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B I B L I O T H E C A M V S E I M A R I S I E N S I S

SERIA ARCHAEOLOGICA

II

PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COLLOQUIUMSFROM TÂRGU MUREŞ

EditorBERECKI SÁNDOR

IRON AGE COMMUNITIES IN THE CARPATHIAN BASIN

PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COLLOQUIUM FROM TÂRGU MUREŞ

9–11 October 2009

Edited byBERECKI Sándor

Editura MEGACluj-Napoca

2010

CONTENT

Preface ..................................................................................................................................................................7

Mitja GUŠTINTh e Eastern Traces on the Slopes of the Eastern Alps. Some Examples of Iron Age Contacts along the Danube and Sava Rivers ....................................................................................................................9

Tiberiu Ioan TECAR–József-Gábor NAGYA Community from the First Iron Age from Gheorghieni–Valea Mare (Cluj County). Preliminary study .................................................................................................................. 15

Marija LJUŠTINATh e Late Hallstatt Communities in the Serbian Part of the Danube Basin .............................................. 59

Róbert SCHOLTZNew Data on the Scythian Age Settlement History of Szabolcs County, Hungary ................................. 79

Horea POP–Ioan BEJINARIULate Hallstatt–Early La Tène Settlement from Porţ–Paliș (com. Marca, Sălaj County, Romania) ........ 99

Jan BOUZEKTh e Beginnings of the La Tène Art in Bohemia and the East................................................................... 107

J. Vincent S. MEGAW–M. Ruth MEGAWA World Turned Upside Down. Th e Bronze Plaque from Stupava, okr. Malacky ................................. 115

Tiberius BADEREin wiederaufgebautes frühkeltisches Gehöft im Keltenmuseum Hochdorf/Enz ................................. 127

Zoltán CZAJLIK–Attila CZÖVEK–Péter CSIPPÁN–Balázs HOLL–Enikő MAGYARI–Szilvia SZÖLLŐSI–László RUPNIK–Lőrinc TIMÁRArchaeological and Palaeoenvironmental Data on Late Iron Age Settlements in South-Eastern Transdanubia (Tolna County) ...................................................................................................................... 149

Maya HAUSCHILD“Celticised” or “Assimilated”? In Search of Foreign and Indigenous People at the Time of the Celtic Migrations ....................................................................................................................................................... 171

János NÉMETITh e Problem of Hand-Made Pottery from La Tène (Celtic) Contexts in North-Western Romania. A Comparison with Neighbouring Regions –Tisza Valley and Transylvania ........................................ 181

Aurel RUSTOIU–Mariana EGRIDanubian Kantharoi – Almost Th ree Decades Later ................................................................................. 217

Peter C. RAMSLTh e La Tène Age Cemetery of Mannersdorf am Leithagebirge, Flur Reinthal Süd, Lower Austria and the Connections to Other Parts of the Middle European Corridor ................................................. 289

Marko DIZDARKantharoi of Autochthonous – “Pannonian” Origin from the La Tène Culture Cemetery in Zvonimirovo, Croatia ................................................................................................................................ 297

Iosif Vasile FERENCZ–Lucian Dan VAIDAMiddle La Tène Arrowheads from Transylvania ....................................................................................... 309

Károly TANKÓLa Tène Ceramic Technology and Typology of Northeast Hungarian Settlements (3rd–2nd Century BC) ...................................................................................................................................... 321

Maciej KARWOWSKIPrellenkirchen. Celtic Settlement in the Foreland of the Carpathian Basin ........................................... 333

Sándor BERECKI–Daniel Mihai CIOATĂAn Iron Age Homestead from Sângeorgiu de Mureș, Transylvania ........................................................ 349

Imola KELEMENTh e Archaeozoological Analysis of the Animal Bones from Sângeorgiu de Mureș–Roman-Catholic Cemetery ...................................................................................... 383

Gelu FLOREASarmizegetusa Regia. Un Certain Modèle Urbain ..................................................................................... 389

Cătălin Nicolae POPAA New Framework for Approaching Dacian Identity. Th e Burial Contribution ................................... 395

ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................................................425

Preface

The present volume is the result of the International Colloquium held at Târgu Mureş in 9–11 October 2009, entitled “Iron Age Communities in the Carpathian Basin”, and includes

studies concerning the communities of the second half of the 1st millennium BC from the Carpathian Basin. Its theme continues the debates covered by the previous volume, concerning the communities of the Bronze Age from the same region (see ed. Berecki et al., “Bronze Age Communities in the Carpathian Basin”, Bibliotheca Mvsei Marisiensis, I), which also originates from another international meeting held in the same location.

Th e main reason for choosing the Carpathian Basin as the central subject of both scientifi c meetings is its particular status – a region characterised by several contacts between western and eastern civiliza-tions, but also between the Mediterranean south and the temperate Europe, from prehistory until the mod-ern time. Th is area is crossed by two major axes, the Danube – a river which always was an essential route between Western and Eastern Europe, and the Amber Route which facilitated the economic and cultural connections between the Mediterranean space and distant populations from the Baltic shores.

Th e chronological interval of the Iron Age was chosen mainly because of the signifi cant accumula-tion of new archaeological data having the potential to off er new perspectives on the evolution of indigenous or newly come communities from this region. At the same time, both recent information and older results of the archaeological investigations are now integrated into a series of new interpretative models which off er the possibility to compare various cultural patterns from the Carpathian Basin with others recently proposed for diff erent contemporaneous geo-cultural entities from temperate Europe.

Last but not least, the chosen chronological interval was characterised by intense demographic, eco-nomic, social and spiritual dynamics, all having a major impact on the ways in which diff erent social and political entities from the Carpathian Basin defi ned themselves from an ethnic, political or military point of view before the Roman conquest. From this perspective, a series of careful and detailed investigations of the regional cultural interactions and interferences may reveal various mechanisms through which such communal identities were constructed, and also many cultural practices through which these characteristics were expressed.

In the present volume are included articles written by archaeologists from ten countries, covering a variety of subjects: studies concerning the circulation of diff erent specifi c artefacts, technologies or decora-tive motifs on smaller or larger areas of the Carpathian Basin, case-studies or syntheses concerning par-ticular cemeteries or rural and fortifi ed settlements, detailed analyses of the building techniques of certain communities, studies concerning particular ceramic categories, weaponry or jewellery, analyses of certain funerary practices. Th e list also includes some inter-disciplinary studies involving the use of aerial photog-raphy, archaeozoology and isotope analyses.

First, we would like to thank all the participants in the Colloquium (T. Bader, Z. Czajlik, M. Egri, I. V. Ferencz, M. Guštin, M. Hauschild, M. Jevtić, B. Križ, M. Ljuština, V. and R. Megaw, J. G. Nagy, H. Pop, C. N. Popa, P. C. Ramsl, A. Rustoiu, R. Scholtz, L. D. Vaida), but also the authors of the articles included in this volume, the collaborators, the support of family and friends, the management (Z. Soós) and colleagues from the Mureş County Museum.

Berecki SándorApril 2010

Târgu Mureş, RO

PRELLENKIRCHEN.CELTIC SETTLEMENT IN THE FORELAND

OF THE CARPATHIAN BASIN

Maciej KARWOWSKIInstitute of Archaeology, University of Rzeszów

Rzeszów, [email protected]

Keywords: Prellenkirchen, La Tène Culture, Boii, Austria, Carpathian Basin

Th e matter of the connections between tribes inhabiting the north-eastern part of Austria and the Carpathian Basin area in the late Iron Age has not yet been the subject of in-depth research. Considerable areas of the modern-day Austrian federal states of Lower Austria, Burgenland and Vienna were then occupied by La Tène culture, whose creators can be linked with the Celtic Boii on the basis of written records and numismatic fi nds. One of the few settlements of this culture which provided data for considering the question of contacts in the area of interest to us and the area of the Carpathian Basin is the settlement of Prellenkirchen (VB Bruk an der Leitha). Th e settlement is located exactly on the border between the modern-day federal states of Lower Austria and Burgenland, and represents one of the most easterly sites of La Tène culture in Austria (Fig. 1).

Site no. 8 in Prellenkirchen was investigated in 2002 and 2003 during archaeological work on section 310–318 of the planned A6 motorway (Fig. 2). As a result of this research on a surface area of 39,000 m2 part of a La Tène culture settlement was revealed (Sauer–Czubak 2004; Karwowski–Sauer 2009). Th is settlement, originally occupying a considerably larger surface area, is one of the largest sites of this type in north-eastern Austria to be investigated archaeologically.1 Within the area that was exca-vated dozens of settlement features were unearthed (Pl. 1). Th ese included in particular pit-dwellings, of which the majority are large dwelling features (even over 4 by 6 m in size), slightly hollowed into the ground, with two post holes characteristic for this type of construction. In some of the features earthen fl oors were also found as well as pits beneath the houses forming a kind of cellar. In the infi lling of one of the pit-dwellings the remains of a human skeleton were found. Th e remaining features hollowed out in the earth were undoubtedly connected with economic activities, including a pottery workshop with a relatively well-preserved kiln. Numerous post construction features were found within the area of the settlement including houses (the most imposing being about 7 × 16 m in size), several small granaries and one feature of unknown purpose with the stone cobbles preserved, above which rose a construc-tion supported on posts. In the southern and northern parts of the settlement its boundary has been preserved in the form of the remains of the enclosure.

Despite the fact that the La Tène culture settlement in Prellenkirchen has not provided many good fi nds to date it, its chronology may be determined as Middle La Tène period and the early phase of the Late La Tène period (i.e. from about the middle of the 3rd century to the middle of the 1st cen-

1. Unpublished materials, in press. I am very grateful to F. Sauer from the Viennese department of the Bundesdenkmalamt for making these materials from Prellenkirchen available to me and for agreeing to their publication.

Iron Age Communities in the Carpathian Basin, 2010, p. 333–347

334 | Maciej Karwowski

Fig. 1. Location of the site in Prellenkirchen against the background of La Tène culture settlements in the Carpathian Basin in the 2nd century BC (graphics: M. Karwowski; map groundwork: L. Zentai).

Fig. 2. Site no. 8 in Prellenkirchen during research in 2003, view from the north-east (photo: F. Sauer, BDA, Vienna).

Prellenkirchen. Celtic Settlement in the Foreland of the Carpathian Basin | 335

tury BC). Amongst the non-ceramic material are predominantly objects made of iron: a fragment of a fi bula (with only the spring remaining) most probably of Middle La Tène construction, a massive ham-mer, an adze with a rectangular sleeve, a hoe or lister with a sleeve, an iron carpenter’s clamp, several knives and knife fragments, and a whole range of less well-preserved objects of indeterminate purpose (presumably fragments of nails, bits, fi les and perforators). In some of the pits unearthed in the settle-ment large quantities of iron slag were found. It is noteworthy that there were no bronze objects among the material found at the settlement (only one uncharacteristic fragment was discovered). Th e fi nds also include objects made of bone: a well-preserved needle with an ornamented head, a pendant made from a pierced bear’s claw and a skate (or smoothing-tool) made of horse bone. Characteristic fi nds for La Tène culture are glass ornaments: a fragment of a simple undecorated bracelet of blue glass and a frag-ment of blue glass bead of the “mask-bead” type. Of the remaining fi nds, two stone whetstones and a fragment of a lignite bracelet are worthy of note (Karwowski–Sauer 2009, 36–37, fi g. 1–8).

By far the largest group of artefacts from the settlement consists of ceramic fi nds, almost exclu-sively fragments of vessels. Th e only exceptions are a fragment of a decorated spindle whorl, a few discs with an aperture made of ceramic shells and a fragment of a crucible. Among the ceramic vessels are forms typical of La Tène culture: mainly bowls, pots and fl agons. Th ere is no evidence of painted ceram-ics at the settlement.

Worthy of particular note among the ceramic material from Prellenkirchen is a small group of fragments of vessels made without the use of a potter’s wheel. Such ceramics among material dated to the Middle and Late La Tène period are rare in north-eastern Austria, although individual fi nds are known from a range of sites (Karwowski 2008, 485–486, fi g. 7, footnote 2). Th ere are a total of 47 frag-ments of vessels made by hand among the ceramics from Prellenkirchen, which is 1.9% of the ceramic fi nds from this settlement (Karwowski 2008, 485, fi g. 6). Only fi ve fragments of handmade ceramics were made of clay with an admixture of mineral graphite typical of La Tène culture pottery. From among the remaining fragments classed as “rough” ceramics the majority are completely uncharacteristic parts of the bellies of vessels. In only a few cases these are more characteristic fragments of straight (vertical or slightly inclined) or S-shaped edges as well as fl at vessel bottoms. On these ceramics there are also raised elements in the form of handles, horizontal bands or bosses. In only one case was it possible to recon-struct almost the whole vessel out of the surviving fragments – it is a fl at-bottomed bowl with straight, slightly inclined sides and a straight rim. Only a fragment of the belly together with part of the rim and the base are missing. It is not impossible that there was a handle placed low down. All of this material was made of lightly fi red clay, grey, dark grey and brown in colour with a strong mostly coarse-grained admixture. Th e surface of the vessels retains only traces of being crudely smoothed (Pl. 2 and 3).

It is worth noting that there are practically no cases of vessels from Prellenkirchen or from other sites in north-eastern Austria being made by hand in the form that is characteristic of La Tène culture vessels. Here very simple forms of vessels are represented, which are found in diff erent areas over a wide chronological scale. Th eir signifi cant characteristic is the presence of raised bosses, horizontal bands (also decorated) or handles, in other words, elements which are practically absent in the traditions of La Tène pottery. In La Tène culture they can be treated as the survival of certain local Hallstatt traditions or as foreign infl uences or even imports. Practically all of the features – typological and stylistic as well as technological – observed on the handmade ceramics under discussion here have their counterparts in the Carpathian Basin, mainly in the Dacian culture but also in the La Tène culture, where they are con-sidered to be direct Dacian infl uences. In that pottery tradition it was common to produce handmade ceramics with a handle and a whole range of raised elements in the form of bosses and horizontal bands. Also characteristic for those vessels made without using a potter’s wheel are all the forms occurring in Prellenkirchen – straight rims, slightly S-shaped vessels, and various types of bowl (cf. Crişan 1969; Crişan 1978, 109–140).

When analysing the ceramic material from Prellenkirchen it is worth noticing that some of the forms of vessels made on fast-revolving potter’s wheels with high quality clay also indicate a distinct link with the Carpathian Basin. Th ese are mainly wide bowls and tall fl agons. It should be stressed that both forms of vessels are very common in La Tène culture settlements in its middle phase and the issue of the local peculiarity of individual varieties undoubtedly requires further research. Some of the vessels we are dealing with from Prellenkirchen have analogous vessels on sites in modern-day Hungary, while at


the same time being very rare in north-eastern Austria and southern Moravia (cf. Filip 1956, 208–209; Čižmářová 2005, 20). Th is is especially the case with bowls with high cylindrical necks and the largest bulge of the belly placed low down (Pl. 4) (Horváth 1987, pl. 23/10; Kelemen 1987, pl. 15/2; Szabó–Tankó 2006, 339–340, fi g. 10/5; Szabó Et Al. 2008, 205, fi g. 20/3–4; 22/5, 8; 27/3; see also Ferencz 2006, 122, pl. 4/G5; Ferencz 2007, 96, pl. 31/2–3). Bowls of this shape are characteristic also of areas on the lower Drava and Sava occupied by Celtic Scordisci (Sladić 1986, pl. 7/9; 11/4; 18/6; Popović 2001, 92, fi g. 5/6, 15; Dizdar 2007, 132–136).

Particular attention should be paid to the series of fl agon-shaped vessels from Prellenkirchen of which the majority was found in the infi lling of pottery kiln. Th e ceramics found in this feature are relatively homogeneous both typologically and technologically. Apart from a few fragments of wide-

necked vessels there are above all tall vessels – fl agons – with very characteristic triangular-shaped edges in profi le (Pl. 5 and Fig. 3). All of them are made of the same type of good quality clay (called fi ne ceramic), but mostly lightly fi red, which indicates incomplete fi ring.2 Th ese vessels were therefore undoubtedly produced locally. Th e fl agons of the type described are not known in north-eastern Austria and southern Moravia, while stylistically seeming to draw on the pottery traditions of the north-western areas of the Carpathian Basin (cf. Horváth 1987, pl. 15/10; 18/12; 20/1, 7; 21/9; 24/17; 39/10; Kelemen 1987, pl. 10/5; 21/5; Vadász 1987, pl. 1/1, 4; 2/6; 5/3; 6/1, 2, 5; Zeiler 2003, 40–42, pl. 75; 79; 80; see also Tomanič-Jevermov–Guštin 1996, fi g. 5/9; 6/2; Vaida 2000, fi g. 6/22–23; Ferencz 2007, 93, pl. 31/4; 74/2).

Another interesting object is the kiln itself where the fl agons were most probably fi red (Pl. 6). It is part of the concentration of constructions in the central part of the settlement and structurally seems to form a whole with the pit-dwelling adjoining it on the western side. On the south-western side of the whole construction traces of posts have survived suggesting the existence of additional roofi ng. Th e

kiln had an oval fi ring chamber covered in a dome, whose remains have survived on the grate. Th e lower chamber, the fi re-box, was covered with a well-preserved horizontal grate. Th e clay grate was supported on a stone partition dividing the fi re-box into two parts. In the north-western direction an elongated service channel led from the kiln. It was a double channel (two circulation chambers) and probably lined in clay for a considerable distance. It is interesting that there is no typical deep kiln-side pit either by the channel itself or at the end of it. On the basis of the preserved remains it is diffi cult to say unequivocally where the furnace itself was, but it was probably within the service channel, or even in the fi rst (only?) part of it. Th e use of this type of long double channel made it possible to obtain a more uniform rise in temperature and a smoother fl ow of hot air. Th is was helped by the clay-lined, well-heated walls of the service channel. Th e lower chamber, the fi re-box, covered with the grate, was divided into two parts by a stone partition whose purpose was to support the grate but also to facilitate the fl ow of hot air brought in from the channel by two openings. Both kidney-shaped parts of the chamber were also lined in clay.

Finds of pottery kilns on sites of La Tène culture in the region of the central Danube, and in general in Central Europe, are fairly common (cf. Zeiler 2003, 133–135, fi g. 60; Pieta 2008, 177–179, fi g. 85). Th ey are known basically in two forms: as a group of kilns, usually in groups of three (e.g. Čižmář 1987, 217–220, fi g. 14; 15; Preinfalk 2005, 104–105), or as individual features (e.g. Reschreiter–Tuzar 1995; Čižmář Et Al. 2003, further literature there). Th e individual kiln from Prellenkirchen stands out from the majority of the remaining features of this type through the lack of a large characteristic 2. Th ese ceramics are uniform in respect of colour, without discolouration, but very brittle and tending to crumble in damp

conditions. Th ese vessels were undoubtedly not completely fi red, but it is diffi cult to say what caused the interruption in fi ring.

Fig. 3. Prellenkirchen, drawn reconstruction of a fl agon from the pottery kiln

(drawing: S. Schwarz and M. Karwowski).


kiln-side pit. An analogy to this may be feature 151 (a kiln) from nearby Sopron in western Hungary (Zeiler 2003, 104–107).

Apart from the ceramic material discussed above, one more very interesting fi nd from the settlement indi-cates a distinct link with the Carpathian Basin. Th is is a small fragment of a bead made of blue glass with the rep-resentation of part of what is probably a human face pre-served (Fig. 4). Such mask-beads are mainly known from La Tène culture sites from the Carpathian Basin, with a fairly clear concentration in the region of the upper Tisza (Fig. 5). In La Tène culture only individual examples occur outside the Carpathian Basin. Moreover, an interesting concentration of the artefacts under discussion comes from territories occupied by Japods situated on the northern Adriatic in Croatia. More mask-beads come from the area of the Geto-Dacian culture in Romania and the area of the Th racian culture in Bulgaria. Numerous other mask-beads come from the western and northern coast of the Black Sea, mainly from Greek colonies (Karwowski 2005, 165–167).

Th e chronological occurrence of mask-beads covers a relatively long period. Black Sea fi nds are dated to the 4th century BC, or possibly the turn of the 4th and 3rd centuries. Presumably at least some of the beads from the region of the Lower Danube and from Croatia should be similarly dated. Specimens known from La Tène culture complexes, on the other hand, are dated to the beginning of the Middle La Tène period (i.e. about the middle of the 3rd century BC).

As was mentioned in the introduction, the issue of links between Celtic Boii and the Carpathian Basin has not so far been discussed widely in the literature, apart from publications in the form of short communiqués. Th is is connected with the state of research, mainly with the very small number of fully

Fig. 4. Prellenkirchen, fragment of glass mask-bead (photo: BDA, Vienna;

drawing: K. Szewczyk).

Fig. 5. Distribution of mask-beads (aft er: Karwowski 2005 with addenda).


investigated settlements from the Middle La Tène period. Th is is a period for which we do not have burial fi nds for the majority of La Tène culture areas. Th e next problem is the possibility of identifying the fea-tures of the fi nds which would allow their occurrence to be connected with specifi c geographical areas.

In this context the presence in the settlement in Prellenkirchen of handmade ceramics, which are undoubtedly a foreign element for the Boii on the Danube, is signifi cant. Th ese materials, both in the set-tlement in Prellenkirchen and in a few other La Tène culture settlements in north-eastern Austria, seem to testify to the fact that contacts between the Boii and the Dacians must have taken place long before the armed campaign of Burebista, well-known from written sources, which took place in the mid–1st century BC. Th e fi nds dated to the 2nd century BC (in other words, the Middle La Tène period) which are obviously Dacian in character – not only ceramics but also coins – are known from the north-western part of Hungary (Visy 1970, 27; Visy 1994, 9–10; Visy 1995, 100–101; see also: Bónis 1969, 188–191; Horváth 1998, 68–71) and south-western Slovakia (Crişan 1970; Lamiová-Schmiedlová 1982, 32; Lamiová-Schmiedlová 1997, 745–748; Pieta 1982, 36–37; Bednár Et Al. 2005, 149; Luštíková 2007). Th is early wave of Dacian imports may be connected not only with the intensifi cation of Celtic-Dacian contacts, but also with minor migrations of the Dacian population in the northerly direction. Th e number of this type of fi nds rose rapidly from the second half of the 1st century BC. In this case we are probably dealing with archaeological traces of the victorious Dacian campaign under the leadership of Burebista. In the contact zone between the Celtic and Dacian cultures, mainly in eastern Slovakia, Dacian materials are widespread. Also in this period they spread to the Hungarian Lowlands. It is worth noticing that in north-eastern Austria there are practically no fi nds representing this later infl ux of Dacian materials (cf. Karwowski 2008, 448, footnote 5).

Contacts and connections between the inhabitants of the settlement in Prellenkirchen and the areas lying to the east and south-east are also visible in the ceramics made technically in the Celtic tradi-tion. Th is concerns forms of vessels that are not typical of the areas inhabited by the Boii. It is interest-ing that there is a possibility that Scordisci participated in these contacts, their links with Dacian tribes from the Carpathian Basin being confi rmed both by archaeological material and by written sources. Th e propagation of the potter’s wheel in Dacian circles is considered to be direct proof of such links (Crişan 1969, 140–141, 178).3

Th e glass mask-bead found here also fi t into the context of the “ceramic” links discussed here of the settlement in Prellenkirchen. Th is fi nd also combines within itself Celtic and Dacian elements con-nected with the Carpathian Basin.

Th e Celtic-Dacian character of the vicinity which took on various forms of mixing and co-occur-rence of the elements of both cultures in many areas (see recently: Iaroslavschi 2000; Sârbu–Florea 2000; Costea–Crişan 2006; Pop–Pupeză 2006; Vaida 2006; Sârbu 2006, and further literature there) makes it possible to suppose that in north-eastern Austria too it must have left traces which are percepti-ble in archaeological material. It should be stressed here, of course, that the area of interest to us was not a direct “border” zone and that the exchange of materials could have taken place in a very limited way. Th e fi nds presented here coming from features of La Tène culture in the settlement of Prellenkirchen seem to bear witness to such an exchange.

3. See also: Zirra 1976; also comments on Dacian painted ceramics: Crişan 1966; and on vessels in the form of situla: Gheorghiu 2000. It should, however, be noted that the potter’s wheel was known – albeit in a limited way – to local potters in the period preceding the arrival of the Celts, both in the Carpathian Basin and in the Central Balkans. Th e in-fl uences coming from the Greek world should therefore not be underestimated (Zirra 1976, 777–779; Romsauer 1991; Djordjević-Bogdanović 1994).


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List of fi gures

Fig. 1. Location of the site in Prellenkirchen against the background of La Tène culture settlements in the Carpathian Basin in the 2nd century BC (graphics: M. Karwowski; map groundwork: L. Zentai).

Fig. 2. Site no. 8 in Prellenkirchen during research in 2003, view from the north-east (photo: F. Sauer, BDA, Vienna).

Fig. 3. Prellenkirchen, drawn reconstruction of a fl agon from the pottery kiln (drawing: S. Schwarz and M. Karwowski).

Fig. 4. Prellenkirchen, fragment of glass mask-bead (photo: BDA, Vienna; drawing: K. Szewczyk).Fig. 5. Distribution of mask-beads (aft er: Karwowski 2005 with addenda).

List of plates

Pl. 1. Prellenkirchen, plan of the central part of the settlement (graphics: M. Karwowski).Pl. 2. Prellenkirchen, handmade ceramic vessels (drawing: S. Schwarz).Pl. 3. Prellenkirchen, fragments of handmade ceramic vessels (photo: BDA, Vienna).Pl. 4. Prellenkirchen, bowls made of fi ne ceramic (drawing: S. Schwarz).Pl. 5. Prellenkirchen, fl agons made of fi ne ceramic from the pottery kiln (drawing: S. Schwarz).Pl. 6. Prellenkirchen, pottery kiln (graphics: M. Karwowski).

342 | MACIEJ KARWOWSKI

Plate 1. Prellenkirchen, plan of the central part of the settlement (graphics: M. Karwowski).


Plate 2. Prellenkirchen, handmade ceramic vessels (drawing: S. Schwarz).

Plate 3. Prellenkirchen, fragments of handmade ceramic vessels (photo: BDA, Vienna).


Plate 4. Prellenkirchen, bowls made of fine ceramic (drawing: S. Schwarz).


Plate 5. Prellenkirchen, flagons made of fine ceramic from the pottery kiln (drawing: S. Schwarz).


Plate 6. Prellenkirchen, pottery kiln (graphics: M. Karwowski).


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