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Bibliography
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Appendices
Appendices
Page 219
ANNEXURE-A
List of Rural Development Programmes (1950-2013)
S.
No
.
Schemes/projects/Programm
es
Year of
introductio
n
Target Area/
Group Purpose
1
The community
Development Programme
(CDP)
1952 All Blocks
Development of
villages through
agriculture.
2 National Extension Service
(NES) 1952
Block (Lesser
coverage than
CDP)
To provide
scientific and
technical
assistance for
increasing
productivity
3 Applied Nutrition
Programme (ANP) 1960
All states
Mothers/Childre
n
To improve the
health and
nutritional status of
people, particularly
mothers and
children in rural
areas.
4 Intensive Agricultural
District Programme (IADP) 1960-61
Selected (13)
Districts
To provide
package of inputs
including credit to
farmers for
increasing
production through
intensive
cultivation.
5 Rural Industries Project
(RIP) 1962-63
Area covering 3
to 5 Blocks
To provide a
package of inputs
to the rural
artisians.
6 Intensive Agriculture Area
Programme (IAAP) 1964-65
Selected Districts
in all states-
Farmers
To increase
agricultural
production and
induce the farmers
to apply improved
techniques.
Appendices
Page 220
7 High Yielding Variety
Programme (HYVP) 1965 All states
To increase
agriculture
production and
induce farmers to
use high yielding
variety seeds and
apply improved
techniques.
8 Multiple Cropping
Programme (MCP) 1965 Selected Districts
Special programme
for development of
selected crops.
9 Lead Bank Scheme (LBS) 1969
All Districts
(except
metropolitan
cities and urban
centres).
Banking
development
through
BRANCHexpansio
n and development
banking through
implementation of
district credit plan.
Blockwise,
scheme-wise credit
estimation, being
implemented by
public sector
banks.
10 Small Farmers Development
Agency (SFDA) 1969-70
All states (in
selected districts)
small farmers
To enable small
farmers to
participate in the
process of
development and
share its benefits.
11
Marginal Farmers And
Agricultural
Labourers(MFAL)
Programme
1969-70
All states (in
selected districts)
marginal farmers
To enable marginal
farmers and
agricultural
labourers to
participate in the
process of
development and
share Its benefits.
12 Crash Rural Employment
Programme (CREP) 1969-70
All states-
landless
labourers & other
rural un-
To provide
employment
opportunities in
cultivable barren
Appendices
Page 221
employed, lands and other
public works
projects which do
not required skilled
labour.
13 Export Oriented Programme
(EOP) 1970 Selected crops
Special programme
for the
development of
selected crops.
14 Drought Prone Area
Programme (DPAP) 1970-71
554 blocks in 73
districts of 13
states.
To ensure that
rural works taken
up under the
programme are of
a lasting nature and
to provide
employment
through
construction work.
15 Backward Area
Development 1971
Backward
Districts
1.Special scheme
with central
outright
grant/subsidy for
setting up
industrial units in
such areas.
2.Concessional
finance scheme for
the projects in less
developed areas.
16 Rural Artisians Programme
(RAP) 1971-72 41 RIP Districts
To provide all-
round training to
village artisans in
different trades.
17 Differential Interest Rate
Scheme (DIR) 1972
Weaker section
(Family income
not exceeding
Rs. 7200 in uban
areas, in rural
areas Rs. 6400.
To provide
concessional credit
at 4% Rate of
interest to weaker
sections for their
upliftment.
18 Employment Guarantee 1972 Rural
unemployment
To guarantee
employment to all
Appendices
Page 222
Scheme (EGS) and landless
labourers.
able bodied
persons in the rural
areas, willing to
work in manual
and unskilled jobs.
19 Tribal Development
Projects (TDP) 1972-73
Andhara
Pradesh, Bihar,
U.P & Orissa.
Tribal and semi-
tribals.
Integrated
development of
tribes and the areas
occupied by them.
20 Intensive Rural
Employment Projects 1972-73
All states rural
un-employed and
landless
labourers.
To provide
employment in
public work project
which do not
require skill of a
high order.
21
Half-a-Million Job
Programme/Employment
Promotion Programme
(HMJP/EPP).
1973-74 Educated
unemployed
To assist educated
unemployed in
self-employment
ventures.
22 Hill Area Development
Projects (HADP) 1973-74
Kangra in
Himachal
Pradesh, Nilgiris
in Tamil Nadu
Tribal and semi-
Tribals,
Agricultural
labourers and
farmers.
To maximize
agricultural
production through
multiple cropping,
HYV, horticulture
etc.
23
Command Area
Development Agency
(CAD).
1974-75
Selected area
farmers falling
under the
command area of
selected
irrigation
projects.
To realise optimum
utilisation of
irrigation potential
created by major
irrigation projects.
24 Special Live Stock
Programme 1974-75
21 staes & 4
union territories
(weaker sections
of the rural
population).
To provide
employment
opportunities to the
weaker sections of
the rural
Appendices
Page 223
population.
25
Integrated Rural
Development Programme
(IRDP)(Revised in Vi Five
Year Plan (1978-83).
1976-77
Selected blocks
rural
poor(subsequentl
y covered in all
blocks)
SFDA & MFDA
were merged into
district rural
development
agency (DRDA) to
implement IRDP.
To cover 600
families in every
block.
26 Minimum Needs
Programme (MNP) 1976-77
All states
landless
labourers.
To improve rural
health, water
supply etc.
27 Food For Work Programme
(FWP) 1977
All states un-
employed and
under-employed
in rural areas.
To provide
employment
opportunities for
the target group in
rural areas.
28 Village Adoption (VAS)
Schemes 1977
Selected villages
in the command
area of the bank
branches.
To meet the credit
needs of the
villages adopted,
by the commercial
banks.
29 Antyoda 1977
Jaipur, Jodhpur,
kota & chittor
districts of
rajasthan SC/ST
people.
To provide
employment
opportunities to the
poorest of the poor
in rural areas.
30 Rural Health: People’s
Hand 1977
5000
administrative
blocks in the
entire country-
rural people
Imparting training
to the community
health workers.
31 Village Health Scheme 1977 All states/rural
poor
To strengthen
health care &
family welfare
services in rural
areas.
32 Desert Development
Programme 1977-78 Desert area in
Rajasthan,
To check further
desertification of
Appendices
Page 224
Gujarat,
Kashmir,
Himachal
Pradesh people
in desert areas.
the desert areas &
to raise the
productivity of
local resources of
these areas.
33 Fish Farmers Development
Agency (FFDA) 1977-78
All states fish
farmers
To assist fish
farmers for
promoting inland
fishing.
34 Preventive Voluntary Health
Organisation Programme. 1977 All states
To provide
community based
health service in
tribal and rural
areas and to
expand and
improve basic and
preventive health
services.
35 Environmental Slums
Scheme 1977
All states-poor in
slums
To improve the
living conditions of
the people living in
slums.
36
Integrated Child
Development Services
(ICDS) Programme.
1977-78
Union
territories/childre
n
To provide
improved living
conditions in
slums.
37 Rehabilitation of the
Bonded Labour Programme. 1977-78
Selected states,
Karnataka, M.P.,
Orissa, Tamil
nadu, U.P ,
Bonded labourers
To improve the
living condition for
children.
38 National Adult Education
Programme. 1978
All states adults
in rural areas
To extend
educational
facilities to adults
in rural areas.
39 District Industries Centre
Programme (DIC) 1978 All states
To give a thrust for
industrial
development in
rural areas.
40 Training for Rural Youth for 1979 Rural youth To assist rural
Appendices
Page 225
Self-Employment
(TRYSEM)
youth in self
employment
41 Self Sufficiency Scheme
(SSS) 1979-80
Tamil Nadu-rural
poor
To provide basic
infrastructure in
rural areas
42 Special Animal Husbandary
Programme (SAHP) 1980
Selected
districts/blocks
To develop
supplementary
sources of income
for the rural people
& to increase milk
production.
43 National Rural Employment
Programme (NREP) 1980
Rural and semi-
urban areas
To provide short
term relief through
employment to
uneducated in rural
& semi -urban
areas.
44
Rural Labour Employment
Guarantee Programme
(RLEGP)
1980
Rural areas-
Landless labour
household
To assure
guaranteed
employment to at
least one person
for every landless
labour household
in rural areas.
45
Development of Women
and Children in Rural Areas
(DWCRA)
1982-83 Women &
children
Assistance for the
upliftment of
women & children
in rural areas.
46
Self-employment Scheme
for Educated Youth
(SEEUY)
1983
Un-employed
youth in all areas
except cities with
a population of
more than 10
lakhs
To assist educated
un-employed youth
in self-employment
ventures.
47
Massive Assistance for
Increasing Agricultural
Production Programme
(MAPP)
1983-84
Small &
Marginal
Farmers
To assist small &
marginal farmers
through minor
irrigation schemes.
48 Self-Employment
Programme for Urban Poor 1986 Urban poor To provide self-
employment
Appendices
Page 226
(SEPUP) opportunity for
urban poor.
49 Service Area Approach
(SAA) 1989
All the villages
in India
To prepare a credit
plan & implement
the same for the
development of
allotted villages by
the commercial
banks.
50 Nehru Rojgar Yojna (NRY) 1989 Urban poor
To provide wage
employment to
urban poor
51 Jawhar Rozgar Yojna (JRY) 1989 Rural poor
To provide wage
employment to
rural poor
52 Scheme of Urban Micro
Enterprises (SUME) 1990 Urban poor
To provide support
for urban poor for
setting up the
urban micro-
enterprises to
augment self-
employment
opportunities.
53
Prime Ministers Rozgar
Yojana (PMRY)
(SUBSUMING seeuy)
1993
Educated
unemployed
youth
To provide
assistance to
educated
unemployed to
start self-
employment
ventures.
54 Swami Jayanti Shahari
Rozgar Yojana (STSRY) Dec 1997 Urban poor
Self-employment
& wage
employment
55 Swaranjayanti Gram
Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY) 01-04-1999 Poor families Self-employment
56 Idira Awaas Yojana (IAY) 1985-86
1999-2000
People living
below the
poverty level
Shelter to people
Appendices
Page 227
57 Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak
Yojana (PMGSY) 25-12-2000 Rural roads
Roads in rural
areas
58 Sampoorna Grameen
Rozgar Yojana (SGRY) 25-09-2001 Rural areas Wage employment
59 Provision Of Urban
Amenities in Rural Areas. 15-08-2003 Rural India Social upliftment
60 National Food For Work
Programme (NFWP) 14-11-2004 Rural poor Wage employment
61
National Rural Employment
Guarantee Scheme
(NREGS)
07-09-2005 All India rural
areas
Better livelihood
security,
Guaranteed 100
days employment
Source: Rural Development in India, Vasant Desai, Himalaya Publication House, New
Delhi, 2012.
Appendices
Page 228
ANNEXURE-B
List of Rural Wage Employment Programmes
1980
National Rural
Employment
Programme (NREP)
launched to use
unemployed and
underemployed workers
to build community
assets
1983
Rural Landless
Employment Guarantee
Programme (RLEGP)
launched to provide 100
days of guaranteed
employment to one
member from each rural,
landless household.
1989
Jawahar Rozgar Yojana
Launched, combining
NREP and RLEGP.
1993
Employment Assurance
Scheme (EAS) launched
to provide employment
during the lean
agriculture season
1999
Jawhar Gram Samridhi
Yojana (JGSY)
launched; dedicated to
development of demand
driven rural
infrastructure
2001
Sampoorna Grameen
Rozgar Yojana (SGRY)
launched merging EAS
and JGSY
2004
National Food for Work
programme (NFFWP)
launched to generate
additional
supplementary wage
employment and create
assets
2006
National Rural
Employment Guarantee
scheme (NREGS)
launched to provide 100
days of guaranteed
employment to one
member from each rural
household and create
community assets. In
2009 NREGA has been
renamed as
MGNREGA.
Source: NREGA opportunities and challenges, Centre for science and environment, New Delhi, 2000
Appendices
Page 229
ANNEXURE-C
Block Panchayats Villages
Block Sundarbani
Bhajwal 1. Bakhar
Balshama 2. Balshama
Channi 3. Bhajwal
Kangri 4. Chak tawela
Prat 5. Channi
Siot 6. Dhok Banyard
Thandapani 7. Kangri
Bakhar 8. Marchola
Marcholla 9. Prat
Thangriote 10. Siot
Thanda pani 11. Thanda pani
Kagri Lower 12. Thichka
Block Doongi
Agrati 1. Agrati
Chingus 2. Chingus
Danwa 3. Chityar/Danwa
Lowerkote 4. Chityari/lowerkote
Danwa 5. Danwa
Deriya 6. Deriya
Naria 7. Hidayatpur
Kaller 8. Kaller
Publications
Priya P. Sharma, Chandrakant Navdeti IJSRE Volume 2 Issue 7 July 2014 Page 1
ISSN No.- 2321-7545
Impact Factor (SJIF)-3.599
International Journal of Scientific Research and Education
An Official Publication of IJSAE publication
Certificate of Publication
Author/Coauthor’s By
Prof. S.K Gupta , Fearooz Ahmad
Title
MGNREGA & Financial Inclusion- A Case Study
Has been Published in Volume 2 Issue 10 October 2014
In
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The Mentioned Research paper is measured up to the required standard
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International Journal Of Scientific Research And Education ||Volume||2||Issue||10||Pages-2062-2070||October-2014|| ISSN (e): 2321-7545
Website: http://ijsae.in
Prof. S.K Gupta , Fearooz Ahmad IJSRE Volume 2 Issue 10 October 2014 Page 2062
MGNREGA & Financial Inclusion- A Case Study
Authors
Prof. S.K Gupta1, Fearooz Ahmad
2
1Head, School of Management Studies & Economics,
2 Research Scholar Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri (J&K), India
ABSTRACT
Financial inclusion is the key to empowerment of poor & underprivileged rural households as they constitute 70
percentage of the total Indian population. Financial Inclusion can help the down trodden to improve their financial
condition and the standard of living. To provide greater financial inclusion, the Government of India in 2008 declared
that wage payments, under the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee scheme be made through banks
and post offices. It is in this context, the present study has been conducted to know how the scheme is helping in
promoting financial inclusion in J&K. It will also highlight some of the constraints being faced by banks and post offices
in accelerating the speed of financial inclusion. Besides these, the study also makes few recommendations to overcome the
various constraints and problems.
Keywords: Financial inclusion, MGNREGA workers, Wage payments.
INTRODUCTION
It is true that the banking industry has shown tremendous growth in volume and complexity during the last few
decades. Despite making significant improvement in all areas including financial viability, profitability and
competitiveness, still these institutions have not been able to include vast portion of the population especially
the poor and underprivileged sections of the society into the fold of basic banking services. It is also true that
around 51% of the population has remained outside the preview of the banking industry for providing basic
banking services. It was in this context that Reserve bank of India in consultation with Government of India
brought the concept of financial inclusion. To improve the economic condition of poor people, banking and
financial services through financial inclusion are to be made in a more simple and fluently manner. In case,
people remain outside the financial inclusion, it may lead to higher incidence of crime, general decline in
investment, getting credit from informal sources at high rates including increased unemployment etc. So much
so financial inclusion can lead to social exclusion. It is in this background the study has been undertaken to
Prof. S.K Gupta , Fearooz Ahmad IJSRE Volume 2 Issue 10 October 2014 Page 2063
make proper analysis/ X-ray of the problem and to make more efforts for providing greater financial inclusion
through MGNREGA to the unreached segment of the population in block Doongi of district Rajouri in J&K
state.
Table 1: Banking/Financial Sector Profile of J&K State.
Banking
profile of
the state
Public
sector
Private
sector
RRBs Cooperative
banks
Others Total
Banks 22 7 2 10 1 42
Branches 392 672 325 253 14 1656 Branch Network (in
Nos.)
Rural Semi-urban Urban Total
874 352 430 1656
Banking Parameters
(Amount in Rs. Crores)
Total
Deposits
Total Advances C.D. Ratio
64626.83 25461.11 39.40
Source: 93RD
SLBC J&K
A look at the table 1 indicates the profile of different banks branches in J&K state. It is clear from the table that
there are 1656 branches, which can prove helpful in providing greater financial inclusion through MGNREGA
as all payments are to be made through bank accounts. Besides above, Table 2 explains the total number of
banks branches in Rajouri District.
Table 2: Banking/Financial Sector Profile of Rajouri District.
Banking
profile of the
district
Public
sector
Private sector RRBs Cooperative
banks
Total
Banks 3 2 1 1 7
Branches 8 19 23 10 60
Banking
Parameters
(Amount in
thousands)
Total
Deposits
Total
Advances
C.D. Ratio Advances
to priority
sector
Percentage of Priority
Sector advances to
total advances
18636313 4239990 22.75 1390979 32.80%
Source: Annual credit plan, District Rajouri (2013-14)
So far as the study area is concerned there are only two branches of J&K Grameen bank viz at Chingus &
Doongi. These branches are at a distance of around 20-25 kms from district head quarter Rajouri.
What is Financial Inclusion?
Financial inclusion is the delivery of financial services to all the people in a fair, transparent and equitable
manner at an affordable cost. Financial inclusion has the potential to improve the standard of living of the poor
and the disadvantaged. It is essential to make available the basic banking services to the entire population
without any discrimination. Each and every person to be invited and assisted in opening of a zero balance
Prof. S.K Gupta , Fearooz Ahmad IJSRE Volume 2 Issue 10 October 2014 Page 2064
account. Besides zero balance account, micro finance (General credit card up to Rs 25000) money transfer and
micro insurance to be provided to the neglected sector in unreached areas for total rural financial inclusion.
MGNREGA-Its role in Financial Inclusion
To fasten the pace of financial inclusion, the Government of India in 2008 declared that wage payments, under
the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, would be made through banks and post
offices. This led to the omission of the provision of part payment in kind and payment on daily basis though not
ruling out cash payments entirely. Since then, nearly ten crore bank/ post office accounts have been opened and
around 80 per cent of MGNREGA payments have been made through this route. As the MGNREGA has
mandated payments through formal financial institutions, it is expected to have resulted in enhancing the
financial inclusion of poor and marginalized sections of the society. This programme was launched in the study
area i.e. Doongi block of Rajouri district in the year 2010.
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
1. To study the level of financial inclusion through MGNREGA in the study area.
2. To find out various constraints being faced by block agencies and banks in providing greater financial
inclusion.
3. To make few recommendations to bring greater financial inclusion in the study area.
PROFILE OF THE STUDY AREA
The study has been carried out in Block Doongi in which MGNREGA was notified in the Year 2010. As per
2011 census the block is having 35 villages with 18 Panchayats and with a total population of 40155 in which
4900 is SC population and 17212 is ST population and 18043 are others. There are total no. of 6596 families in
the block as per 2011 census in which 2038 families are BPL which comprises of about 30.89%. There are 6687
number of beneficiaries/ workers working under MGNREGA scheme in the year 2012-13. The number of
people who have been connected to banks & post offices in relation to MGNREGA payments has been 3767 in
the year 2013-14 which is 56%.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The study is based on the secondary data, which has been collected from various reports, journals and also from
the various websites of MGNREGA and branches of J&K Grameen bank. So far as the primary data and
information is concerned, to have an insights in the various problems being faced MGNREGA workers from
banks and block agencies, the researchers have interviewed 50 MGNREGA workers from five villages (10
workers from each village) of Chingus and Doongi branches namely Nadyala, Kalar, Narian, Doongi Brahmana
and Sasal kote selected through random sampling.
Prof. S.K Gupta , Fearooz Ahmad IJSRE Volume 2 Issue 10 October 2014 Page 2065
ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION
The study aims to know the level of financial inclusion in Doongi block of Rajouri district under MGNREGA.
State Level
Table 3: Number of MGNREGA bank and post office accounts and amount disbursed in J&K.
2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14
No. of bank and post office
account opened
348662 456674 623431 177766
37766
Total Amount Disbursed
through Bank and Post Office
(Rs.in lakhs)
8380 18513 24902 9033 1512
Source: www.nrega.ac.in
After, when it was made mandatory that all MGNREGA payments are to be made through banks & post offices.
There has been tremendous growth in opening of bank accounts in the state. A look at table 3 indicates that a
good no. of accounts stands opened every year under the MGNREGA which is a positive sign of spread of
financial inclusion.
District Level
Table 4: Total number of bank and post office account opened under MGNREGA in District Rajouri and
annual average growth rate during 20010-14.
Block 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 Annual average growth
Budhal 6735 13923 14315 15341 38
Darhal 931 2276 3523 4014 71
Doongi 1609 3374 4538 4759 49
Kalakote 5969 7632 8021 8230 11
Manjakote 970 3794 5546 7445 123
Nowshera 1746 5714 7473 9776 96
Rajouri 2145 5208 8250 9329 70
Sundarbani 3838 4947 6048 6685 20
Thanamandi 1297 5013 10162 10241 129
Source: www.nrega.ac.in
So far as district Rajouri is concerned, the above table 4 speaks about the role of MGNREGA in financial
inclusion by opening of accounts in banks and post offices.
Besides above, the researchers have also made an endeavor to give a block wise view from 2010-2014 of total
number of bank and post office accounts opened under MGNREGA with annual average growth rate. It is
crystal clear from the block wise position that the MGNREGA has really helped in providing greater financial
inclusion in the district of Rajouri of J&K state.
Prof. S.K Gupta , Fearooz Ahmad IJSRE Volume 2 Issue 10 October 2014 Page 2066
As such, to find out that how MGNREGA has been helpful in the spread of greater financial inclusion in the
areae have collected the year wise position of bank accounts opened by the both branches of the J&K Grameen
bank which has been reflected in table 5.
Block Level
Table 5: Year-wise no. of accounts opened under MGNREGA in J&K Grameen bank branch Doongi &
Chingus in Block Doongi, district Rajouri.
Block Doongi J&K Grameen Bank branch Doongi
Year No. of accounts opened under MGNREGA Amount (in lakhs)
2010 338 18 lakhs
2011 400 25 lakhs
2012 360 16 lakhs
2013 300 6.17 lakhs
Up to sep 2014 57 3.65 lakhs
Total 1455 68.82
J&K Grameen Bank branch Chingus
Year No. of accounts opened under MGNREGA Amount (in lakhs)
2010 364 11 lakhs
2011 601 33 lakhs
2012 753 16 lakhs
2013 444 6.20 lakhs
Up to sep 2014 148 1.60 lakhs
Total 2310 67.80 lakhs
Grand Total 3765 136.62
From the above table it is clear that 3765 accounts were opened under MGNREGA in block Doongi in two
branches of J&K Grameen bank namely Chingus and Doongi which speaks about the spread of financial
inclusion in the study area with the help of MGNREGA which can go long way in the socio-economic growth
of the area.
Village Level
Table 6: Village-wise no. of Households & accounts opened under MGNREGA from year 2010-14 in J&K
Grameen bank Doongi & Chingus in block Doongi district Rajouri.
Villages Households Population No. of accounts under MGNREGA Nadyala 104 740 207
Rachwa 47 290 139
Rani Badetar 117 710 120
Kottari jagir 20 102 100
Khanpur chingus 90 434 230
Chatyari 86 562 200
Kalar 120 691 204
Chatyar 136 755 140
Dhanwan 138 675 170
Prof. S.K Gupta , Fearooz Ahmad IJSRE Volume 2 Issue 10 October 2014 Page 2067
Dasak serian 48 286 120
Narian 245 1306 148
Hidayatpur 33 176 100
Kottra jagir 26 147 90
Sangpur 231 1316 150
Dogiana 129 750 112
Kallar 40 208 80
Naghun 49 266 130
Doongi Brahmana 121 697 121
Mari Maniyalan 64 327 121
Thredwal 26 134 65
Keri Manialan 13 127 50
Shahpur manialan 68 380 111
Bonthal 38 238 147
Thathiali 65 352 80
Jandhidhara 30 140 70
Jatot 76 443 100
Sasal kote 164 873 200
Dherian 75 425 120
Trala jagir 62 355 140
Total 3765
Table 6 shows the village wise no. of accounts opened under MGNREGA in block Doongi and also the no. of
households in block with their population.
CONSTRAINTS AND PROBLEMS
During the field visits, it was observed by the researchers that MGNREGA workers are facing a no. of problems
from the banks and block agencies so far as financial inclusion is concerned. A few to mention are as under:-
1. Lack of Awareness: - Most of the people (60%) in block Doongi are illiterate and are not aware about
the various services offered by banks. Due to this, the majority of the people are not connected to the
banks.
2. Poor People: - Majority of the population in the block is living below poverty level (52%) and are not
in a position to maintain the accounts well. These people open the bank accounts only for the purposes
of realization of MGNREGA payments. They don’t operate the accounts there after. The researchers
during field survey have lot of interaction with the MGNREGA workers regarding the operations of the
accounts. The majority of the workers narrated that they are not having regular sources of income and
are leading a miserable life I.e. they don’t have regular savings and hence can’t make any operation in
the accounts. However, during discussion with the bank officials, it was made known that around 5 to
7% people have little regular operations in their accounts.
Prof. S.K Gupta , Fearooz Ahmad IJSRE Volume 2 Issue 10 October 2014 Page 2068
3. Not easy access: - Financial institutions are usually located at very far off centre’s from villages which
is also another constraint for opening of the bank accounts in branches and there is also a problem of
connectivity of roads.
4. More formalities: - Financial institutions are taking a no. of formalities for opening of the accounts for
the MGNREGA workers. This is also another reason for not opening of bank accounts. More over bank
account opening forms are generally in English and these illiterate workers of MGNREGA can’t
understand their contents and are reluctant to open the accounts. This was stated by around 70% of the
workers.
5. Time consuming: - Most of the processes of the banks are time consuming and labourers have to spend
a number of days to avail any service and in return they feel better not to avail the same.
6. Process delay: - According to the scheme, the payments under MGNREGA should be released within
15 days so that the workers may be available to fulfill their needs but there is delay and sometimes a
year or so to release the payments of workers by block functionaries.
7. People are reluctant to open bank accounts as they fear that bank may not return their money.
8. Even to fulfill the formalities under KYC norms, these NREGA workers even can’t complete these
formalities with the result they don’t open the bank accounts. As such, the formalities for opening of
accounts under MGNREGA should be lessened so that the poor rural people can open the bank account
without any mental tension.
RECOMMENDATIONS
1. More and more awareness camps should be organized in villages to make full awareness of basic
banking services among rural people in villages.
2. There should be online transfer of credit to the banks in case of MGNREGA I.e. they should transfer the
credit to the banks in the form of soft copy as compared to the sheets given by the block agencies so that
corruption can be minimized.
3. Transparency of account details given by block functionaries should be maintained as they sometimes
mention wrong account numbers which becomes a hurdle for the banks and delays the payments.
4. There should be no political interference. Every possible effort should be made to keep away the
pressures from local and village leaders including others to allow the banks and post offices to make the
payments in a proper way.
5. Mediators should be minimized i.e. the various block functionaries like VLW’s and Gram Rozgar
sahayak should be kept out of this process so that a direct relation may be between banks and customers.
Prof. S.K Gupta , Fearooz Ahmad IJSRE Volume 2 Issue 10 October 2014 Page 2069
6. Government should incorporate new types of works under MGNREGA I.e. works related to agricultural
sector so that all people may join the scheme which will result in greater financial inclusion in the rural
areas.
7. There should be easy access to get works under MGNREGA so that people may easily work under the
scheme and also may be connected to the banks for financial inclusion.
8. Wage payments under MGNREGA scheme should be increased so that more and more people are ready
to do work under the scheme which may result in greater financial inclusion.
9. It is recommended that more and more MGNREGA workers should be motivated to make regular
operations in their accounts as it will lead to inculcating of savings habits among them.
10. It is also recommended that J&K Grameen bank should open ultra small (USBs) branches in the area for
the purposes of financial inclusion.
11. In addition to above, it will be in the fittest of the things to establish a literacy centre in the area so that
MGNREGA workers can be educated properly regarding the financial matters.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, it can be said that the amendment in MGNREGA act stipulating that the wage payments under
the scheme be made to the accounts of the beneficiaries introduced a paradigm shift and has resulted in
providing greater financial inclusion to the rural poor. Access to credit at an affordable cost, for instance,
provides the poor with the means to improve their lot through investment in income generating assets. The
opening of a bank account which is of no-frills in nature and followed by provision of financial services like the
general purpose credit cards, overdraft in small amounts, micro insurance etc. are essential features of financial
inclusion. Thus MGNREGA scheme has resulted in the spread of greater financial inclusion.
REFERENCES:
1. Adhikari, A., and Bhatia, K., NREGA Wage Payments: Can We Bank on the Banks, Economic and
Political Weekly, Vol XLV NO 1, 2010, 30-37.
2. Census 2011 Data. Retrieved from http://census2011.co.in
3. Das V, NREGA –Orissa Experience struggle for wages and survival of the fittest, Catalyst, Vol VII,
no.2, 2009, 7-8, 20.
4. Department of statistics, Financial Access Survey, IMF http://fas.imf.org/
5. Gupta, S.K & Ahmad, Fearooz (2014), MGNREGA-Problems & issues, National Research Journal of
Business Economics, vol-1, Issue-1, pp 49-54.
Prof. S.K Gupta , Fearooz Ahmad IJSRE Volume 2 Issue 10 October 2014 Page 2070
6. Sharma, M. (2008, June). Index of Financial Inclusion. Indian Council for Research on International
Economic Relations (ICRIER).Retrieved 2012,From http://www.icrier.org/pdf/Working_Paper_215.pdf
7. Thapar A. A study on the effectiveness of FI program in India. VSRDIJBMR, Vol 3, June 2013: 211-
216.
8. Vanaik, A., and Siddhartha, Bank Payments: End of Corruption in NREGA? Economic and Political
Weekly, vol.43,no.17,2008,33,35-39.
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Publication Certificate
Hereby awarding this certificate to Prof S.K Gupta and
Fearooz Ahmad in recognition of the publication of the Research
Paper / Case Study / Article Entitled “Asset creation under
MGNREGA” Published in International Journal of Management, IT
and Engineering (IJMIE) ISSN: 2249-0558, Volume 5 issue 1,
January 2015.
Thank you With Regards
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A Monthly Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International e-Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories Indexed & Listed at: Ulrich's Periodicals Directory ©, U.S.A., Open J-Gage as well as in Cabell’s Directories of Publishing Opportunities, U.S.A.
International Journal of Management, IT and Engineering http://www.ijmra.us
275
January 2015
Asset creation under MGNREGA
Prof S.K Gupta*
Fearooz Ahmad**
Abstract
Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) is one of the most
important programme launched by the Govt. of India in 2005 with the basic principle to provide
100 days of guaranteed employment to the people in rural areas and also gave a legal right of
work. Besides providing wage employment, the programme has also the provision for creation of
assets of sustainable nature. It is in this context, a study has been conducted in district Rajouri of
J&K state to examine the impact and durability of the assets created under MGNREGA. A few
recommendations have also been made to further improve the quality of assets created under the
programme.
Key words: Mgnrega, asset creation, Community assets, wage employment.
* Head, School of Management Studies & Economics, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University,
Rajouri (J&K)-India
** Research Scholar, School of Management Studies & Economics, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah
University, Rajouri (J&K)-India
IJMIE Volume 5, Issue 1 ISSN: 2249-0558 _________________________________________________________
A Monthly Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International e-Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories Indexed & Listed at: Ulrich's Periodicals Directory ©, U.S.A., Open J-Gage as well as in Cabell’s Directories of Publishing Opportunities, U.S.A.
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January 2015
Introduction
After independence, Govt. of India launched various programmes like Jawahar Rozgar Yojana,
Employment Assurance Scheme, Food for Work Programme, Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojana
and Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana whose aims were to create durable assets and to
provide employment to the rural people. Though these programmes generated inadequate wage
employment and suffered from various shortcomings like low allocation and utilization of funds,
very low person days of wage employment provided per family, low rate of women participation
and off course poor quality of durable assets etc. To overcome these shortcomings, the Govt. of
India formulated the national rural employment guarantee act in 2005. Notified on September 7
2005, NREGA aims at enhancing livelihood security by providing at least 100 days of
guaranteed wage employment in a financial year to every household whose adult members
volunteer to do unskilled manual day work. In 2009 the programme was renamed as Mahatma
Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act.
MGNREGA in Jammu and Kashmir
The programme was extended to the state of Jammu and Kashmir on 12th
May 2007, to be
implemented in a phased manner from February 2, 2006 onwards. In phase-I it was introduced in
200 districts of the country including 3 districts of Jammu and Kashmir. After that it was
implemented in additional 130 districts of country in phase-II in 2007-08 including 2 more
districts of Jammu and Kashmir. The programme was then extended to all other remaining
districts of the state from April 1, 2008 in phase III.
The table given below indicates the year-wise number of works completed under MGNREGA in
J&K state.
Table 1: Types of works 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 Total
Rural connectivity 653 1047 2561 6398 11285 20184 28236 70364
Water harvesting 177 364 643 1991 3519 4650 5545 16889
Land development 258 674 818 2040 4510 7854 12489 28643
Flood control &
protection
884 1626 1995 4405 8206 15766 23382 56264
Drought proofing 89 74 81 266 732 1406 875 3523
Micro irrigation
works
141 300 642 2352 4664 8448 12393 28940
IJMIE Volume 5, Issue 1 ISSN: 2249-0558 _________________________________________________________
A Monthly Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International e-Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories Indexed & Listed at: Ulrich's Periodicals Directory ©, U.S.A., Open J-Gage as well as in Cabell’s Directories of Publishing Opportunities, U.S.A.
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January 2015
Renovation of
traditional water
bodies
45 99 255 1095 2099 3270 7770 14633
Any other activity
approved by MRD
5 10 1 12 24 88 9780 9920
Total works 2,32,984 Source: MGNREGA Annual Report 2006-07 to 2012-13.
The above table gives details of the various types of works undertaken under MGNREGA in the state of
Jammu and Kashmir. Further this data has been shown/reflected in pie-chart below:-
It is clear from the above table & pie chart that on account of the geographical conditions of our
state, rural connectivity and pacca works are understandably priority of rural areas in our state
but in order to achieve MGNREGA objective of balanced and sustainable development more and
more natural resources management based works need to be given priority. This will help
redressing the cause of chronic poverty in rural areas by giving a fillip to the agricultural
production.
Priority of works in J&K State
Rural connectivity
Land Development
Any other activity approved by MRD
Flood control & protection
Drought proofing
Micro irrigation works
Renovation of traditional water bodies
Water harvesting
IJMIE Volume 5, Issue 1 ISSN: 2249-0558 _________________________________________________________
A Monthly Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International e-Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories Indexed & Listed at: Ulrich's Periodicals Directory ©, U.S.A., Open J-Gage as well as in Cabell’s Directories of Publishing Opportunities, U.S.A.
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January 2015
MGNREGA and Asset Creation
The MGNREGA has twin objectives, the primary objective being providing guaranteed wage
employment and the secondary objective is creating durable assets. The MGNREGA scheme
does not only transfer cash to people in rural areas rather it also creates sustainable assets that
reduces the dependence of people on MGNREGA. As per schedule 1 of the act, the focus of the
MGNREGA is on the following works in order of priority as listed:
1. Water conservation and water harvesting.
2. Drought proofing, including afforestation and tree plantation.
3. Irrigation canals, including micro and minor irrigation works.
4. Provision of irrigation facility to land owned by households belonging to the SC/ST, or to
land of the beneficiaries of land reforms, or to land of the beneficiaries under the Indira
Awas Yojana.
5. Renovation of traditional water bodies, including de-silting of tanks.
6. Land development.
7. Flood control and protection works, including drainage in waterlogged areas.
8. Rural connectivity to provide all-weather access. The construction of roads may include
culverts where necessary, and within the village area may be taken up along with drains.
9. Any work that may be notified by the central Government in consultation with the state
Government.
In terms of implementation priority, the programme mandates that maximum emphasis should be
on water conservation. In the state the first priority in identification of works has been given to
rural connectivity by way of taking up of internal rural kaccha roads because of the peculiar
geographical terrain of majority of the areas of the state.
MGNREGA in Study area
In district Rajouri MGNREGA was implemented in 2008 and was implemented in the study area
I.e. block Sundarbani in 2010.
Table no. 2 gives an eye view of the different works completed in the study area I.e. block
Sundarbani of Rajouri district from 2011-12 to 2013-14.
IJMIE Volume 5, Issue 1 ISSN: 2249-0558 _________________________________________________________
A Monthly Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International e-Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories Indexed & Listed at: Ulrich's Periodicals Directory ©, U.S.A., Open J-Gage as well as in Cabell’s Directories of Publishing Opportunities, U.S.A.
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January 2015
Table 2
Types of works 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 Total
Rural connectivity 26 225 136 387
Water harvesting 16 193 83 292
Land development 6 65 33 104
Flood control & protection 19 119 88 226
Drought proofing 0 0 0 0
Micro irrigation works 0 2 5 7
Renovation of traditional water bodies 0 1 3 4
Any other activity approved by MRD 0 0 1 1
Total 1021 Source: www.nrega.nic.in
The above pie chart and table 2 shows the priority of works undertaken under MGNREGA. It
further explains that priority has been given to rural connectivity.
Objectives of the study
1. To highlight the various types of assets created under MGNREGA in the study area.
2. To examine the impact of assets created under MGNREGA.
3. To find out the various issues and deficiencies of assets created under MGNREGA.
Priority of works under MGNREGA in Block Sundarbani
Rural connectivity
Land deve
Any other activity
Flood control & protection
Drought proofing
Micro irrigation
Renovation of traditional water bodiesWater harvesting
IJMIE Volume 5, Issue 1 ISSN: 2249-0558 _________________________________________________________
A Monthly Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International e-Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories Indexed & Listed at: Ulrich's Periodicals Directory ©, U.S.A., Open J-Gage as well as in Cabell’s Directories of Publishing Opportunities, U.S.A.
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January 2015
Methodology
The appraisal has been done in Block Sundarbani of district Rajouri of J&K state. The study is
based on the secondary data which has been collected from various journals, articles and also
from various websites of MGNREGA.
Impact of Asset creation under MGNREGA
The implementation of MGNREGA has lead to the development of block Sundarbani by creating
sustainable assets under this scheme. The activity-wise numbers of works are shown in the table
given below:-
Table 3: Activity-wise and panchayat-wise number of works in block Sundarbani from
the year 2011-12 to 2013-14.
Activities under MGNREGA
GPs/ Villages Rural
connectivity
Water
conservation
Land
development
Flood
control
Renovation of
traditional
water bodies
Irrigation
canals
Bhajwal 32 33 6 17 0 0 Bamblian 16 17 9 11 1 5 Changi kangrial 9 17 0 3 0 0 Channi 39 6 15 27 0 0 Devak 27 17 4 4 0 0 Hathal 43 28 10 34 2 0 Kangri 57 44 5 22 0 0 Marcholla 16 15 6 2 0 0 Nah 13 11 1 1 0 0
Nallah 30 5 4 17 1 0 Siot 8 2 1 5 0 0 Tala Tanda 8 12 1 5 0 0 Thangriote 19 10 16 18 0 2
Total 317 217 78 166 4 7 Source: www.nrega.nic.in
1. The above table shows the number of works undertaken in block Sundarbani under
different categories. From the table it is clear that there are 317 roads connected under
MGNREGA in different panchayats of block Sundarbani. Out of these a maximum no. of
57 roads constructed in panchayat Kangri and also a good no. of roads in other villages of
the block which helps the people of that area to be connected with the towns and other
parts of the district. This has helped the people of the area to be more mobile for different
types of works.
IJMIE Volume 5, Issue 1 ISSN: 2249-0558 _________________________________________________________
A Monthly Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International e-Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories Indexed & Listed at: Ulrich's Periodicals Directory ©, U.S.A., Open J-Gage as well as in Cabell’s Directories of Publishing Opportunities, U.S.A.
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January 2015
2. Water conservation is another objective of the scheme in the state. From the table it is
clear that 217 works has been undertaken under water conservation activity in different
villages of the block like Bhajwal, Hathal, Bamblian and Kangri etc, out of which a
maximum of 44 works of water conservation stands constructed in village Kangri. The
impact of these works are quite visible in the area, as the people are benefited in the way
that the shortage of water resources have been minimized and also the people are easily
feeding their cattle’s and also there will be good impact on crop production in the coming
years.
3. MGNREGA has developed the lands in rural areas and has made it worth cultivable. It is
expected that in next few years, production will increase.
4. Flood is one of the major area which has been minimized by the implementation of the
programme in the block. Various flood protecting assets have been constructed in
different villages namely Bhajwal, Hathal, Kangri and Thangriote etc under MGNREGA
which have resulted that the lands and houses of the people have been protected in the
villages of the block.
5. Water Springs (locally known as Bowli) are one of the main sources of drinking water in
the villages like Bamblian, Hathal, and Nallah in the study area which have been
renovated by the programme. The impact of these springs is that people are easily getting
drinking water.
6. Various irrigation canals have been constructed in the various villages namely Bamblian,
Thangriote etc which will have a good impact on the production of various crops in the
block. Due to these canals the lands of the people are getting irrigated which will result in
increase in production of crops.
Problems/ Issues of creating durable assets under MGNREGA
1. Rates of material: - The rates fixed by the government are far less than the prevailing
market rates which become a reason that the assets created under the scheme are not so
durable as the rates are high in the market.
2. Ratio of 60:40:- The scheme says that the ratio of 60:40 should be maintained which is
not possible on the ground as far as Kaccha works are concerned.
3. Mal-practices: - It is one of the reasons that the assets created are of low quality.
IJMIE Volume 5, Issue 1 ISSN: 2249-0558 _________________________________________________________
A Monthly Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International e-Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories Indexed & Listed at: Ulrich's Periodicals Directory ©, U.S.A., Open J-Gage as well as in Cabell’s Directories of Publishing Opportunities, U.S.A.
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January 2015
4. Lack of monitoring: - There is no proper and regular system of monitoring the assets.
5. Lack of skilled labour: - In most of the works there is no use of any skilled labour which
results in creation of non- sustainable assets.
6. Topographical problem: - Due to topographical reasons, sometimes proper monitoring
is not possible.
Recommendations
To make the programme more successful, following recommendations may help the programme
to be more productive.
1. Scheduled rates of materials should be increased so that the material can be easily
purchased from the market.
2. The ratio of 60:40 should not be there in the scheme so far as kachha works are
concerned.
3. More focus should be laid on creation of assets of permanent nature.
4. There should be more use of cements for durability of assets.
5. Earth works should be less as compared to the cemented works so that works under
MGNREGA are not washed away by floods or rains.
6. Payments should be released on time so that people become interested in the programme.
7. Efforts to be made to control mal-practices.
8. There should regular checks by functionaries for better results.
9. There must be a Grievance redressal and monitoring cell in each block for proper
supervision.
10. More use of skilled labour be made wherever it is required.
11. More focus should be on the community assets as compared to individual assets.
12. New types of works should be there in the study area like playing grounds etc so that the
children in the area are benefited.
IJMIE Volume 5, Issue 1 ISSN: 2249-0558 _________________________________________________________
A Monthly Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International e-Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories Indexed & Listed at: Ulrich's Periodicals Directory ©, U.S.A., Open J-Gage as well as in Cabell’s Directories of Publishing Opportunities, U.S.A.
International Journal of Management, IT and Engineering http://www.ijmra.us
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January 2015
Conclusion
In conclusion, it can be said that the study in block Sundarbani of district Rajouri indicates that
there is a significant impact of assets created through MGNREGA on rural households. The
productive value of assets created under the scheme could be enhanced further and make them
more beneficial by regular monitoring activities. Officials/functionaries need to focus more on
the community assets and also to enhance the ways and provisions for maintenance of these
assets created under MGNREGA. Also the programme can be made more productive by the
convergence with other programmes like PMGSY etc so that these areas can be developed more.
References
Gladson, D. (2008) Plougher cut - Impact of NREGA. Tehelka Magazine, 5(37): 12-13.
Kareemulla .K., Srinivas Reddy.K., Ramarao C.A., Shalander Kumar and Venkateswarlu.B.”Soil
and water conservation works through national rural employment Guarantee scheme (NREGS)
in Andhra Pradesh. An analysis of livelihood impact” Agricultural Economic Research Review
Vol.22 2009 pp 443-450.
Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (Implementation in Jammu and
Kashmir), Annual Reports 2006-07 to 2012-13.
Patnaik, Prabhat (2005), „On the Need for Providing Employment Guarantee‟ , EPW, January
15, 2005.
www.nrega.nic.in.
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