 ' f3 10 20 30 40 50 60
Frame
i li i Bit rat tl
- r 10' Bits vs. Frame i
Bus 60 frarnes
Buffer Srze 80'1 63854 bits 1
36.12 dB. 7.96 Mbps
Decay Factor 0.25 G O 1 O 20 30 40 50 60
Ftame
F i 6 - 1 7 P S S R aritl bit rate as a fiinction of tirilil.
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\\*cl p r c w ~ i t ( V I i i i i 11 1' E( ;-2 wrtipliarit i~i t t>sla(- tvl l-it-irw ~ ~ r i c ~ ~ ~ l t ~ s t I i a r c a r r i [)Io!.> tir1 t ) t t i ( . i t > r i t
riiricrol)ludi iiiotl<. - t * l t ~ - t i o r i t i i d i d . a >i!iipltl iiiotiori \xrctoi. p i . t * r l i < - t i t ~ r i r t ~ ( . l i i ~ i ~ ~ i i t ~ . : t r i ( / a
coriipiitat ioil-t 1i.t ort iuii opt iitiizrvl riiot ion i - ( ~ t o r warc-li algori t lirii. l ' l i t . rtiiif-rol)lo(*k iiiot l t b
is w l ~ r - t tv I I)il~(l(I or1 a t-atc-distortiuri o p t iriiizwl <-ri twiori. kIonvt>\-t~-. 1)rtv [ i ( - t ii-tb :III f i - 1 a t is-
t ical tiio<lt~lirig t ( v . l i i i i c l i i c s arc i r i t l -wlr ic - rv l t liat Itm! to siil>-tarit inl1~- 1 ~ t . t 1t.r (-oriipiit at i o i i -
perforriiaiicc t racltwtfs. Tlic propowl -\IE'E(;-2 ~.-i&w cric.oclt3r is sliuivr! i~;~)t~riiiit~ritall?- t o
otit [>erfoi.rii t f l t b 11 FE(;-'> 7'.\1.' encocler. tlspi-esrd iri a 1.5 - W,; wlt ic i iori iri h i r rattB
u r a 1 .i, - 2..i (IR iricrcase iri ol>jrrtii+e qiia1it~-. Bt.sitlrs its coiiiprtwiori ad\-arit ngt). uiir
cnrodcr nqui rvs I r w coriipii t at ions t liari r q i i iretl b?- t lie TSI.5.
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Cliap te r 7
Conclusion and Future Study
7.1 Contributions of t h e Thesis
1. A riew cost funct io~i ./ for niotiori estiniation
T I i t B first coiit ri1)irt ioii of t lic t hc.sis i.; t lit: i r i t rotliiçt ion of ;i ric%iv <wc;t f i i r ic- t iori. t f i t .
Lagraiigiaii . J . for riiotioii cstiiiiat ion. Tlic irit rodiiced coït f i i r i c t i o i i .l is a \v<*iglitt l(l
siliii o f ihr rlistortioii D. iiiotioii t w t o r bit ratc R. and coliipiitat ioiial cost ('. tliat i?;.
.I = D + X R + . j ( ' . Th<* tira pnrariicters. X aiid .l. con t rd t l i ~ iiifl~it-iicc of t h riiotiori
v w t o r h i t rate H aild roiiil)iitationa[ cost C' diiririg t fie iiiot ioii t3st iriia t ion proces. OriiB
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2. Predictive motion estimation algorithms
Th.\ . t v - ~ r i ~ i ( - o t ~ t r i l)~itiorl of t lit1 t litxsis is ~ I I P irit rwli lct ion t ) f l~rtvii(-rii.tb ~ I I O T i o n t ~ t iriia-
r i o r i a/co~+ir 11111s i~ l l i ( - i l t -üi~sis t o f itiot i o n [ - tva tor prt*t!i(-tiori. + t b a r ( - l i l x i t \ i . ;iu(l t t > r ~ i i i ~ l a t i o ~ i
t r i I i i t i i i i tlityis. foiir n.i.11 kiivn.ri pr tvl i i -~iori t i v . l i~ i i (~ i i t~ \ 1 : t i < > a r i i>rtvli,.tor. i 1 i t s -
(li;ttl i~r t i ( l i ( - t~) r* . i~t)i<Iit tv i r l i t ~ ~ r i p ~ - t v l i ( - t o s . s t a t is t i ( .a / itit>aii ~ ) r t v i i ~ - t o r \ 11stvi for ~ ~ i o t i o l i
i - w i o r ~>i.ib(li(-t iori art' i t . i i ( l i w l R I I ( I < - < > ~ ~ l j > i t ~ t ~ i l . rh t ) -irtilil<ît.io~i r t 4 r \ siioii t!i;it t i i t a 111tl-
iliati r l i t t o r i i e t v;it 11 rt>qar[li to prr(li(.r iori a(-r-iir;i(->. a n ( i (-ut11 i ? l t>x i r~- . \ii%
t ~ s t t d r iirttt) r ~ - [ ~ s of warc i i pnt li s t ratvgit~s i i p i r a l warï l i par l i . ( l i a i t i ~ ) i i ( i - + i i i t ~ ) ~ ~ ( 1 .+l;ir(-li
pat 11. a i i f l fI~)iit irig crritvr warrti pat li 1 aritl f o c i r i < l t l ia t tht- tioariiig i.t.ritt¶r wnrr:ii art(! t ! i t x
cliariioiirl--lia[)<. arc h t h qiiite t~f-ficierit. \.\i! alsu proposecl nritl ~ s r i i d i t 4 t i w t.c.rr~iiriarioii
algori t linis fur. riiut ion searcti. T tie proposetl terriii i iat i«ri s t rategic-: irir l i t I I ( . p r o p o s t ~ l
cust f i t i r i s r i c a r c h pat lis cai i cl?-riariiicall~. s l i r i~ i l i o r esparicl t lit. searr l i retaiori.
Siriiulat iori r~siilt . : 5hoiv t hat t lit. Stoclel i i 2-la>-er Ci>-por hcsi.; alyurit lirti pvrforrii hc.ttrr
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3. The fast rate-distortion (RD) optirnized mode selection algorithms
4. Implementation of an H.263-based video encoder for very low bit rate
video applications
TI~P f o i i i t ii i - o r i t rihiit iori of' t lit. t lirsis i.: t liat of iising oiir prt~posi*i l t ~ i o t i o t i ( - ~ s t i ~ ~ i a t i ~ , ~ i
aiitl riiotlt* .st~lwt i o r i algori t liiiis to i riipltmrrit a n H.Zii:l-lmwl i.i(ltw (w(-o< I ~ Y l'or \-iar)- Ion
I>it ratra applicatioris. TIitx proposeil H.Xl-bascd i - i c l m (-o<I(T i)\-t~r<.oriit~s . w r i i r o f t l i t l
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5. Iniplenientation of an MPEG-2 cornpliant video encoder for iiiterlaced
video
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4.2 Topics for Future Study
1. More sophist icated rate control mechanisrn
I I I ihis tlicsis. i v ~ iritro(iiicr* a siriiplt~ uiic-pass rate coritrol riit*ch;iiiisrii \rliit-ii (l(.t(~i-iiiiri(~s
1 I i v i-nIiitb o f t I i v pnrarti<ar<*r A iisirig r Il<' I ~ i i f f w ftillritss an(l t I i v I ) i i i.iitta i.(~qiiir-i~rtit~!it. Iloiv-
tD\-tir. t Il(. rato-distort iori ( I< D i-liaractrrist ics of t Iir iriiagc sr roiiql!. & p . r i d o r 1 1 Iit. [)ici iirc
i-orlirig t!.lw ( 1. P. L3) . T l i t ~ n l f o r ( ~ . oiir propost~l ra te writ roi nlqorit Iirii nia>- i*sliil)i t os(-il-
lat i o i i ~)i.ol)lriiis ~ v l i t ~ r i X is iil)<liit(vl oril>- oiic-c p r r frarii<*. O r ~ t b w l i i t io11 t u t I1t3 cjwil/at i o ~ i
1 ) ro I> l<~i i is t o i ~ i i p l o ~ - a (It-rx!- f a c - t or \rliicli rdiic-rs i Iic cliiiiiglriq r~iaqnit i l ( l t l o f t I I ( > iiib\v A .
~o\r(v-os. a Iiirgrr d~.ca\- fiict or \vil\ iiiso rtvliiw t l i t * rat<% (-oiii rolliil)ili t 1.. .\iiot 11i.r soliii iuii
is i o ( ~ r i i \ ) I o ~ - t l i t F t w w t 11l~1;it i i i q 51 riittyit?; for (liffm-<~rit pirt i i n b ( . o i l i r i q t J'INY.
a ion 2. Coniputation allocation algoritlini for motion estiiii t'
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3. Fast RD optiniized mode selection algorithni for MPEG-2 B picture
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Bibliography
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[ 1 F. Iiosseiit i n i . 1.. I .w. II. Sriiitli. arid El. \\*ar(l. I'rtrlict ive R D-wrist raiiirrl iiiotiori r s t iriiiit ioii for \-ei.!- loiv I>it rat<* \-idro roditig. Srpl,rciol li..<<rr oj' l l t t [[(LE T ~ ~ ( ~ r i . - ~ ~ ~ ( ~ ~ ï o r t . s
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[-l5j . r i l o i i . .-\il irit i.od~ict ion to arithriietic rodi .\Iar. l!H-l.
[ I(i] Ci. G . Larigtlori arid .J . Hissarieri. ('oriiprrssion of I>la(-li-ivliittt ir~iiigcs iv i t l i arit l i i r i o t ic (-o(Iiris. ~ ' I W ~ l - - ( i r t i o r ~ . - 011 'orrtr~/ (1 I I ~ c * ~ z ~ ~ o I I . ~ . 2!)( fj ):S.% M T . 1:)s 1.
[Xi \\'. Li. 1.. Q. Zliaiig. aiid 11. 1,. Lioii. Special Issii<~ on : \cl~xiict~ iri Iriiagr aiid \-itlco (-'oriiprcssiori. f r o c . . o j t l ~ r IEEL'. 5 3 ( 2 ) : 13.5 -3-10. Fvb. LW5.
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[ C'. E. SIiaiiiiori. (.'ocliiig t lieorcriis for a discrrt i. wi i rc r wi t li a fideli ty cri t crioii. 1 ii IRE .\iitio11ri/ ( Or~wi~t iori R c c o ~ . ~ . Part /. pagtBs 1-12 - 163. [!)5!1. :Ilm in [rtfor*utut/or~ «rd Drci.siorl PI-oc< . ~ t - S . R. E. .\iachol. Ecl. St.\v 'i-ork. Si-: \[c-Gra~v-Hill. 1!)60. pl). !)3- 1 26.
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IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (QA-3)
APPLIED - IMAGE. lnc = 1653 Ea.3 Main Street ,=- Rochester. NY 14609 USA -- --= Phone: 71 61482-0300 -- --= Fax: 71 61288-5989