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PERIODICALS

Al-Ahram Christian Science Monitor Economist Intelligence Unit ( EIU) The Financial Times The Financial Times Survey: Israel The Financial Times Survey: Jordan The Guardian International Financial Statistics, and World Bank Debt Tables MEED Middle East International Middle East Mirror Neue Zurcher Zeitung New Outlook SWB, Summary of World Broadcasts The Jerusalem Report The Middle East The Times

Index

Numbers marked in bold type denote a major section/chapter devoted to the subject. n indicates a note.

Abdesslam, Belaid 45 Abduh, Muhammad 103-4 Abdul-Hamid, Sultan 110 Ahmed, Akbar 24 aid, economic 32, 33, 51n, 134

American 67, 85-6 Al-Afghani (Jamal al-Din al-

Asadabadi) 103, 104 Al-Ahmar,Abdullah 61 Al-Assad, Hafez see Assad, President Al-Baidh, Ali Salim 53, 55, 56, 57,

58 Albania 78 Al-Banna, Hasan 105, 106 Al-Dhali, Abdul Aziz 55 Al-Din Pasha, Khayr 103 Al-Gami, Awad 6 Algeria 3,36,41-6,50

army coup 44-5 and Berberism 35, 43 conquest by France 101 democratization in 9, 10, 37,41-6 economic failure 41, 42 and FLN 41-2,43,44-5 and Islamist militancy (FIS) 7,

43-4,45,77 Al-Hassan, Khaled 95 AI-Kawakibi 104 AI-Odeh, Sheikh Salman 6 AI Sa'ud 6, 7 Al-Tahtawi, Rifa 102-3 AI-Zendani, Shaikh Abdul-Majid 61 Arnie of Kuwait 21, 22 An-Nahda (MTI) 10, 4!}-1 Aoun, General 140 Arabism see Arab nationalism Arab-Israeli conflict 81-97, 124

and arms race 75, 76, 81-2, 85 effect of Gulf War on 4, 81, 86-7 and foreign policy of the United

States 82-5

peace process 121, 132 advances 3,4,82,96-7,134 effect of Gulf War on 4-5, 81,

86-7 effect of Soviet Union break-up

on 4 Egypt's role 92, 124, 126-7 Iran's denunciation of 127 Islamic resistance to 93, 94 Israel's role 4-5, 83, 87, 88,

89-90,94,97 and Jordan 94-5 Madrid peace talks (1991) 73,

81,89,92,94,130 and the Palestinians 4, 5, 89,

92-4,97 and the PLO 8. 89, 90-1, 92-4,

96, 131 and Saudia Arabia 87 and Syria 4, 88-9, 90, 92, 120,

128-9, 130-2 and United States 4, 71, 81, 93,

97 and United Nations 71, 95-6

Arab-Israeli wars 1967 113, 119 1973 113,115,119

Arab League 126 Arab Maghreb Union (UMA) 36,

76-7 Arab nationalism 109-15

declineof 40,113-15, 121,122 emergence of 109-11 and Gulf War 115, 121 ideals of 99-1 00 and Islamism 104, 106 rise of under Nasser 112-13 and Syria 128

Arab revolt (1916) Ill Arab state system 118-33

Egyptand 123-7

148

emergence of Jl8-19 fragmenting of 19-20 and the Gulf War 121-3 Syria and 128-32

Arafat, Yasir 98n and PLO policy 92 and Saddam Hussein 8, 91 and settlement with Israel 94 see also PLO

arms-control 74-5, 80 arms race 75,76,81-2,85 Assad, President, Hafez al- 83, 84,

119 and Arab-Israeli peace process 4,

88-9, 130, 131-2 and democratization 14, 21, 27 and Egypt 120 and Gulf War 128-9 and Palestine 87-8, 130 and PLO 98n

Ba'athparty 27,119 Baghdad Pact 113 Balfour declaration (1917) Ill Ben Ali, Zine ei-Abidine I 0, 38-9,

40-1 Ben Bella, President Ahmed 41 Ben Jedid, Chadli 3, 7, 41, 42 Ben Salah, Ahmed 38 Berberism 35, 43 Boudiaf, Mohamed 44-5 Boumedienne, Houari 36, 41 Bourguiba, President Habib 10,

37-8,39,40 Britain

and Arab revolt ( 1916) 111 early concept of democracy 32-3

Bush, President George 81, 83, 84, 91, 137

Christopher, Warren 90 citizenship 15-18 Clinton, President Bill 86, 90, 95-6 Cold War 72, 89

end of effect on Middle East 28, 70,85,92

CSCM 78

Index

CUP (Committee of Union and Progress) 110, Ill

Damascus Declaration 118, 122, 126, 132

democratization 2, 9-11, 13-28, 31-51

attractiveness of 24-5 citizenship 15-18 early concept of in Britain and

149

United States 32-3, 34 and economic reform 21-2 effect of Gulf War on 9, 10, 11 and Islamism 23-6, 36-7, 50 in the Maghreb see Maghreb, the moves towards in Middle East

9-11, 13-15, 26-8 see also individual countries

and role of leadership 26-7 and socio-economic change

18-23 Destour 38

education 21 Egypt 118-28

alliance with Saudia Arabia 77, 124, 125

and Arab-Israeli peace process 126-7

and Arab nationalism under Nasser 112-13

democratization in 10 economic problems 140 foreign policy 123-4 gains from Gulf War 139 Gulf War policy 125-6 and Iran 127 Islamist opposition in 8-9 leadership role in Arab world ll9,

120, 123, 124 and Libya 127-8 and the Muslim Brotherhood l 05 and the 1973 war 119 and the PLO 92, 98n prospects for 140 and South Yemen 57 and Syria 88,118-19,120,122,

132 and United States 123-4, 126

150

Europe 71 and Ottoman Empire 101

Fadlallah, Sheikh 25 Fahd,KJng 11,24 FIS (Front lslamique de Salut) 7,

43-4,45,77 FLN 41-2,43,44-5 France 38, 101 Front lslamique de Salut see FIS

Gaza-Jericho plan 8 Gaza Strip 4, 5, 8, 93 GCC (Gulf Cooperation

Council) 73, 75, 76, 114 General People's Congress

(GPC) 61 Golan Heights 4, 88, 89, 98n, 130 Gorbachev, Mikhail 56, 83 GPC (General People's

Congress) 61 Gulf Cooperation Council see GCC Gulf states

and Damascus Declaration 118, 122, 126, 132

arms transfers to 85 economic success of Arab- 142 external alliances 72-3, 82 and GCC 73, 75, 76, 114 Palestinians in 138 Turkey's role in 75 see also individual countries

Gulf War ( 1990-91) 82 and Arab nationalism 115, 121 and democratization 9, 10, 11 economic cost of 70, 135-41 effect on Arab--Israeli peace

process 4-5, 81, 86-7 effect on Arab states 1, 2-3, 12,

86, 90, 118, 121-3 see also individual countries

effect on oil prices 137-8 Egyptian policy in 125-6 and PLO 8, 90-1, 92, 138 predictions on effect of 2 reasons for 120-1, 135, 142 Syrian policy in I, 87-8, 128-9

HAMAS 7, 8, 87,93

Index

Hassan II, King 46, 49 Hawaii, Safar 6 Hirawi, President 21 Hussein, King 14, 27, 76, 94, 139 Hussein, Saddam 87, 125

and invasion of Kuwait 135 loss of appeal after defeat 129 and Palestine cause 82, 91 popularity of 27, 82

Intifada 7, 91, 92 Iran 82, 85, 122

and denunciation of peace process 127

and Egypt 127 and Gulf War I and Islamic fundamentalism 24,

127 rejuvenation of 96 and Saudi a Arabia 75 socio-economicchange 18,19-21

Iran-Iraq war 70, 119, 120, 138 Iraq 75, 76, 138

and Ba'ath party 27, 119 and Baghdad Pact ( 1955) 113 effect of Gulf War on 3, 74, 86,

137 invasionofKuwait 121,125,135,

142 and Islamic opposition 14, 25-6 and Jordan 76 and Kurds 18,74

Islah party 61 Islamism 5-9, 21, 22-6, 99-109

and democratization 22-6, 36-7, 50

as a political movement 99-109 aims 99, 100 early reform 102-4 growth of militancy 5-9, 86 historical development 101-2 and importance of Arab

unity 104, 106 and the Muslim

Brotherhood 24, 105-7, 126

reasons for support of 107-9 rejection of Arab--Israeli peace

process 93, 94

setbacks 109 see also individual countries

Israel conflict with Arab states 81-97,

124 -and peace process 4-5, 83, 87,

89-80 and Egypt 92, 124, 126-7 and Palestinians 97 and PLO 89, 94,96 and Saudia Arabia 87 and Syria 88-9, 128-9

creation of state of ( 1948) 111 effect of Soviet Union break-up

on 4 and Gulf crisis 1 relationship with United

States 82-4, 86, 89-90, 97n

Jordan 82, 131 and Arab--Israeli peace

process 94-5 democratization in 9, IO, 21, 27 economy 138-9 effect of Gulf War 94, 138-9 and Iraq 76 and Islamic fundamentalism 94 naturalization and citizenship

in 17-18 and the Palestinians in 17-18,94 role in Levant 76 socio-economic change 18, 19-21

Kafi, Ali 45 Kurds 18, 74, 75 Kuwait 122

democratization in 11, 22 effect of Gulf War 3, II, 136 Iraq's invasion of 121, 125, 135,

142 and oil production 135 Palestinians in 138 severe controls on

naturalization 16-17 socio-economic change 18, 19-21

leadership, political 3 role of in democracy 26-7, 39

Index 151

Lebanon democratization in 10-11, 14 socio-economic change 18, 19-21 and Syria 11, 76,88, 119,140

Levant sub-region 75-6 Libya 76, 77, 101, 124, 127-8

Madrid peace talks (1991) 73, 81, 89,92,94,130

Maghreb, the Arab Maghreb Union (UMA) 36,

76-7 democratization in 31-51

in Algeria 9, 10, 37,41-6 in Morocco 10, 37,46-9 problems faced 34-7,49-51 in Thnisia IO, 37-41

nationalism 35-6 and political Islam 36, 40, 50, 77

Mediterranean 78 Mestiri, Ahmed 38 Middle East

effect of break-up of Soviet Union on 1, 4, 73

effect of end of Cold War on 28, 70,85,92

effect of Gulf War on politics of 1-3, 11

moves towards democratization in 9-11,13-15,26-8

role oflslam 2~. 115 security structures 70-80 uneven economic development

in 21-2, 134-5, 142 United States foreign policy

towards 81 Morocco 77

democratization in 10, 37, 46-9, 50

MTI (Mouvement de Tendence. Islamiste) (An-Nahda) 10, 40-1

Mubarak, President Husni 124, 125-6, 140

Muhammad, Ali Nasir 54-5, 59 Muslim Brotherhood 24, 105-7, 126 Muslims

and Islamism 99, 100-4, 105-7, 108-9

152

Nasser, President Gamal Abdel 121, 123, 140

attempted assassination 105, 107

and rise of Arab nationalism 112-13, ll9, 124

nationalism Arab see Arab nationalism Maghribi 35--(i

naturalization 16-17 Neo-Destour (PSD) 38-9 North Africa see Maghreb, the North Yemen see Yemen

OAPEC (Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries) ll4, 137, 138

oil 13 effect of Gulf War on price

of 137-8 maldistribution of 114-15, 120,

121, 134, 135 Ottoman empire l 00-1, I 04,

109-10

Palestine 91, ll3 and Balfour declaration

(1917) Ill and Syria 87-9

Palestine Liberation Organization see PLO

Palestinians and Arab-Israeli peace process 4,

5,89,92-4,97 economic damage to as a result of

Gulf War 138-9 and HAMAS movement 7, 8, 87,

93 and Intifada 7, 91, 92 and Jordan 17-18, 94 and the PLO see PLO and Saddam Hussein 82, 91

Pan-Am 103 bombing 127-8 pan-Arabism see Arab nationalism pan-Islamism see Islamism Parti Socialist Destourien see PSD Persian Gulf see Gulf states PLO (Palestine Liberation

Organization) 4

Index

and Arab-Israeli peace process 8, 89,90-1, 92-4,96, 13I

and Egypt 92, 98n and Gulf War 8, 90-1, 92, 138 and HAMAS 7, 93 and Syria 92, 98n

PSD (Parti Socialist Destourien) 38-9

Qur'an 104, I05, 106, 107, 108

Rabin, Yitzhak 89 RCD (Rassemblement Constitutionnel

Democratique) 38-9 Reagan, Ronald 83 Red Sea region 77-8 Rida, Muhammad Rashid I 04

Sadat, President Anwar 8, ll9, I 23 SAIRI (Supreme Assembly of the

Islamic Revolution in Iraq) 14, 25--(i

Salih, Ali Abdullah 53, 54, 58, 62, 68

Saudia Arabia alliance with Egypt 77, 124,

125 arms transfers to 85 democratization in II economic cost of Gulf War 136 effectofGulfWar 86-7,122-3 in Gulf War I, I21 and Israel 87 and 1973 war 119 and oil production 135, 138,

142 rise in prominence 87, 113-14 and threat of Islamist

militancy 6-7 and Yemen 54, 57, 60, 67

security structures 70-80 arms control 74-5, 80 challenges in sub-regions 75-8 measures for building 74 obstacles to 72-3 and outside organizations 71,

79-80 political dialogue and 73-4

Shamir, Yitzak 5, 82, 85, 130

socio-economic change tables 18-21

South Yemen see Yemen Soviet Union

effect of break-up on Middle East I, 4, 73

withdrawal of support for Syria 4, 83--4, 120, 129

and Yemen 9, 54, 56, 57, 60 Sudan 77, 142 Suez Canal I 12-13 Supreme Assembly of the Islamic

Revolution in Iraq see SAIRI Syria 118-19, 128-32

and Arab-Israeli peace process 4, 88-9,90,92,120,128-9, 130-2

and Arab nationalism 128 and democratization 14, 21, 27 economy 140-1 and Egypt 88, I I 8- I 9, 120, 122,

132 and Gulf War I, 87-8, 128-9 in Lebanon II, 76, 88, 119, 140 and 1973 war I 19 and Palestine 87-9 and PLO 92, 98n reconciliation with United

States 83--4, 88, 131 socio-economic change 18, 19-2 I and Soviet Union 4, 83--4, 120,

129, 140

tables, social and economic 19-2 I Taif agreement (1989) 10-11 Tunisia

and Bourguiba 37-8 democratization in 10, 37-41 government's conflict with Islamic

fundamentalism 10, 40- I problems faced 38-9

Turkey 82, 90 and role in Gulf states 75 and role in Levant 76

UMA (Arab Maghreb Union) 36, 76-7

United Nations 81

Index

and Arab-Israeli peace process 7 I, 95-6

and arms control 80

153

economic sanctions on Iraq 137 involvement with internal affairs of

Red Sea states 77 need for reform 79-80

United States II, 81,129 and Arab-Israeli conflict 82-4 and Arab-Israeli peace process 4,

71,81,84-5,93,97 arms transfers 85, 97n early concepts of democracy

in 32, 33--4 and economic aid 67, 85-6 involvement with internal affairs of

Red Sea states 77 and PLO 91,92 relationship with Arab states 84,

86 Egypt 123--4, 126 Syria 83--4, 88, I 31

relationship with Israel 82--4, 86, 89-90,97n

and security pacts with Gulf states 73, 126

and United Nations 95-6 USSR see Soviet Union

Vanguards of the New Holy Struggle 8

West Bank 4, 5, 8, 17,93

Yemen 53-68, 140 post-unification

creation of social and cultural tensions 61-2

cuts in economic aid 67 economic policy 62-5 elections I 0, 61 Islamic opposition 61 prospects 65-8 tribal clashes with

government 65-6 unification of North and South 9,

53,60-1 advantages to North

Yemen 57-8

154

(Yemen, unification of north and south continued)

road to 54-5, 58-60 and Saudi Arabia 54, 57, 60, 67 and South Yemen 55-7

Index

and Soviet policy 9, 54, 56, 57, 60

Young Turks 110---11 YSP (Yemen Socialist Party) 54, 56,

59,61