bia,dóh uQ,O¾ujdoh...fydag,a .Kkdjlg urdf.k uefrk fndaïn m%ydr t,a, jQ 2019 wfm%a,a 21 Èkfhka...

bia,dóh uQ,O¾ujdoh (YsIagdpdr w;r .egqulao @

YsIagdpdrh we;=<; .egqulao @

,];yhkpaj; jPtputhjk; : ehfupfq;fSf;fpilapyhd Nkhjyh?

ehfupfj;Jf;Fs;shd Nkhjyh?

Islamic Extremism :Clash of Civilizations or

Clash within Civilization?

Islamic Extremism : Clash of Civilizations or Clash within Civilization?

© Law & Society Trust, 2019ISBN 978-1955-1302-79-5The Law & Society Trust (LST) is a not-for-profit organisation engaged in human rights documentation, legal research and advocacy in Sri Lanka. Our aim is to use rights-based strategies in research, documentation and advocacy in order to promote and protect human rights, enhance public accountability, and ensure respect for the rule of law.

Vidura Prabath MunasingheKaushalya Ariyarathne

Cover Design & Layout : Prabath Hemantha Kumara

Published by :

Law & Society Trust3, Kynsey Terrace,Colombo 8,Sri LankaTel : +94 (0) 11 268 48 45Fax : +94 (0) 11 268 68 43Web : www.lstlanka.org

bia,dóh uQ,O¾ujdoh (YsIagdpdr w;r .egqulao @

YsIagdpdrh we;=<; .egqulao @

úÿr m%Nd;a uqKisxy

fl!I,Hd wdßhr;ak

fuu m%ldYkh zkj iudc mßl,amkZ

jHdmD;sh hgf;a m%ldYhg m;alsÍug

f;dard.;a ,kavka úYajúoHd,fha

f.da,aâiañ;a fldf,aÊ ys wdpd¾h lsrka

f.%jd,a fj; iy fuys uq,a msgm; lshjd

woyia ±lajQ kS;sh yd iudc Ndrfha

úOdhl wOHCI wdpd¾h il=ka;,d

lÈ¾.du¾ iy tu wdh;kfha jevigyka

yd fufyhqï wOHCI i÷ka ;=vq., fj;

fuu m%ldYkfha l;=jrekaf.a ia;=;sh

msßkefï' tfukau iafõÉPdfjkau fuys

bx.%Sis iy fou< msgm;a lshjd ixialrKh

l< T,sj¾ *%Sâuka iy tï' iS' riañka

fj; o fou< msgmf;a fidaÿm;a neÆ

úchldka;a udvidñ fj; o l;=jrekaf.a

úfYaI ia;=;sh msßkefï'

8

fmrjok

wms ;ju;a 2019 wfm%a,a 21 Èk furg isÿjQ w;sYh

wudkqIsl urdf.k uefrk fndaïn m%ydrhkaf.a

lïmkhg m;aj isáuq'1 ukqIHhska f,i úmf;a§

yeÕSïnr ùu idudkH fohla jk kuq;a" tlS yeÕSï

u; mokïj .kq ,nk CIKsl m%;spdrhka wmg

w;alr § we;af;a hym;a m%;sM,hka fkdjk njg

wmf.a uE; ld,Sk b;sydih idCIs orhs' 1983 tys§

wmg wu;l ùug ;rï isú,a hqoaOh wjikaj f.ù .sh

oYlh m%udKj;a fkdfõ' yeÕSïnrj fidhk ms<s;=rg

jvd .eUqßka is;d ne,Su È.ska È.gu meyer yßñka

isá yd isák iudchlg wms fï fudfydf;a t;rï

wdl¾IKSh fkdjk tlS ÿIalr ld¾hhu fhdackd lr

isáuq'

1' fuu ,sùu ,shk ,oafoa Èjhsfka lf;da,sl foajia:dk yd ixpdrl

fydag,a .Kkdjlg urdf.k uefrk fndaïn m%ydr t,a, jQ 2019 wfm%a,a

21 Èkfhka wk;=rej t<eô Èk lsysmfhah' tu m%ydrhkaf.ka 253

fokl= muK ñh.sh w;r 500lg wdikak msßila ;=jd, ,enQy'

9

úÿr m%Nd;a uqKisxy fl!I,Hd wdßhr;ak

ye¢kaùu

wfm%a,a 21 Èk m%ydrhkays j.lSu ISIS ixúOdkh úiska

Ndrf.k ;sfí' óg fmr ISIS f,i wm ÿgqfõ ueo

fmrÈ. l,dmfha ls%hd;aul jQ" úúO ngysr yd wms%ldkq

l,dmfha rgj, urdf.k uefrk m%ydr t,a, l<

;%ia; ixúOdkhls' miq ld,Skj brdlh yd isßhdj

jeks ueo fmrÈ. iuyr rgj, Tjqkaf.a l%shdl,dmh

ms<sn|j wm weiQ mqj;a wmj ;s.eiaug ,lalrk ,§'

tlS iuyr ùäfhdajkays oelafjk foa wm YsIaG;ajh

hehs úYajdi lrk fndfyduhla u;su;dka;rhka

wNsfhda.hg ,la lrhs' jrl wm olskafka Tjqkaf.a

.%yKhg yiqjQ msßñka úYd, .Kkdjla fma<shg ;nd

f., lmd urd ouk wdldrh hs' ;j;a m%jD;a;shl

Tjqkaf.a .%yKfhka ñ§ mek wd oeßhla Tjqka úiska

md,kh lrk m%foaYhkays ldka;djka yd .eyeKq

orejka ,sx.sl jy¨ka f,i fhdod.kq ,enQ wdldrh

úia;r lrhs' wka;¾cd,h Tiafia ixirKh jk ;j;a

tla ùäfhdajl oelajqfka brdlfha fudiq,a k.rfha

bmer‚ kgnqka yd l,dlD;Ska Tjqkaf.a l=¿f.ä

myßka ì| fy<k wdldrhhs' fï ish,a, wm YsIaG;ajh

hehs i,lk iïu;hkag Tífnka jQ wmg w¾:hg

10

bia,dóh uQ,O¾ujdoh (YsIagdpdr w;r .egqulao @ YsIagdpdrh we;=<; .egqulao @

kxjd.; fkdyels l%shdldrlïh' 21 od m<uq jrg YS%

,xldj ;=< wm w;aolsk ,oafoa tjekakls' lsisfia;au

l=ulg±hs wmg jgyd.; fkdyels fya;=jlg wysxil

.eyeKqka" ñksiqka" orejka urd ±óu wmj laI;shg

m;afldg we;' tod wm rEmjdyskS ;srj, wm ÿgq

ïf,aÉP;ajh wo wfma tÈfkod Ôú;h fj; lvd

je§ we;' we;af;kau wmf.a Ôú;j, moku jkafka

hehs wm úYajdi lrk iodpdr O¾u;djka fu;rï

;srYaÖk f,i W,a,x>Kh lrk f,dalhla wm yuqfõ

È.yefrñka mj;skafka flfiao@ fuh wm jgyd

.kafka flfiao@

fï mekhg óg oYl lsysmhl isg bÈßm;a jk tla;rd

ckm%sh yd myiq ms<s;=rla we;' tkï fï jQ l,s wm

Ôj;ajk YsIagdpdrhg jvd fjkia O¾u;djhka u;

ks¾udKh jQ YsIagdpdr.; msßilf.a l%shdldrlïh

hkakh' we;af;kau fuh iekis,sodhl ms<s;=rls' Tjqka

wm jeks wh fkdjk nj oek .ekSuu wiajeis,a,ls'

wfkla w;ska tlS bia,dï YsIagdpdrhg úreoaO

wdia:dkhl wmj msysgqjd .ekSug tuÕska bv yir

újr lrjhs' oeka wfma wi,ajeis uqi,audkqjd o tlS

11


msgia;r YsIagdpdrfha fldgialrefjls' ±ka Tjqkaf.a

we÷u me<÷u" foay ú,dis;djka" ðjk ú,dihka"

wNspdr úëka hk ish,a,u wfma fkdjk YsIaG;ajhla"

tkï wYsIaG;ajhla f,i i,ld neyer lrñka mj;S'

zzB<Õ wd;aufha if;la jqk;a" ;ïìfhla kï fjkak

tmd˜ hkqfjka ±lajqkq fmdaiagqjla uqyqKq fmdf;a

b;d ckm%sh f,i ixirKh fjñka mej;sK' ±ka

uqqia,sï fkdjk uqyqKq fmdf;a m%cdj w;r ckm%shj

we;s mßÈ uqia,sïjre ;u orejka o iuÕska mqmqrjd

.kafka urKska u;= mdrd§ifha lkHdúhka ye;a;E

fofokl= iuÕ lï iem ú¢kq msKsih' kuq;a wmg fï

fudfydf;a wu;lj f.dia we;s ldrKh jkafka fï

uqi,audkqjd jir ish .Kkla ;siafia wmf.a iudcfha

wm yd Ôj;a jQjl= jk njhs' tl, Tjqka iïnkaOfhka

fujeks .eg¿jla wmg fkd;sìK' yÈisfhau Tyq wfma

YsIagdpdrfhka neyer whl= njg m;ajQfha flfiao@

tfia kï wm ishjia .Kkla tlaj Ôj;a jQfha flfiao@

fkdtfiakï fï wdLHdkh w¨;ska ìysjQjlao@ tfiakï

tlS wdLHdkh ldf.a ksIamdokhlao@ ta miqmi we;s

foaYmd,ksl jqjukdjka yd fM;sydisl ;;a;ajhka

fudkjdo@ tjeks wdLHdkhka ms<s.ekSu úiska wmg

12


w;alr fok jdis$wjdis fudkjdo@ th ljqreka úiska

fyda ks¾udKh lrk ,o wdLHdkhla kï 21 jk

Èk ienúkau isÿjQfha l=ulao@ Tjqka we;a;gu YsIAG

hehs iïu; f,dalfha ljrl=g fyda ms<s.; fkdyels

ïf,aÉP l%shdjl kshe¨Kd fkdfõo@

fï ,sùfï wruqK by; lS m%Yak wNsuqL lrjk

ixjdohl jeo.;alu wjOdrKh lsÍuhs' fï CI;suh

fudfydf;a tjekakla is;d.ekSu mjd t;rï myiq

fkdjk ;;a;ajhl§ mjd" wm úiska tjekakla werôh

hq;=j we;af;a ta wm bÈßmsg È.yeÍug kshñ; kj

h:d¾:hka jgyd .ekSug tu ixjdoh w;sYhska

;SrKd;aul jk neúks' tneúka wiSrefjka fyda

fï fudfyd;g ÿria: hehs isf;k ;rul úhqla;

idlÉPdjlska fuu ixjdoh wdrïN lruq'

YsIagdpdr w;r .egqu

YsIagdpdr w;r .egqu ms<sn| woyi uq,ajrg bÈßm;a

flrefKa 1993 § ieuqfj,a ykaáx.agka úiska

‘Foreign Affairs’ iÕrdj i|yd ,shk ,o The Clash of Civilizations? kï ,smsfhks' miqj Tyq úiska th

13


fmd;la f,i jeäÈhqKq fldg 1996 § m%ldYhg

m;alrkq ,eìKs' Tyq ish ,smsh wdrïN lrkafka

zf,dal foaYmd,kh kj wÈhrla lrd msúi we;sZ nj

mjiñks' Tyq fï m%ldYhg m;alsÍu isÿlrkafka

YS; hqoaOh wjika jQ ikao¾Nhlh' 1992 § Tyqf.au

YsIHhl=jQ *%ekaisia *ql=hdud ish The End of History and the Last Man lD;sh m<lrñka b;sydih wjika nj

m%ldYhg m;afldg ;sìKs' YS; hqoaOh meje;s ld,fha

f,dalfha .egqï m%Odk fldgu mej;sfha oDIaÀjd§ n,

l|jqre fol w;r h' ykaáx.agka ish YsIagdpdr w;r

.egqu ms<sn| ;siSih bÈßm;a lrkafka fulS .egqu

wjidkhlg m;ajQ ikao¾Nlh' Tyq fufia ,shhs(

—fï kj f,dalfha .egqfï uQ,sl uQ,dY%h

oDIaÀjd§ fyda wd¾Óluh jQjla fkdfõh hkak

uf.a WmkHdihhs' ^fï hq.fha& ñksia j¾.hd

w;r n,j;a fn§ï we;s lrkafka;a" .egqïj,

m%Odk uQ,dY%h jkafka;a ixialD;shhs''' YsIagdpdr

w;r .egqu f,dal foaYmd,kfha m%uqL;u

idOlh jkq we;˜ ^ykaáx.agka 1993(22&'

14


Tyq f,dalh YsIagdpdr kjhlg fnod olajhs

^ykaáx.agka 1996(27-8&'

cmka

ngysridOd¾ñl (Orthodox)

bia,dï

wm%sldkq

,;ska weußldkq

Ök

yskaÿ

fn!oaO

tys§ Tyq mjid isákafka m%Odk;u foaYmd,ksl .egqu

f.dvkef.kafka ngysr yd ngysr fkdjk YsIagdpdr

w;r jk njhs' tys§ o bia,dóh YsIagdpdrh Tyq

wka ljr YsIagdpdrhlg jvd tÈßjd§ wdl,amhlska

idlÉPd lrhs'

Tyq olajk wdldrhg ngysr ;ks YsIagdpdrhla

ksfhdackh lrhs' weußld tlai;a ckmoh" lekvdj"

ngysr yd uOHu hqfrdamh yd ´Ikshdj tlS ngysr

15


YsIaGdpdrhg wh;ah' fuu YsIagdpdrh l%sia;shdksh"

m%nqoaO;ajh" ld¾ólrKh yd kQ;k;ajh úiska

f.dvkxjkq ,en we;' fï ngysr YsIagdpdrhg

imqrd mgyeks YsIagdpdrh f,iska Tyq olskafka

bia,dï YsIagdpdrh hs' n¾kdâ ¨úia wkqj hñka

ykaáx.agka Wml,amkh lrkafka ó<Õ kj f,dal

m¾hdh i|yd jk igk we;sjkq we;af;a ngysr

YsIagdpdrh yd bia,dï YsIagdpdrh w;r njh'

fï .egqu l=rei hqoaO ld,h olajd úysÿkq wjqreÿ

1300 lg jvd bmer‚ jQjla nj Tyq lshhs'

—''fuh YsIagdpdr w;r .egqula ñi wka hula

fkdfõ''' fï jQ l,s wmf.a bmer‚ tÈßjd§;ajh

jk hqfoõ-l%sia;shdks Wreuhg" wmf.a wkd.ñl

(secular) j¾;udkhg iy ta foflysu f,dal

mßudK jHdma;shg tfrys m%;spdrhls˜ ^¨úia

1990(28&'

fï f.dvkÕk ;siSihg wkqj ish¨u ngysr rgj,a

fï l%sia;shdks w;S; Wreuh" kQ;k;ajh" m%nqoaO;ajh

^Enlightenment&" ld¾ólrKh yd wkd.ñl;ajh

ksfhdackh lrhs' YsIagdpdr w;r n,j;au .egqu

we;sjkafka tlS .=Kdx.hka ord isákakd jQ yd tys

16


wdrlaIlhd jQ ngysr YsIagdpdrh yd bia,dï YsIagdpdrh

w;r kï ish¨u bia,dï rgj,a ngysr rgj,a ord isák

ngysr jákdlï ys mriamrh ksfhdackh lrkafka

hehs Wml,amkh lsÍug isÿfõ' fï ;siSihg wkqj

;u ,íêhg wh;a fkdjkakka ;srYaÖk f,i urd

±óu" ;u weoys,a,g msg; l,dlD;s yd fM;sydisl

Wreuhka úkdYfldg oeóu YsIagdpdr w;r .egqu

hk ixl,am.; lsÍu ;=< msysgqjd,sh yels fõ' kuq;a

fï ixl,am.; lsÍu ;=< we;s foaYmd,kh wm úiska

neyer l< hq;= fkdfõ'

bjr fkdjk YS; hqoaOhla

ykaáx.agkaf.a ;siSih wh;a jkafka YS; hqoaOh

wjidkh;a iuÕ f.dvkef.k kj f,dal foaYmd,kh

;=< .egqïj, iajNdjh ljrdldr fõo hk .eg¿jg

úúO whj¿ka úiska ,ndÿka ms<s;=re w;rgh' fï jQ

l,S bjr fkdjk YS; hqoaOhla úYajdi l< f,dalhla

th wjik ;j;a tjeks bjr fkdjk .egqula ms<sn|j

ixl,am.; lsÍug ork ,o W;a==idyhls' tâjâ ihsoa

olsk wdldrhg fï jQ l,S oDIaÀjd§ hqoaOh wjidkfha

ngysr úiska YS; hqoaOh mqrd kv;a;= l< ngysr

17


W;a;Í;rnj kej; fjkia wdldrhlska ia:dms;

lrkq ms‚i fjk;a udkhl .egqula ixl,am.;

lsÍuls ^ihsoa 1990&' t;=<ska kej; ngysr W;a;Í;r

nj idOkh lsÍug wjldYhla ,efnk w;r ngysr

foaYmd,ksl l%shdkaú;hka idOdrŒlrKh lsÍfï

yelshdjla kej; jrla ysñfõ' th ;jÿrg;a ;yjqre

jkafka ykaáx.agkaf.a ;siSih wjidkfha Tyq úiska

ngysr W;a;Í;r nj /l.kq ms‚i ngysr úiska

wkq.ukh l< hq;= foaYmd,ksl Wmdhud¾. ms<sn|

Wmfoia fok neúks'

—iEu YsIaGdpdrhlau wdrïNh" j¾Okh yd

msßySu hk iudk l%shdj,shla yryd .uka lrhs'

ngysr n,h msßyS hk ;;a;ajhla ;=< ngysr

YsIaGdpdrh iqrCIs; lsÍu msKsi weußld tlai;a

ckmoh yd hqfrdamd rgj,a n,j;a foaYmd,ksl"

wd¾Ól yd ñ,sgßuh taldnoaO;djhla

w;alr.; hq;= w;r Tjqka w;r jk fjkialï

wfkl=;a YsIaGdpdrhkag wh;a rgj,a úiska ;u

jdishg fhdod .eksu j,lkq msKsi ;u rgj,

m%;sm;a;Ska w;r ukd iïnkaëlrKhla mj;ajd

.; hq;=h˜ ^ykaáx.agka 1993(22&'

18


tâjâ ihsoag wkqj fï fhdackd lrkafka fjk;a

wdldrhlska YS; hqoaOh kej; mj;ajdf.k hdugh

^ihsoa 1990&' t;=<ska YS; hqoaO iufha fukau ngysr

úiska isÿflrk ish¿ ueÈy;aùï" n,mEï lsÍï yd

hymf;ys .e,jqïlrejd f,i ngysr fmkS isàu

hqla;s iy.; flfrkq we;'

ykaáx.agka ixl,am.; lrk ngysr iy ienE

f,iu mj;sk ngysr w;r úYd, mr;rhla we;'

Tyq ngysr YsIagdpdrhg wh;a f,i i,lk N+

foaYmd,ksl wia;s:Hhka (entities) ;=< ie<lsh hq;=

bia,dï ixialD;shla wka;¾.; fõ' WodyrKhla

f,i Tyq úiska ngysr yd uOHu hqfrdamh ngysr

YsIagdpdrhg wh;a l,dmhla f,i j¾.SlrKh lrk

úg c¾uksfha úYd, ;=¾ls yd mdlsia:dkq ck.ykh"

m%xYfha úYd, W;=re wm%sldkq ck.ykh" iaùvkfha

fyda iaúÜi¾,ka;fha uqia,sï ck.ykhka fkd;ld

yßhs' wfkla w;g ngysr m%nqoaO" kQ;k" l%sia;shdks

YsIagdpdrfha flakaøfha msysá rgj,a isÿlr we;s tlS

YsIag;ajhg lsisfia;a fkd.e<fmk l%shdjka Tyq

fkd;ld yßhs' fï ms<sn|j idlÉPd lrk ;,d,a

widoa lshd isákafka hqfrdamd ix.uhg ;=¾lsh we;=,;a

19


lr.ekSu ms<sn| ixjdofha§ bÈßm;a flrekq ;¾lhu

hqfrdamSh rgj,a iïnkaOfhka wod< fkdlrk ,o

njhs' tkï" ish uQ,hka wdishdkq jk ;=¾lSka hqfrdamhg

we;=,;a lr.ekSfuka hqfrdamshdkqNdjh Èhlr yßkq

we;ehs lshk úg fojk f,dal hqoaOfha uyd j¾.

ixydrh isÿ l< kdiSkaf.a rg jQ c¾uksh hqfrdamh

;=< isàu tys hqfrdamshdkqNdjhg .eg¿jla f,i

fkdie,flhs ^widoa 2003(161-2&' wfkla w;g kdiSka

úiska hqfrdamh ;=< uyd hqfoõ ixydrh lrk úg th

wd¾h yd hqfoõ YsIagdpdr w;r .egqula f,i ljrl=

úiska fyda iQ;%.; lrkq fkd,eìK' th f;areï.kq

,enQfha ngysr YsIagdpdrh we;=<; .eg¿jla" kQ;k;aj

.eg¿jla" m%nqoaO;aj .eg¿jla f,isks' ish wm%sldkq yd

ueo fmrÈ. hg;a úð;hkays ngysr rgj,a úiska isÿ l<

uyd ck ixydrhka Tjqkaj ngysr YsIag;ajhg we;=,;a

lr.ekSug .eg¿jla fkdfjoa§ ;=¾lsh wdfïkshdfõ

isÿl< ixydrhka Tjqka hqfrdamhg tlalr .ekSfï§

Tjqkaf.a hqfrdamShNdjh m%YaK lsÍug fya;=jla f,i

bÈßm;a flreKs' fï wkqj fmkS hkafka fuu ngysr"

uqia,sï fyda fjk;a YsIagdpdrhka f,i jk bÈßm;a

lsÍï meyeÈ,s foaYmd,ksl j¾.SlrKhka jk njhs'

20


j¾.SlrKh wysxil l%shdj,shla fkdfõ

wm fyd¢kau okakd mßÈ ykaáx.agka úiska YsIagdpdr

f,i taldlD;s.;fldg j¾.SlrKhfldg we;s

l,dmhkays fl;rï úúO;ajhka" ixlS¾K;djhka yd

úfNaokhka mj;So@ n¾,skfha" v¾nkays fyda Tiaf,dafõ

w;suy;a ck iyNd.S;ajhlska hq;=j mj;ajkq ,nk

yskaÿ fyda bia,dï wd.ñl W;aij yd fmryer .ek

lSug we;af;a l=ulao@ ngysr YsIagdpdrhg wh;a hehs

lshk uOHhu hqfrdamSh rgj,a ^yxf.aßhdj" fpla

iuQydKavqj" fmda,ka;h yd fl%dtaIshdj& ta rgj,

hqfrdamshdkqNdjh m%Yak lrñka mßjdrhg weo oud

we;af;a ixialD;sl ldrKhla ksidfjkao@ uq¿ukskau

bia,dufha jvd;a wdOHd;añl rEmdldrhla jk iQ*s

bia,duh wo ngysr úiska taldlD;s.;fldg we;s

bia,duhg jvd fn!oaO o¾Ykhg ióm hehs flfkl=g

;¾l l< fkdyelso@

wm ms<sn|ju ykaáx.agkaf.a j¾.SlrKfhka

WodyrKhla .;fyd;a th fl;rï h:d¾:jd§

fkdjkakla oehs fudkjg ms<sìUq fõ' Tyq Y%s ,xldj

;nkafka fn!oaO YsIagdpdrh kue;s j¾.SlrKh

21


;=<h' Tyq Bg we;=<;a lrk fiiq rgj,a jkafka

N+;dkh" ldïfndach" ñhkaudrh" fudxf.da,shdj iy

;dhs,ka;h hs' Y%S ,xldj tla w;lska bkaÈhdjg jvd;a

ióm jk w;r ;j;a w;lska ngysrg jvd;a ióm

fjhs' th fudxf.da,shdj fyda N+;dkh iuÕ fnodyod

.kakd ixialD;sluh fmdÿ njla we;akï th

w;sYhskau iq¿;r ldrKdjka lsysmhla iïnkaOfhka

muKlau úh hq;=h'

fï wkqj bia,duh fjku YsIagdpdrhla f,i

taldlD;s.; fldg th ngysr iuÕ YsIagdpdr .egqul

ksr; jk njg f.dvkÕk ;siSih fl;rï ÿ¾j,

tlla o hkak meyeÈ<sh' th ngysr Ydia;%d,Sh

ixjdohka ;=< § wkjr; úfõpkhkag ,laj we;'

tfukau lsisÿ ms<s.;a ngysr ckudOHhla Rcqju

j¾;udk ISIS fyda fjk;a bia,dóh wkA;jdohla

YsIagdpdr w;r .egqula f,i újD;j m%ldYhg

m;alrkafka ke;' kuq;a ykaáx.agka hkq weußldkq

tlai;a ckmo rdcH fomd¾;fïka;= WmfoaYljrfhls'

Tyq úhÜkdï hqoaOfha§ o" YS; hqO ld,h yd mYapd;a

YS; hqO iuh ;=< o rdcH fomd¾;fïkA;=jg

Wmdhud¾.sl WmfoaYkhka imhd we;' Tyqf.a

22


YsIagdpdr w;r .egqu ms<sn| ixl,am.; lsÍu

uq,ajrg m< jkafkao weußldkq úfoaY m%;sm;a;sh

yd cd;Hka;r in|;d ms<sn| iÕrdjla jk Foreign Affairs ys h' fï wkqj ykaáx.agkaf.a woyia m%dfhda.sl

;,fha f;lrï n,mEï iy.; jkafkao hkak

is;d.; yel' ykaáx.agkaf.a YsIagdpdr w;r .egqu

ms<sn| ixl,amh welvñhdj ;=< wo jk úg ÿ¾j, ù

we;s kuq;a n, foaYmd,kh ;=< th ;jÿrg;a Yla;su;a

ixl,amhls' ueoy;a hhs ie,flk ngysr ckudOH

mjd ish Ndú;dj ;=< wm%ldYs;j fuu wdl,amhka

ksrEmKh lrhs' wfkla w;g fuh YsIagdpdr

.egqula f,i ksrEmKh lsÍug bia,dï wkA;jd§yq o

W;aiql fj;s' ta bia,dï YsIagdpdrh hk taldlD;s.;

lsÍu ;=< w;suy;a úúO;ajhla yd wNHka;r

m%;súfrdaO;djkaf.ka .yK bia,dï f,dalfha tlu

ksfhdað;hka f,i ;ukaj ksrEmKh lsÍug thska

Tjqkag wjldYh ie<fik neúkss' Y%S ,xldfõo

ngysr úfrdaë foaYmd,k woyia ork fndfyda fokd

fï ngysr Wmdhud¾.sl ixl,am.; lsÍu ms<sf.k

we;' W;am%dickl f,i Tjqka o uqia,sïjreka foi

n,kafka Tjqka kQ;k úfrdaë" m%nqoaO;aj úfrdaë"

wkd.ñl úfrdaë ^fn,s lmk" <uhska ¥IKh lrk"

23


wOHdmkh yd l,dj msgqolsk& YsIagdpdrhlg wh;a

jQjka msßilah hk taldlD;s.; lsÍu ;=<sks' wfm%a,a

21 jk od t,a, jQ urdf.k uefrk fndaïn m%ydr

j,g miq ckm%sh ;,fha fnfyúka ixjdohg ,lajQfha

o fuu ldrKdjkah' Bg fmr 2014 cqks § w¨;a.u§2

iy 2018 ud¾;= È.k §3 uqia,sïjrekag tfrysj t,a,

jQ ïf,aÉP m%ydrhkag w;Hdikak ld, jljdkqj,§ o

fï idlÉPdju ;Sj% f,i lr<shg meñKs njo fuys§

isysm;a lsÍu jà' ±ka wka;jd§" ïf,aÉP iq¿;rh

iuia; bia,dóh YsIagdpdrhl .;s ,CIKhla f,i

taldlD;s.; l< ngysr wdLHdkh" th jr kÕk

ngysr úfrdaë hehs lshd.kakd ;eke;a;kA o ms<sf.k

we;' wfkla w;g w;sYh úúO;ajhkaf.ka .yK

iuia; bia,dóh YsIagdpdrh ;ukaf.a uQ,O¾ujdoh

njg taldlD;s.; lsÍu úiska bgqjkafka wka;jd§

iq¿;rfha wfmaCIdjhs'

2' 2014 cqks udifha§ l¿;r Èia;s%lalfha w¨;a.u m%foaYfha uqia,sï

úfrdaë ler,sldÍ;ajhla yg.;a w;r ta iïnkaOfhka fn!oaO wka;jd§

ixúOdkhla jk fndÿ n, fiakd ixúOdkh fj; fpdaokd t,a, úh'

3' 2018 ud¾;= udifha§ fn!oaO wka;jd§ msßila úiska uykqjr

Èia;s%lalfha È.k m%foaYfha uqia,sï m%cdj b,lal lr.ksñka m%ydr

.Kkdjla Èh;a flßk'

24


YsIagdpdr w;r .egqu fjkqjg YsIagdpdrh

we;=<; .egqula

;dßla rduodka mjik wdldrhg bia,duh hkq

m¾hdjf,dalhka /ilska hq;= wia;s:Hhls (entity)' WodyrKhla f,i wo jvd;a wdkafoda,kd;aulj

we;s zIßhdZ" zðydâZ jeks ixla,mhka iïnkaOfhka

w¾:l:khka /ila mj;S' Yßhd hk jpkh weiqkq

iekska wm jgyd .kafka th bia,dï kS;sh f,ih'

kuq;a rduodka mjik wdldrhg Ißhd hk ixl,amfha

yoj; jkafka iQ*s bia,dñl wOHd;añl iïm%odhhs'

t;=< th w¾: olajkq ,nkafka iudodkh lrd hk

ud¾.h f,isks' ðydâ hkq mqoa,slj ;ud ;=<;a" mjq,

;=<;a" m%cdj ;=<;a fï iudodkh we;s lsÍug we;s

ndOdj iuÕ igka lsÍuhs' th Y=oaO jQ hqoaOhla ms<sn|

jQjla fkdfõ' ;ud ;=<;a" ;ud wjg;a iudodkh we;s

lsÍu i|yd isÿlrkq ,nk wOHd;añl wr.,hls'

tys we;af;a iudodkh fjkqfjka Bg we;s ndOdjkag

m%;sfrdaOh oelaùuhs' ðydvh jQ l,s uQ,slju ñksid

;udju fjkia lr.ekSu i|yd jQ wNHka;ßl

wr.,hls' kuq;a wo wm okafka Ißhd yd ðydvh

25


ms<sn| wka;jd§ka bÈßm;a lrk w¾: ksrEmKh

mu‚' taldlD;s.; lsÍfï we;s wka;rdh thhs'

wka;jd§kaf.a woyia yd l%shdjka wo jk úg wm bia,dï

YsIagdpdrhgu fmdÿ jQjla f,i ms<sf.k we;af;uq' th

úiska wm okakd fndfyduhla foa wmf.a ;¾l nqoaêhg

yiq fkdjk f,i wdjrKh fldg we;' bia,dï

we*a.ksia:dkh 70 oYlfha ueo Nd.fha§ YS; hqoaOfha

n, fmdrhg f.dÿre jk f;la wdishdfõ jvd;a

wkd.ñl yd kQ;k rdcHhlaj meje;s nj;a" ldnq,a úYaj

úoHd,fha ffjoH mSGfha YsIHhkaf.ka jeä m%;sY;hla

we*a.ka ;re‚hka jQ nj;a wmf.a fkdoekqula njg

th úiska m;a fldg we;' mdlsia:dkfha fyda brdkfha

bia,dï wka;jd§ foaYmd,k ixúOdkhkag ishhg

oyhlg jvd Pkao m%udKhla ,nd.ekSug lsis osfkl

yelsù ke;' Bðma;=fõ;a" áhqkSishdfõ;a" isßhdfõ;a"

;=¾lsfha;a wd§ jYfhka nyq;rhla bia,dóh rgj,

wkd.ñl md,khla fjkqfjka fmkS isák msßi

w;snyq;rhls' Bðma;=fõ uqndrla md,kh fmr,d

oeóug ùÈ ng msßia trg m%cd;dka;%sl ck;dj ñi

wka;jd§ka fkdfõ' fldákau th ixúOdkh lf<a

26


mjd uqia,sï ifydaor;ajfha kdhlhska úiska fkdfõ'

fï ish,a, wmg uÕ yeÍu wyUqjlao@

wÅ,a ì,a.%dñ mjik wdldrhg ´kEu idudkH

nqoaêhla we;s wfhl=g fmkS hd hq;= ldrKhla jkafka

uqia,sïjrekaf.a nyq;rh wka;jd§ka fkdjk njhs'

Tjqyq w;sYhska ish wd.ug Nla;sjka;j isák úg§

mjd ish wd.ñl foaYkdjka ish,a,gu wod< lrk

mrujdohl t,an fkd.ks;s' ish wd.fï kdufhka

m%pKav l%shdjkays fh§fï t<eUqula Tjqka fj;ska

m< fkdfõ' fi!È wrdìfha fyda brdkfha m%cd mSvl

md,l ;ka;%hka úiska ;uka u; mkjk oDV bia,dóh

odIaÀjdoh flfrys trg ckhd wdYla;j isákafka

hehs lSug idlaIshla ke;'

—bia,dóh iudchka ys uOHia: yd uQ,O¾ujd§

uqia,sïjreka w;r wm%ldYs; .egqula mj;S'

uOHia: uqi,audkqjd uqyqK fok iqúfYaaIS

wNHka;ßl" wdpdrOd¾ñl yd wOHd;añl .egqï

iïnkaOfhka udkqIsl wjOdkhla fhduq lsÍu"

wkd.ñljd§ka yd uQ,O¾ujd§ka w;r jk

.egqu ksrdlrKh lsÍfï uQ,sl fldkafoaishls˜

^ì,a.%dñ 2003(92&'

27


ì,a.%dñ mjik wdldrhg nyq;rhla jk idudkH

uqia,sïjrekaf.a y~ hgm;afldg bia,dï wka;jd§kag

yeuúgu m%isoaêh ,ndfokq ,en we;' Tyq mjik

wdldrhg j¾;udkfha wkd.ñljdoh hkq wd.ñl

Nla;sh we;s fyda ke;s ish¨ mqrjeishkag wd.ñl

uQ,O¾uhka yd mßphka u; mokï fkdjQ md,khla

;=< iduldó f,i Ôj;aùu i|yd jk tlÕ;ajhla

ms<sn|j jk foaYmd,k uQ,O¾uhls' w;snyq;rhla

uqia,sïjre tjka md,khlg leue;a; m< lr;s'

kuq;a ngysr úiska ish¿ bia,dï rgj,a bia,dï

YsIagdpdrhla f,i tldlD;s.;fldg tajdfha

ish¿ ck;dj kQ;k úfrdaë" m%nqoaO;aj úfrdaë"

wkd.ñl úfrdaë wd.ñl wkA;jd§ka f,i is;Sug wmj

fmd<Ujd we;' tâjâ ihsoa fmkajd fok wdldrhg

t;=<ska ;ukag mlaImd; iuyr bia,dï rgj, ¥Is;

md,lhska yd Tjqkaf.a ÿ¾odka; frÔuhka wdrlaId

lsÍug ngysr rgj,a n,m;%hla ,ndf.k we; ^ihsoa

1996&' ta Tjqka lshk mßÈ ngysr YsIagdpdrfha wx.hka

f,i Tjqka kï lrk kQ;k;ajfha" m%nqoaO;ajfha"

wkd.ñl;ajfha wdrlaIlhska f,i fuu md,lhska

28


fmkS isák neúks' fï wdldrhg YS; hqO ngysr n,

jHdmD;sh kej; fjk;a wdldrhlska f.k hdug

weußld tlai;a ckmoh m%uqL ngysr md,lhskag

yelshdjla ,eî we;' YS; hqoaOh ;=< fldñhqksiaÜ

úfrdaëka f,i fmkS isá ;ukag mlaImd; ¥Is; ,;ska

weußldkq yd wdishdkq rgj, md,lhska wdrlaId l<

;¾lhu fhdod .ksñka kQ;kjd§ md,lhska f,i

fmkS isák bia,dï rgj, ;ukag mlaImd; ¥Is;

md,khla wdrlaId lsÍug lghq;= lrñka mj;S'

ienE .egqu we;af;a bia,dóh wka;jd§ka w;r iy

fï uOHia:" kQ;k" m%nqoaO uqia,sï nyq;rh w;rh'

fuh YsIagdpdr w;r .egqula fkdfõ¦ th YsIagdpdrh

we;=<; .egquls' YsIagdpdr w;r .egqu hk jHdc

wdjrKh fkdjkakg tlS ksy~ nyq;rhg óg

jvd ifydaord;aul iyfhda.hla f,dalfha fiiq

l,dmhkays kQ;kjd§ wkd.ñl n,fõ.hka fj;ska

,efnkakg ;sìK' kuq;a wkd.ñl úfrdaë" kQ;k

úfrdaë l,dmhla$YsIagdpdrhla f,i bia,dï rgj,a

j¾.SlrKh lrkq ,en ;sîu úiska th j<lkq ,en

we;'

29


wm rg ;=<o ngysr úfrdaë hehs lshd.kakd nyq;rhla

msßi úiska jmqrñka isákafka fï w;Hka; ngysr

u;jdohuh' tneúka wka;jd§ fkdjk uqia,sï

ñksidf.a .eg¿j fkdweiS f.dia ;sfí' wm wo

bia,duh f,i olskafka urdf.k uefrk fndaïn

msmsrjQfha hehs lshk cd;sl ;jqySoa cudoa jeks

wka;jd§ka foik oyuhs' we;a; jYfhkau .egqu

we;af;a bia,duh yd fjk;a ljr fyda YsIag;ajhla

w;r fkdfõ' .egqu we;af;a uQ,O¾ujdoh iy

wkd.ñl;ajh w;rh' fï .egqfï§ bia,dï fukau

fn!oaO fyda wka ljr fyda wd.ñl wka;jdÈhl=

jefgkafka tlu l|jqrlgh' tneúka wmf.a j¾;udk

h:d¾:h jvd;a .eUqßka wm úiska jgyd .; hq;=j

we;' fï ;;a;ajh ;=< uqia,suqkag úreoaOj —fudkj

yß lsÍug˜ ^fuys§ wm woyia lrkafka uqia,sï

wka;jd§ ixúOdk u¾okh lsÍug rdcHh .kq ,nk

mshjr fkdj" wmf.a wi,ajeis uqia,sï m%cdjka fj;

m%pKav;ajh uqodyeÍug lrk fhdackdjkah& wmg

l;d lrk ljrl= jqj fkd±kqj;aj fyda isákafka

bia,dï uQ,O¾ujdÈhdf.a l|jqf¾uh'

30


iudf,dapkh

fï wiSre fudfydf;a wmf.a j.lSu úh hq;af;a

wka;jd§ fkdjk nyq;r uqia,sï ñksid jvd;a <x fldg

.ekSuhs' wm iuÕ ishjia .Kkla mqrd fmdÿ njla

fndodyodf.k ðj;ajQfha fï nyq;r uqia,sï m%cdjhs'

wmg fjkia YsIagdpdrhlska meñKsfha hehs mjid

Tyq wmg fjkia njg m;alrk ,oafoa lsishï ksYaÑ;

±kqï moAO;shla úisks' ±kqu ksIamdokh hkq wúysxil

l%shdoduhla fkdfõ' YsIagdpdr w;r .egqu ms<sn|j

jk wo wmf.a ±kqu ngysr ks¾ñ;hla jkjd muKla

fkdj th ksYaÑ; ngysr N+ foaYmd,ksl jqjukdjla

fjkqfjka ksIamdokh lrk ,oaols' zzurdf.k uefrk

;%ia;jdÈhdZZ wjYH jQfha fï fnÿï f¾Ldj i<l=Kq

lsÍugh' wm YsIaG hehs ms<s.kakd ish¨ u;su;dka;rhka

wNsfhda. l< fn,s lmk" orejka urk" .eyeKqka

,sx.sl jy,shka lrk" ñksia YsIagdpdrfha w.%.KH

ks¾udK úkdY lr ouk ;eke;a;d tlS ;%ia;jdÈhd

ñi wm iuÕ ld,dka;rhla lsisÿ .eg¨jlska f;drj

Ôj;ajQ uqi,audkqjd fkdfõ' fyd¢ka l,amkd lr

ne¨jfyd;a wm okakd uqi,audkqfjda w;s nyq;rhla

;u mjq,g" orejkag wdorh olajk" Tjqka fjkqjka

31


jvd hym;a fygla ks¾udKh lsÍug fjfyi jk wm

jeksu jQ ukqIHhskah' bia,dóh YsIagdpdrfha iq¿;r

wka;jd§ lKavdhula ks¾udKh lr th iuia;h hehs

taldlD;s.; lf<a by; lS ksYaÑ; ±kqu úisks' kuq;a

wo ishjia .Kkla mqrd wm yd Ôj;ajQ uqia,sï ukqIHhd

f;areï .ekSug wm fkd±kqj;aju fhdod .ksñka

isákafka" wog fmr Èk ksujQ fï ngysr wdLHdkhhs'

we;af;kau uQ,O¾ujdÈhdf.a wfmaCIdj o thhs'

bia,dóh YsIagdpdrh ;=< fï kj wka;jdohg f.dÿre

fkdù iyÔjk mej;aul ksr;ùfï wiSre wr.,hl

ksr; nyq;r uqia,sï ñksidj wm neyer l< fyd;a"

wksjd¾h f,iu th wka;jdÈhdf.a ch.%yKhla

jkq we;' fldákau" th ngysr N+ foaYmd,sksl n,

jHdmD;sfha ch.%yKhhs'

tneúka fï fudfydf;a ;ekska ;ek wefik uqia,sï

ñksidf.a we÷u me<÷u" foay ú,dis;djka" ðjk

ú,dihka" wNspdr úëka ms<sn|j jk ffjÍ woyiaj,g

fyda fï wYsIAG cd;sfhka m<s.; hq;= njg$mdvula

b.ekaúh hq;= njg jk weÕjqï iys; m%ldY lrk

lsisjl=g 21 Èk wm w;aÿgq Nhxlr h:d¾:fhka Tíng

wmj f.k hd fkdyelsh' Tjqka úiska kej; kej;

32


wmg uqK .iajkq we;af;a tjeksu isÿùï muKls' wo

wm yqufõ we;s wNsfhda.h jkafka wmg f;areï .;

fkdyels" wfma iodpdr jákdlïj,g fkd.e<fmk

YsIagdpdrhlg wfma wi,ajeis uqia,sï ñksid wh;a

hehs wmg W.kajk ,o ngysr wdLHdkh" w;Ayßkafka

(unlearn) flfiao hkakhs' bia,dï YsIagdpdrfha

iq¿;rhla jQ ïf,aÉP wka;jdohg ms<s;=re iemhsh

yelafla ishjia .Kkla wm yd Ôj;a jQ ñksid ms<sn|j

ngysr úiska ,ndÿka rduqfjka Tjqka foi ne,Sfuka

fkdfõ' YsIagdpdr w;r .egqu ms<sn| wdLHdkh neyer

l< miq wmg yuqfjkafka tlu iudc h:d¾:hla

wm yd fnod yodf.k Ôj;a jk" wm jeksu ;u

iudcfha iq¿;r wka;.dó;ajhkaf.ka mSvd ú¢kakdjQ"

ta iuÕ wr., lrk" yjqyrKla fkdue;s ;ek ta

wNshi ksy~ jk fyda tys n,hg wjk; jk" ksy~

iduldó nyq;r ñksia m%cdjls' wfm%a,a 21 Èk wm

w;aÿgq ïf,aÉP;ajhg tfrys wr.,h Tjqka yd wm

tlaj lrk iduQysl wr.,hla úh hq;=j we;' th

tfia fkdjk ;dla l,A" úúO jQ wd.ïj, kdufhka

urdf.k uefrk ïf,aÉPhka wm bÈßfha m%d¥¾N+;

jk l%Svdfõ md;%lrejka ùu yer wka brKula wmg

b;sß fkdjkq we;' ■

,];yhkpaj; jPtputhjk; : ehfupfq;fSf;fpilapyhd Nkhjyh?

ehfupfj;Jf;Fs;shd Nkhjyh?

tpJu gpughj; Kzrpq;f

nfs\y;ah Mupauj;d

Gjpa r%f fw;gidfs; jpl;lj;jpd; ('New Social Imaginaries') fPo; ,f;fl;Liuia

ntspapl Nju;e;njLj;jikf;fhf yz;ld;

gy;fiyf;fof Nfhy;l;];kpj; fy;Y}up

tpupTiuahsu; fyhepjp fpuz; fpnuthy;

mtu;fSf;Fk; ,t;ntspaPl;bd; kPJ

fUj;Jf;fis toq;fpa rl;lk; kw;Wk;

r%f ek;gpf;if epjpaj;jpd; epiwNtw;W

,af;Fdu; fyhepjp rFe;jyh fjpu;fhku;

mtu;fSf;Fk; me;epWtdj;jpd;

jpl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; nraw;ghl;L ,af;Fdu;

re;Jd; JLfy mtu;fSf;Fk; ed;wpfis

njuptpf;fpd;Nwhk;. NkYk; ,t;ntspaPl;bd;

Mq;fpyk; kw;Wk; jkpo; nkhopg;

ngau;g;Gfis thrpj;J jpUj;jq;fis

Nkw;nfhz;l xyptu; gpiul;nkd;> M.C. u];kpd; kw;Wk; khlrhkp tp[afhe;j;

MfpNahUf;Fk; vkJ ed;wpfis

njuptpf;fpd;Nwhk;.

38

Kd;Diu

ehk; ,d;Dk; 2019 Vg;uy; 21 Mk; jpfjp ,e;ehl;by;

,lk;ngw;w kpNyr;rj;jdkhd jw;nfhiyf; Fz;Lj;

jhf;Fjy;fspd; mjpu;r;rpapy; ,Uf;fpd;Nwhk;.1

kdpju;fs; vd;w tifapy; mopTfspd;NghJ

czu;r;rptrg;gLtJ ,ay;ghdnjhU tplakhf

,Uf;fpd;w NghjpYk;> me;j czu;Tfspd;

mbg;gilapy; vLf;fg;gLfpd;w cldb vjpu;r;

nraw;ghLfs; vkf;Fg; ngw;Wf; nfhLj;jpUg;gJ

ed;ikahd ngWNgWfs; my;y vd;gjw;F vkJ

mz;ikf;fhy tuyhW rhd;W gfpu;fpd;wJ. rptpy;

Aj;jk; KbTf;Ff; nfhz;Ltug;gl;ljd; gpd;duhd

gj;jhz;Lfs;> 1983 ,y; vd;d ele;jJ vd;gij

ehk; kwe;J tpLksTf;Fg; NghJkhdjy;y.

czu;r;rptrg;gl;Lj; NjLk; gjpy;fistpl Mokhfr;

rpe;jpg;gjidj; njhlu;r;rpahfg; Gwf;fzpj;jJk;

mt;thW Gwf;fzpj;Jf;nfhz;L ,Uf;fpd;wJkhd

1. ,f;fl;Liu ehl;bd; fj;Njhypf;f Njthyaq;fs; kw;Wk; Rw;Wyhg;

gpuahz tpLjpfs; gytw;wpy; jw;nfhiyf; Fz;Lj; jhf;Fjy;fs;

eilngw;w 2019 Vg;uy; 21 Mk; jpfjpiaj; njhlu;e;J te;j rpy

jpdq;fspy; vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ. mj;jhf;Fjy;fspdhy; Rkhu; 253 Ngu;

capupoe;Js;sJld; 500 Ngustpy; fhakile;Js;sdu;.

39

tpJu gpughj; Kzrpq;f nfs\y;ah Mupauj;d

xU r%fj;Jf;F ,r;re;ju;g;gj;jpy; ehk; mjpfstpy;

<u;f;fg;glhj mf;fbdkhd nraw;ghl;bidNa

Kd;nkhopfpd;Nwhk;.

mwpKfk;

Vg;uy; 21 Mk; jpfjp ,lk;ngw;w jhf;Fjy;fSf;fhd

nghWg;ig ISIS mikg;G Vw;Wf;nfhz;Ls;sJ.

,jw;F Kd;du; ISIS vd;W ehk; fz;lJ>

kj;jpa fpof;F ehLfspy; nray;gLj;jg;gl;l>

gy;NtW Nkw;F kw;Wk; Mgpupf;f tya

ehLfspy; jw;nfhiyf; Fz;Lj; jhf;Fjy;fis

Nkw;nfhz;l jPtputhj mikg;gpidNaahFk;.

gpw;fhyq;fspy; <uhf; kw;Wk; rpupah Nghd;w

rpy kj;jpa fpof;F ehLfspy; mtu;fspd;

nraw;ghLfs; njhlu;ghf ehk; Nfs;tpg;gl

Neu;e;j nra;jpfs; vk;ik fjpfyq;fr; nra;jd.

mtw;wpd; rpy tPbNahf;fspy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s

tplaq;fs;> ehk; ehfupfk; vd;W ek;Gfpd;w gy

rpj;jhe;jq;fisr; rthYf;F cl;gLj;Jfpd;wd.

xUrkaj;jpy;> mtu;fsJ gpbapy; rpf;fpa ghupasT

Mz;fis tupirahf epw;fr;nra;J fOj;ij

ntl;bf; nfhiy nra;tjid ehk; fhz;fpNwhk;.

40

,];yhkpaj; jPtputhjk; :ehfupfq;fSf;fpilapyhd Nkhjyh? ehfupfj;Jf;Fs;shd Nkhjyh?

kw;WnkhU nra;jpapy; mtu;fsJ gpbapypUe;J

jg;gpNahbte;j xU ngz;gps;is mtu;fsJ

fl;Lg;ghl;by; cs;s gpuNjrq;fspy; ngz;fs;

kw;Wk; ngz; gps;isfs; ghypay; mbikfshf

Mf;fg;gLfpd;w tpjj;jpid tpgupf;fpwJ.

,izaj;jsj;jpD}lhf tyk; tUfpd;w

kw;WnkhU tPbNahtpy; <uhf;fpd; nkh#y; efupy;

gz;ila ,bghLfs; kw;Wk; fiyg; gilg;Gf;fs;

vd;gd mtu;fsJ gSthd rk;kl;bj;

jhf;Fjypd; %yk; ,be;J tpOfpd;wikiaf;

fhzyhk;. ,itaidj;Jk; ehq;fs; ehfupfk;

vd;W fUjf;$ba epakq;fSf;F mg;ghw;gl;lJk;

vk;khy; nghUz;ikf;Fs; cs;slf;f

KbahjJkhd nraw;ghLfshFk;. 21 Mk;

jpfjp Kjd; Kiwahf ,yq;ifapy; ehKk;

mj;jifaNjhu; mDgtj;jpw;F Kfq;nfhLj;Njhk;.

ve;j topapy; rpe;jpf;fpd;w NghjpYk; vjw;fhfr;

nra;ag;gl;lJ vd;W Gupe;Jnfhs;s Kbahj

xU fhuzj;Jf;fhf mg;ghtpg; ngz;fs;>

kdpju;fs;> Foe;ijfs; nfhiy nra;ag;gl;lik

vk;ik mjpu;r;rpf;Fs;shf;fpAs;sJ. md;W ehk;

njhiyf;fhl;rpj; jpiufspy; fz;l mj;jifa

41


kpNyr;rj;jdk; ,d;W vkJ md;whl tho;f;iff;Fs;

Eioe;Jtpl;lJ. cz;ikapy; vkJ tho;tpd;

mbg;gilahf tpsq;Ftjhf vk;khy;

ek;gg;gLfpd;w jhu;kPff; Nfhl;ghLfs; ,j;jid

,opthd Kiwapy; kPwg;gLfpd;wNjhu; cyfk;

vk;kj;jpapy; Njhw;wk; ngw;Wf;nfhz;bUg;gJ

vt;thW? ,jid ehk; vt;thW Gupe;Jnfhs;tJ?

,f;Nfs;tpf;F rpy jrhg;jq;fSf;F

Kd;du; Kd;itf;fg;gl;l gpugy;ak;

tha;e;jJk; vspikahdJkhd xU gjpy;

cs;sJ. mJ ahnjdpy;> ehk; tho;fpd;w

ehfupfj;ijtpl NtWgl;lnjhU Nfhl;ghl;bd;

kPJ fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;l ehfupfkile;j xU

FOtpDila nraw;ghLfs; vd;gjhFk;.

cz;ikapy; ,J MWjyspf;ff;$banjhU

gjpyhFk;. mtu;fs; ek;ikg; Nghd;wtu;fsy;yu;

vd;gijj; njupe;Jnfhs;tNj rpwe;jNjhu;

MWjyhFk;. ,d;ndhU tifapy; me;j ,];yhkpa

ehfupfj;Jf;F vjpuhd xU epiyg;ghl;by;

vq;fis epiyepWj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;F mjd;

%yk; top Vw;gLfpd;wJ. ,g;NghJ vkJ K];ypk;

maytu;fs; me;j ntspehl;L ehfupfj;jpd;

42


gq;fhspahf khWfpd;wdu;. jw;NghJ mtu;fsJ

Mil mzpfyd;fs;> eilg;ghq;Ffs;> tho;tpay;

Kiwikfs;> rlq;F tpjpfs; Mfpa midj;Jk;

vk;Kilajy;yhj ehfupfkhf> mjhtJ

mehfupfkhff; fUjp ePf;fg;gl;L tUfpwJ. “mLj;j

n[d;kj;jpy; kpUfkhfg; gpwg;gpDk; guthapy;iy

K];ypkhf kl;Lk; gpwe;Jtpl Ntz;lhk;.” vd;W $wg;gl;l Ngh];l; xd;W Kfg;Gj;jfj;jpy;

gpugykhf tyk; te;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jJ. jw;NghJ

K];ypky;yhj Kfg;Gj;jf rKjhaj;jpd; kj;jpapy;

gpugy;ak; ngw;Ws;sthW> K];ypk;fs; jkJ

gps;isfSld; jk;ik ntbf;fr; nra;Jnfhs;tJ

kuzj;Jf;Fg; gpd;du; Rtu;fj;jpy; vOgj;jpnuz;L

fd;dpau;fSld; ghypay; ,d;gk; mDgtpf;Fk;

Nehf;fj;jpyhFk;. MapDk; ,r;re;ju;g;gj;jpy;

vkf;F kwe;JNghAs;s tplak; ahnjdpy;> ,e;j

K];ypk;fs; gy E}w;whz;Lfshf vkJ r%fj;jpy;

vk;Kld; tho;e;jtu;fs; vd;gjhFk;. mf;fhyj;jpy;

mtu;fs; njhlu;gpy; ,t;thwhdnjhU rpf;fy;

vq;fSf;Ff; fhzg;gltpy;iy. jpBnud mtu;fs;

vkJ ehfupfj;jpypUe;J J}ukhfpatu;fshf

khwpaJ vt;thW? mt;thnwdpd; ehk; gy

43


E}w;whz;Lfshf mtu;fSld; xd;wpize;J

tho;e;jJ vt;thW? mt;thwpd;Nwy; ,f;fij

Gjpjhfj; Njhd;wpajh? mt;thwhapd; mf;fij

ahUila jahupg;G? mjd; gpd;dzpapy;

fhzg;gLk; murpay; Njitg;ghLfs; kw;Wk;

tuyhw;W epiyikfs; vd;d? mj;jifa

fijfis tuNtw;gjpD}lhf ehk; mile;J

nfhs;Sk; ed;ikfs;/jPikfs; vd;d? mJ

ahNuDk; xUtuhy; cUthf;fg;gl;lnjhU

fijahf ,Ug;gpd; 21 Mk; jpfjp cz;ikapy;

epfo;e;jJ vd;d? mtu;fs; cz;ikapy;

ehfupfk; vd;w tifapy; epiyahd cyfpy;

ahNuDk; xUtuhy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;s Kbahj

kpNyr;rj;jdkhd nraw;ghl;by; <Lgltpy;iyah?

Nkw;Fwpg;gplg;gl;l Nfs;tpfis vOg;Gfpd;w

fUj;jhly; xd;wpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij

typAWj;JtNj ,e;j Mf;fj;jpd; Nehf;fkhFk;.

,e;j mjpu;r;rpfukhd re;ju;g;gj;jpy;

mt;thwhdnjhd;iwr; rpe;jpg;gJk;$l rq;flkhf

cs;sJ. ,Ug;gpDk;> vk;%lhf mt;thwhdnjhU

fUj;jhly; Jtq;fg;gl Ntz;bapUg;gJ vk;

Kd;dpiyapy; ntspf;nfhz;Ltug;gltpUf;Fk;

44


Gjpa ajhu;j;jq;fisg; Gupe;Jnfhs;tjw;F

mf;fUj;jhly; kpfKf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jjhf

,Ug;gjdhyhFk;. vdNt> rpukj;JlNdDk;

,r;re;ju;g;gj;jpy; J}ukhdjhff; fUjg;gLk; FWfpa

fye;Jiuahly; xd;wpD}lhf ,f;fUj;jhliy

Muk;gpg;Nghk;.

ehfupfq;fSf;fpilapyhd Nkhjy;

ehfupfq;fSf;fpilapyhd Nkhjy; njhlu;ghd

fUj;J Kjd;Kiwahf 1993 fhyg;gFjpapy;

rhKNty; `q;bq;ld; vd;gtuhy; ‘Foreign Affairs’ vd;w ,jOf;fhf vKjg;gl;l ‘The Clash of Civilization’ vd;w Mf;fj;jpNyNa

Kd;itf;fg;gl;lJ. gpd;du;> mtuhy;

mt;thf;fk; Gj;jfkhf nkU$l;lg;gl;L 1996,y;

ntspaplg;gl;lJ. ‘cyf murpay; GjpanjhU

fl;lj;ij Nehf;fp efu;e;Js;sJ’ vd;W $wpNa mtu;

jdJ Mf;fj;ij Muk;gpf;fpd;whu;. mtuhy; ,e;j

ntspg;gLj;jy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ gdpg;Nghu;

KbTf;F te;j re;ju;g;gnkhd;wpyhFk;. 1991 ,y;

mtUila khztuhftpUe;j gpuhd;rp]; GFahkh

jdJ The End of History and The Last Man vd;w

45


E}iyg; gpuRupj;jjd; %yk; tuyhW epiwT

ngw;Ws;sjhff; fUj;J ntspg;gLj;jpAs;shu;.

gdpg;Nghu; ,lk; ngw;w fhyg;gFjpapy; cyfj;jpy;

NkhjyhdJ fUj;jpay; uPjpapyhd ,U NtWgl;l

jiyikafq;fSf;F ,ilNyNa ,lk;ngw;wJ.

`q;bq;ld; jdJ ehfupfq;fSf;F ,ilapyhd

Nkhjy; njhlu;ghd Ma;Tf; fl;Liuapid

Kd;itg;gJ ,k;Nkhjy; epiwT ngw;wnjhU

re;ju;g;gj;jpyhFk;. mtu; ,t;thW Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;:

“,e;j etPd cyfpy; NkhjypDila

Njhw;Wtha; fUj;jpay; kw;Wk; nghUshjhuk;

rhu;e;jjy;y vd;gJ vdJ fUJNfhshFk;.

(,e;j Afj;jpy;) kdpj ,dj;Jf;fpilapy;

rf;jp tha;e;jnjhU gpuptpidia

Vw;gLj;JtJk; Nkhjy;fSf;fhd gpujhd

%yfhuzpahf tpsq;FtJk; fyhrhukhFk;.

ehfuPfq;fSf;F ,ilapyhd Nkhjy;

cyf murpaypy; Kjd;ikf; fhuzpahf

mike;Js;sJ.” (`q;bq;ld; 1993:22)

mtu; cyfj;ij xd;gJ ehfupfq;fshfg; gpupj;Jf;

fhl;bAs;shu;.

46


gpujhdkhd murpay; Nkhjy; Njhw;wk;

ngWtJ Nkw;Fyf kw;Wk; Nkw;Fyfy;yhj

ehfupfq;fSf;fpilapNyNa vd mjpy; mtu;

Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;. ,jd;NghJ ,];yhkpa ehfupfj;ij

Vida ehfupfq;fistpl vjpu;kiwahdnjhU

kdg;ghq;Fld; fye;JiuahLfpd;whu;.

mtuJ Kd;itg;gpd;gb Nkiyj;Njak;

jdpahdnjhU ehfupfj;jpidg; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;

gLj;JfpwJ. If;fpa mnkupf;ff; FbauR> fdlh>

Nkw;F kw;Wk; kj;jpa INuhg;gh kw;Wk; Xrdpah

[g;ghd;

Nkw;fj;Njak;

goikthjk;(Orthodox),];yhk;

ngsj;jk;

`pe;J

Mgpupf;fh

yj;jPd; mkupf;fh

rPdh

47


Mfpad Nkiyj;Nja ehfupfj;Jf;Fl;gl;l

ehLfshFk;. ,e;ehfupfk; fpwp];jtk;>

mwpnthspf;fhyk;> ifj;njhopy; kakhf;fk;

kw;Wk; etPdkakhf;fk; vd;gtw;wpd; Clhff;

fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,k;Nkiyj;Nja

ehfupfj;Jf;F KOikahf khw;wkhd

ehfupfkhf ,];yhkpa ehfupfj;ij mtu;fs;

Nehf;Ffpd;wdu;. Ngu;dhl; nytp]; vd;gtUf;Nfw;g

`q;bq;ld; fUJtjhtJ mLj;JtUfpd;w

cyf xOq;Ff;fhd Nghu; Vw;gl;bUg;gJ

Nkiyj;Nja ehfupfk; kw;Wk; ,];yhkpa

ehfupfk; vd;gtw;Wf;fpilapyhFk;. ,k;Nkhjiy

rpYitg;Nghu; fhyfl;lk; tiuapy; gutyile;j

1300 tUlq;fSf;F Nkw;gl;l fhyq;fs; gioik

tha;e;jjhf mtu; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;.

“,J ehfupfq;fSf;fpilapyhd Nkhjyd;wp

NtnwJTkpy;iy… ,J ahnjdpy; vkJ

gz;ila Nghl;bj; jd;ikahd A+j-fpwp];jtg;

ghuk;gupaj;Jf;Fk;> vkJ kjr;rhu;gw;w

epfo;fhyj;jpw;Fk;> mj;Jld; mitapuz;bdJk;

cyf gupkhzg; gutYf;Fk; vjpuhd

vjpu;tpidahFk;.” (nytp]; 1992:28)

48


,q;F cUg;ngWfpd;w Ma;Tf; fl;Liuf;Nfw;g

Nkiyj;Nja ehLfs; midj;Jk; ,j;jifa

fpwp];jt fle;jfhyg; ghuk;gupak;> etPdj;Jtk;>

mwpnthspf;fhyk;> ifj;njhopy; kw;Wk;

kjr;rhu;gpd;ik Mfpatw;wpidg; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;

gLj;JfpwJ. ehfupfq;fSf;fpilapy; fLikahd

Nkhjy; Vw;gLtJ mjd; Fzhk;rq;fisj;

jhq;fpAs;stUk; mjd; ghJfhtyUkhfpa

Nkiyj;Nja kw;Wk; ,];yhkpa

ehfupfq;fSf;fpilapy; ,];yhkpa ehLfs;

midj;Jk; Nkiyj;Nja ehLfs; nfhz;Ls;s

Nkiyj;Njag; ngWkjpf;F vjpuhd fUj;Jf;fisg;

gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jtjhff; fUJk;epiy

Vw;gLfpd;wJ. ,e;j Ma;Tf; fl;Liuf;Nfw;g jkJ

ek;gpf;iff;F xj;Jg;Nghfhjtu;fis fPo;j;jukhd

Kiwapy; nfhiy nra;jy;> jkJ rkaj;jpd;

Fwpf;Nfhs;fSf;Fg; Gwk;ghd fiyg;gilg;Gf;fs;

kw;Wk; tuyhw;Wg; ghuk;gupaq;fis mopj;jy;

Mfpa nraw;ghLfis ehfupfq;fSf;fpilapyhd

Nkhjy; vd;w fUj;JUthf;fj;jpy;

mikj;Jf;nfhs;s KbAk;. MapDk; ,e;jf;

fUj;JUthf;fj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;w murpay;

ek;khy; Gwf;fzpf;fg;glf; $lhJ.

49


KbTwhj gdpg;Nghu;

`q;bq;lDila Ma;Tf;fl;Liu gdpg;NghUila

epiwTld; fl;bnaOg;gg;gLfpd;w etPd cyf

murpaYf;Fs;shd Nkhjy;fspd; ,ay;G

vj;jifajhftpUf;Fk; vd;w gpur;rpidf;Fg;

gy;NtWgl;l egu;fshy; toq;fg;gl;l gjpy;fis

cs;slf;FfpwJ. ,J KbTwhjnthU gdpg;Nghiu

ek;gpanjhU cyfj;jpdhy; mjidj; njhlUk;

tifapy; mNjNghd;W KbTwhj ,d;DnkhU

Nkhjy; njhlu;ghd fUj;JUthf;fj;Jf;fhf

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lnjhU Kaw;rpahFk;. vl;tl;

ra;j; vd;gtupd; fUj;jpd;gb mJ fUj;jpay; rhu;e;j

Aj;jj;jpd; Kbtpy; Nkw;Fyfpdhy; gdpg;Nghu;

KOtjpYk; guhkupf;fg;gl;l Nkw;fj;Nja kPAau;

jd;ikia kPz;Lk; NtWgl;lnjhU Kiwapy;

epiyepWj;Jk; nghUl;L tpj;jpahrkhdnjhU

Nkhjiy kPSUthf;fk; nra;tjhFk;. ,jd;

%yk; kPz;Lk; Nkw;fj;Nja kPAau; jd;ikia

ep&gpg;gjw;fhd tha;g;Gf; fpilg;gJld;>

Nkiyj;Nja murpay; nraw;ghLfis

epahag;gLj;Jtjw;fhd tha;g;Gk; kPz;Lk; xUKiw

fpl;LfpwJ. ̀ q;bq;lDila Ma;Tf; fl;Liuapd;

50


Kbtpy; mtuhy; Nkw;fj;Nja kPAau; jd;ikiag;

ghJfhf;Fk; tifapy; Nkiyj;Njaj;jpdhy;

gpd;gw;wg;glNtz;ba murpay;rhu; tpA+fq;fs;

gw;wpa mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;fg;gl;bUg;gjhdJ

mjid NkYk; cWjpg;gLj;JfpwJ.

“…mtu;fSk; RahjPd rk;gpujha gz;ghLfs;

kw;Wk; tpOkpaq;fSld; etPdj;Jtj;ij

,izg;gjw;F Kaw;rp nra;Js;sdu;.

Nkw;FyFf;F xg;ghd tifapy;

mtu;fsJ nghUshjhu kw;Wk; ,uhZt

,aYikfs; tpUj;jpaile;Js;sd.

mjdhy; RahjPdkhd mjpfhur;

nraw;wpl;lq;fs; Nkiyj;Njaj;Jld; xj;Jg;

NghAs;sjhf mikfpd;wd. ,Ug;gpDk;>

mjd; ngWkhdq;fs; Nkw;Fyiftpl

ghupasT khw;wq;fisf; nfhz;lJk;

Nkw;fj;Njak; my;yhjJkhd etPd

ehfupfq;fSld; Nkw;FyF ,ize;J

nrayhw;w Ntz;b Vw;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jd;

fhuzkhf ,e;ehfupfq;fs; njhlu;gpy; jkJ

tpUg;gq;fis Ngzpg;ghJfhf;Fk; nghUl;L

Nkw;Fyfpdhy; mtu;fsJ nghUshjhu

51


kw;Wk; ,uhZtg; gyj;ijj; njhlu;r;rpahff;

nfhz;Lnry;y Ntz;bapUf;fpd;wJ.” (`q;bq;ld; 1993:49)

vl;tu;l; ra;j;jpd; fUj;Jf;Nfw;g> ,q;F gupe;Jiu

nra;ag;gLtJ NtnwhU tifapy; gdpg;Nghiu

kPz;Lk; nfhz;L elhj;JtjhFk;. mjD}lhfg;

gdpg;Nghu; fhyj;jpy; Nghd;W Nkw;Fyfpduhy;

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;w rfy jiyaPLfs;>

mOj;jq;fs; kw;Wk; ed;ikfspy; ghJfhtydhf

epw;wy; vd;gdtw;wpy; Nkw;fj;Njak; Kd;dpw;gJ

epahag;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

`q;bq;ld; fUj;jhf;fk; nra;fpd;w Nkw;Fyfk;

kw;Wk; cz;ikapNyNa epiyngw;Ws;s

Nkw;Fyfk; Mfpa ,uz;Lf;Fkpilapy; ghupa

,ilntspnahd;W fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,tu;

Nkw;fj;Nja ehfupfj;Jf;Fupajhff; fUJfpd;w

Gtprhu; murpay; myFfSf;Fs; fUj;jpw;

nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;ba msTf;F ,];yhkpag;

gz;ghL cs;slq;fpAs;sJ. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf

mtuhy; Nkw;fj;Njak; kw;Wk; kj;jpa INuhg;gh

Mfpad Nkw;fj;Nja ehfupfj;Jf;Fupa

52


gpuhe;jpakhf tifg;gLj;jg;gLk; NghJ

N[u;kdpy; cs;s ghupasT JUf;fp kw;Wk;

ghfp];jhd; Fbj;njhif> gpuhd;rpy; cs;s

mjpfsT tlMgpupf;ff; Fbj;njhif>

RtPld; my;yJ Rtpl;]u;yhe;jpd; K];ypk;

Fbj;njhif vd;gd Gwf;fzpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

,d;ndhU tifapy; Kjpu;r;rpaile;j> etPd>

fpwp];jt ehfupfj;jpd; Nfe;jpu ikaj;jpy;

mike;Js;s ehLfs; Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;Ls;s

ehfupfj;Jf;F vt;tifapYk; nghUe;jhj

nraw;ghLfis mtu; Gwf;fzpf;fpwhu;. ,Jgw;wpg;

NgrpAs;sjhy; m]hj; $WtJ ahnjdpy;>

INuhg;gpa xd;wpaj;Jf;Fs; JUf;fpia

cs;slf;Fjy; njhlu;ghd fUj;jhlypy;

Kd;itf;fg;gl;l thjNk INuhg;gpa ehLfs;

njhlu;gpy; cs;slf;fg;glkhl;lhJ vd;gjhFk;.

mjhtJ mjd; Ntu;fs; MrpahTilajhf

mike;Js;s JUf;fpapdiu INuhg;ghTf;Fs;

cs;slf;FtjpD}lhf INuhg;gpa epiy

Fiyf;fg;gLk; vd;W $wg;gLfpd;w NghJ

,uz;lhtJ cyf kfhAj;jj;jpy; ghupa

,dg;gLnfhiyfis Nkw;nfhz;l ehrp

53


fl;rpapDila ehlhfpa N[u;kdp INuhg;ghTf;Fs;

mike;Js;sik mjd; INuhg;gpa epiyf;F

rpf;fyhff; fUjg;gLtjpy;iy vd;gjhFk;.

(m]hj; 2003: 161- 162). ,d;ndhU tifapy; ehrp

fl;rpapd&lhf ghupa A+j ,dg;gLnfhiyfs;

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wNghJ mJ Mupa kw;Wk;

A+j ehfupfq;fSf;fpilapyhd Nkhjyhf

vtuhYk; tbtikf;fg;gltpy;iy. Nkw;fj;Nja

ehfupfj;Jf;Fs;shd Nkhjy;> etPdj;Jt

Nkhjy;> Nkd;ikj;Jtj;Jf;fhd Nkhjy; vd;Dk;

tiffspNyNa mJ Gup;e;Jnfhs;sg;gl;lJ.

mtu;fsJ Mgpupf;f kw;Wk; kj;jpa fpof;Ff;

fhydpj;Jtq;fspd;NghJ Nkw;fj;Nja

ehLfspdhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l ghupa kdpjg;

gLnfhiyfs; mtu;fis Nkw;fj;Nja

ehfupfj;Jf;Fs; cs;thq;Ftjw;F rpf;fyhf

,Uf;ftpy;iy. MapDk;> JUf;fp> Mu;Nkdpahtpy;

Nkw;nfhz;l gLnfhiyfs; mtu;fis

INuhg;ghTf;Fs; cs;thq;Fk;NghJ mtu;fsJ

INuhg;gpa epiyapidf; Nfs;tpf;Fwpahf;Ffpd;w

xU fhuzpahf Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

,jD}lhfj; njd;gLfpd;w tplak; ahnjdpy;>,e;j

54


Nkw;Fyfpid> K];ypk; my;yJ Vida

ehfupfq;fspypUe;J ghFgLj;jp Kd;itj;jy;

njspthd murpay; ghFghLfshFk; vd;gjhFk;.

tFg;ghf;fk; vd;gJ mg;ghtpj;jdkhdjy;y

ehk; ed;F mwpe;Js;sthW ̀ q;bq;ld;> ehfupfnkd

khwhepiy cUg;gbtj;jpyhd tFg;ghf;fj;ij

Nkw;nfhz;Ls;s gpuhe;jpaq;fspy; vj;jidNah

gd;ikj;Jtq;fs;> rpf;fy; jd;ikfs; kw;Wk;

gpupTfs; epyTfpd;wd. Ngu;ypd; gpuNjrj;jpy;>

lu;gd; my;yJ x];Nyh gpuNjrj;jpy; ghupastpy;

kf;fs; gq;fspg;Gld; elhj;jg;gLfpd;w ,e;J kw;Wk;

,];yhk; rka itgtq;fs; kw;Wk; Cu;tyq;fs;

gw;wpr; nrhy;tjw;F vd;d ,Uf;fpwJ? Nkw;Fyf

ehfupfj;Jf;F cupj;jhdjhff; $wg;gLfpd;w

kj;jpa INuhg;gpa ehLfs; (`q;Nfup> nrf; FbauR>

Nghye;J kw;Wk; FNuh\pah) me;j ehLfspy;

INuhg;gpa epiyapidf; Nfs;tpf;Fwpahf;fp

nray;gLj;jpapUg;gJ gz;ghl;Lf;fhuznkhd;wpd;

Ngupyh? Kw;WKOjhf ,];yhj;jpy; mjpfsT

Md;kPf mwpT nfhz;l tbtikg;ghfpa #gp

,];yhk; ,d;W Nkw;fj;Njau;fspdhy; khwhepiy

55


cUg;gbtj;jpyhd ,];yhj;jpidtpl ngsj;j

nka;apaYld; neUf;fkhdJ vd;W xUtuhy;

tpthjpf;f Kbahjh?

vk;ikg; gw;wpNa `q;bq;lDila

tFg;ghf;fj;jpypUe;J vLj;Jf;fhl;nlhd;iw

vLg;Nghkhapd; mJ vt;tsT ajhu;j;jkw;wJ

vd;gjid mJ gpujpgypf;fpwJ. mtu; ngsj;j

ehfupfk; vd;w tFg;ghf;fj;jpw;Fs;NsNa

,yq;ifia itj;J Nehf;Ffpd;whu;. mtu;

,jw;Fs; cs;slf;Ffpd;w Vida ehLfshtd

G+l;lhd;> fhk;Nghbah> kpad;khu;> nkhq;Nfhypah

kw;Wk; jha;yhe;J MfpadthFk;. xU

tifapy; ,yq;if ,e;jpahTf;F kpfTk;

mUfpy; ,Ug;gJld; ,d;ndhU tifapy;

Nkw;FyFld; kpfTk; neUf;fkhfTk;

cs;sJ. mJ nkhq;NfhypahTld; my;yJ

G+l;lhDld; gupkhwpf;nfhs;fpd;w gz;ghLrhu;

nghJj;jd;iknahd;W fhzg;gLkhapd;> mJ

Fiwe;jstpyhd fhuzq;fs; njhlu;ghdjhf

khj;jpuNk ,Uf;f KbAk;.

56


mjdbg;gilapy; ,];yhk; NtWgl;lnjhU

ehfupfkhf khwhepiy cUg;gbtj;jpy;

Nkw;FyFld; ehfupf Nkhjnyhd;wpy; <LgLtjhf

cUtikf;fg;gLfpd;w Ma;Tf;fl;Liu vt;tsT

gytPdkhdnjhd;W vd;gJ njspthfpwJ.

mJ Nkw;Fyf mwptpay; fUj;jhly;fspy;

njhlu;r;rpahd tpku;rdq;fSf;F cl;gl;Ls;sJ.

mNjNghd;W Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l ve;jnthU

Nkw;fj;Nja ntFrd ClfKk; Neubahf

epfo;fhy ISIS my;yJ NtnwhU ,];yhkpaj;

jPtputhjnkhd;iw ehfupfq;fSf;fpilapyhd

Nkhjnyhd;whf ntspg;gilahf ntspg;gLj;j

khl;lhu;fs;. MapDk; ̀ q;bq;ld; vd;gtu; If;fpa

mnkupf;ff; FbaurpDila mur jpizf;fs

MNyhrfuhthu;. mtu; tpal;dhk; Aj;jj;jpYk;>

gdpg;Nghu; fhyk; kw;Wk; gdpg;NghUf;Fg;

gpe;jpa fhyj;jpYk; mur jpizf;fsj;Jf;fhd

%Nyhgha MNyhridfis toq;fpAs;shu;.


mtuJ fUj;JUthf;fkhdJ Kjd;Kiwahf

mnkupf;f ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;iffs; kw;Wk;

ru;tNjr njhlu;Gfs; gw;wpa Foreign Affairs

57


vd;w rQ;rpifapNyNa gpuRupf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jd;gb

`q;bq;lDila rpe;jidfs; eilKiwapy;

ve;jsTf;Fr; nry;thf;Fg; ngWfpd;wd vd;gij

czu;e;Jnfhs;s Kbfpd;wJ. `q;bq;lDila


vz;zf;fU fy;tp epWtdq;fspy; ,d;iwf;F

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murpaYf;Fs; mJ nkd;NkYk; tYg;ngw;wnjhU

fUj;jpayhff; fhzg;gLfpwJ. eLepiyahdit

vd;W fUjg;gLfpd;w Nkiyj;Nja ntFrd

Clfq;fSk; mjidj; jkJ gad;ghl;bDs;

ntspg;gLj;jhJ me;j kdg;ghq;Ffisg;

gpujpgypf;fpd;wd. ,d;ndhU tifapy; mjid

ehfupf Nkhjyhfg; gpujpgypg;gjw;F ,];yhkpaj;

jPtputhjpfSk; Mtyhf cs;sdu;. mJ>

,e;j ,];yhkpa ehfupfk; vd;w khwhepiy

cUg;gbtj;jpDs; ghupanjhU gd;ikj;Jtk;

kw;Wk; cs;sf Kuz;ghLfSld; fhzg;gLfpd;w

,];yhkpa cyfpd; Vfgpujpepjpahfj;

jq;fisg; gpujpgypg;gjw;F mjd;%yk;

mtu;fSf;F tha;g;G Vw;gLfpd;wikapdhyhFk;.

,yq;ifapYk; Nkw;fj;Nja vjpu;g;Gthj murpay;

58


rpe;jidfisj; jhq;fpAs;s mjpfsthNdhu;

,e;j Nkw;fj;Nja %Nyhghaf; fUj;jhf;fj;jpid

Vw;Wf; nfhz;Ls;sdu;. Kuz;ghlhd tifapy;

mtu;fSk; etPdj;Jf;F tpNuhjkhd> mwpT

Qhdj;Jf;F tpNuhjkhd kw;Wk; kjr;

rhu;gpd;ikf;F tpNuhjkhd (fOj;ij ntl;Lfpd;w>

gps;isfisj; J\;gpuNahfk; nra;fpd;w> fy;tp

kw;Wk; fiyapidg; gfp\;fupf;fpd;w) ehfupfj;jpw;F

cupj;jhd khwhepiy cUg;gbtj;jpyhd FOtpdu;

vd;w Nehf;fpNyNa K];ypk;fisg; ghu;f;fpd;wdu;.

Vg;uy; 21 Mk; jpfjp Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l

jw;nfhiyf; Fz;Lj; jhf;FjYf;Fg; gpd;du;

gpugy kl;lj;jpy; fUj;jhlg;gl;litAk;

,t;tplaq;fNs MFk;. mjw;F Kd;du; 2014

[_d; khjj;jpy; mSj;fk efupYk;2> 2018 khu;r;

khjk; jpfd gpuNjrj;jpYk;3 K];ypk;fSf;F

2. 2014 [_d; khjk; fSj;Jiw khtl;lj;jpd; mYj;fk gpuNjrj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;w K];ypk; tpNuhj jhf;Fjy; njhlu;gpy; ngsj;j mikg;ghd nghJgy Nrdh mikg;G kPJ Fw;wk; Rkj;jg;gl;lJ.

3. 2018 khu;r; khjk; ngsj;j mbg;gilthjpfs; rpyuhy; fz;bapd; jpfd gpuNjrj;jpd; K];ypk; kf;fis ,yf;fhff; nfhz;L gy jhf;Fjy;fs; njhLf;fg;gl;ld.

59


vjpuhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l kpNyr;rj;jdkhd

jhf;Fjy;fSf;F kpfTk; rkPg fhyfl;lq;fspy;

,e;jf; fye;Jiuahly;fNs jPtpukhd Kiwapy;

muq;fj;Jf;F te;jikia ,q;F epidT$u;jy;

rhyr;rpwe;jjhFk;. jw;NghJ jPtputhj

kpNyr;rj;jdkhd rpW gFjpapdu;> xl;Lnkhj;j

,];yhkpa ehfupfnkhd;wpd; Fztpay;ghf

khwhepiy cUg;gbtkhf;fp Nkw;fj;Nja

fijfspid> mjid nkU$l;Lfpd;w Nkw;fj;Nja

vjpu;g;ghsu;fs; vd;W nrhy;ypf;nfhs;fpd;w

egu;fs;$l Vw;Wf; nfhz;Ls;sdu;. ,d;ndhU

tifapy; ghupastpyhd NtWghLfisf;

nfhz;l xl;Lnkhj;j ,];yhkpa ehfupfj;ijj;

jkJ jPtputhjkhf khwhepiy cUg;gbtkhf;fy;

%yk; nrhw;gstpyhd jPtputhjpfspd; vjpu;ghu;g;G

epiwNtw;wg;gLfpd;wJ.

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gjpyhf ehfupfj;Jf;Fs;shd Nkhjy;

jhupf; ukohd; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wthW ,];yhk;

vd;gJ gyjug;gl;l fz;Nzhl;lq;fisf;

nfhz;l cUtfkhFk; (Entity). vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf

60


,d;W kpfTk; ru;r;irf;Fupajhf tpsq;Fk; ‘\uPM’,‘ [p`hj;’ Nghd;w fUj;jpay;fs; njhlu;ghd nghUs;tpsf;fq;fs; gy fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ‘\uPM’ vd;w nrhy;iyf; Nfl;lTld; ,];yhkpa rl;lk;

vd;Nw ehk; tpsq;fpf; nfhs;fpd;Nwhk;. MapDk;

ukohd; Fwpg;gpLk; tifapy; \uPM vd;fpw

fUj;jpaypd; ,jakhf tpsq;FtJ #gpj;Jt

,];yhkpa Md;kPf rk;gpujhakhFk;. mjDs;Ns>

rkhjhdj;ij Nehf;fpg; gazpf;fpd;w topKiwahf

mJ nghUs; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ. [p`hj;

vdg;gLtJ jdpg;gl;l tifapy; jdf;Fs;Sk;

jdJ FLk;gj;Jf;Fs;Sk; r%fj;Jf;Fs;Sk;

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jilfSld; NghuhLtjhFk;. mJ Gdpj Aj;jk;

njhlu;ghd xd;wy;y. jdf;Fs;Sk; jd;idr;

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mbg;gilapy; kdpjd; jd;idj;jhNd khw;wpf;

nfhs;tjw;fhd cs;shu;e;j Nghuhl;lkhFk;.

MapDk; ,d;W ekf;Fj; njupe;jpUg;gJ

61


\uPM kw;Wk; [p`hj; njhlu;ghf jPtputhjpfs;

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MFk;. khwhepiy cUg;gbtkhf;fypy; fhzg;gLk;

mghaKk; mJNtahFk;.

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nraw;ghLfisAk; jw;NghJ ehk; ,];yhkpa

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ju;f;f uPjpahd mwpTf;F cl;glhj tifapy;

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Nkw;gl;l thf;Ffisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;F

62


xUehSk; ,aYkhftpy;iy. vfpg;J>

bA+dPrpah> JUf;fp> rpupah kw;Wk; mJNghd;w

ehLfspYk; ngUk;ghd;ikapdu; ,];yhkpa

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kf;fs; me;ehl;L [dehaf rdj;njhifapdud;wp

jPtputhjpfsy;yu;. RUf;fkhff; nrhd;dhy;

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vjpu;ghuhjtpjkhfth?

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jPtputhjj;ijf; nfhz;ltu;fsy;yu; vd;gjhFk;.

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jkJ rkaf; nfhs;iffs; midj;ijAk;

cs;slf;Ffpd;w KOikahdnjhU thjj;jpid

63


Nt&d;wtpy;iy. jkJ kjj;jpd; ngaupy;

td;Kiwr; nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLtjw;fhd

vOr;rp mtu;fsplkpUe;J ntspg;gltpy;iy.

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mOj;jj;ijg; gpuNahfpj;j Ml;rpahsu;fspdhy;

jk;kPJ tpjpf;fg;gl;l fbdkhd ,];yhkpa

rpj;jhe;jq;fspd;ghy; me;ehl;Lkf;fs; rhu;e;Js;sdu;

vd;W $Wtjw;F MjhuNkJkpy;iy.

“vdJ fz;Nzhl;lj;jpd;gb Nkhjy;

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kjr;rhu;gw;NwhUf;Fk; jPtputhjpfSf;Fk;

,ilapyhd Nkhjy; xd;whfNt ehd;

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mJ ,];yhkpaj; jPtputhjpfSf;F vg;NghJk;

gpugy;aj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhLf;fpd;wJ.

64


mtu; Fwpg;gpLtjd; gpufhuk;> rkfhyj;jpy;

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Nfhl;ghLfspdJk; eilKiwfspdJk;

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njhlu;ghfTs;s murpay; Nfhl;ghlhFk;. mjpf

ngUk;ghd;ikahd K];ypk;fs; mj;jifa xU

Ml;rpia tpUk;Gfpd;wdu;.

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ehLfisAk; khwhepiy cUg;gbtj;jpyhd

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65


nfhz;Ls;sd. mJ> mtu;fs; $Wtjd;gb

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etPdj;Jtk; nfhz;lJk;> mwpTkpf;fJkhd

66


ngUk;ghd;ik K];ypk;fSf;Fk; ,ilapyhFk;.

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fUJtJ jw;nfhiyf; Fz;Lfis ntbf;fr;

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,];yhkpaj; jPtputhjpfspd; epiyapy;jhd;.

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KbTiu

,f;fbdkhd Neuj;jpy; vkJ nghWg;G ahnjdpy;

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jPtputhjj;Jf;Fg; gypahfhky; rftho;Tld;

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rthy; ahnjdpy;> vk;khy; Gupe;Jnfhs;s

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nghUe;jhj> ehfupfnkhd;Wf;F vkJ mz;il

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vd;gNj MFk;. gyE}w;whz;Lfshf vk;Kld;

tho;e;j kf;fs; njhlu;ghf Nkw;Fyfpdu;

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Nkhjy; gw;wpa fijfisg; Gwf;fzpj;jjd;

gpwF> xNukhjpupahd r%f eilKiwapid

vk;Kld; gfpu;e;Jnfhz;L tho;fpd;w> vk;ikg;

Nghd;Nw jkJ r%fj;jpYs;s nrhw;gstpduhd

jPtputhjpfspdhy; mOj;jq;fSf;Fl;gl;Ls;s>

mtw;Wld; NghuhLfpd;w> cjtpfs;

,y;yhjtplj;J mikjpnfhs;fpd;w> my;yJ me;j

mjpfhuj;Jf;F mlq;fpg;Nghfpd;w nghWikAk;

mikjpAk; nfhz;l ngUk;ghd;ik kf;fis ehk;

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re;jpf;fpd;Nwhk;. Vg;uy; 21 Mk; jpfjp ehk; re;jpj;j

kpNyr;rj;jdj;Jf;F vjpuhd Nghuhl;lkhdJ

mtu;fSk; ehKk; xd;wpize;J xj;Jiog;Gld;

Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba Nghuhl;lkhf mika

Ntz;Lk;. mJ mt;thW epfohjtiu> ntt;NtW

kjq;fspd; Ngupyhd kpNyr;rj;jdkhd jw;nfhiyf;

Fz;Ljhupfspdhy; ek; fz;nzjpNu Neu;fpd;w

mtyq;fSf;F ehKk; gq;fhspfshNthNkad;wp

vkf;F NtnwJTk; vQ;rg;Nghtjpy;iy. ■

Islamic Extremism :Clash of Civilizations or

Clash within Civilization?

Vidura Prabath MunasingheKaushalya Ariyarathne

Authors are grateful to Dr. Kiran Grewal, Goldsmiths College, University of London for selecting this text to publish under the New Social Imaginaries project and Dr. Sakuntala Kadirgamar, Executive Director of LST and Sandun Thudugala, Director-Programs & Operations at LST for their comments on the draft of the publication. Special thanks to Oliver Friedman and M. C. Rasmin who volunteered to read and edit the English and Tamil versions of the text and Vijeyakanth Madasamy who proof-read the Tamil text.

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1. This article was written in the days immediately consequent to 21 April 2019, the day on which several Catholic churches and hotels in the island were subject to suicide bomber attacks. Around 253 people perished in the attacks while approximately 500 people were injured as a result of the attacks.

Preface

Shock from the brutal suicide bombings that took place on 21 April 2019 still reverberates among us.1 It is natural for humans to feel emotional in times of crisis but our recent past bears witness to the fact that instantaneous responses based on these emotions rarely bring about positive outcomes. The post-war decade is barely enough time for us to forget what happened in 1983. It is at such a juncture that we are proposing the not-so-attractive option of engaging in an in-depth thought process, instead of resorting to emotional responses-something this society has and continues to adamantly neglect.

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Vidura Prabath Munasinghe Kaushalya Ariyarathne

Introduction

ISIS has claimed responsibility for the attacks on 21 April. Earlier, we viewed ISIS as a terrorist organization predominantly active in the Middle East, targeting countries in the Western and African regions for their suicide attacks. News of their modus operandi in Middle Eastern countries such as Iraq and Syria later shocked us to the core. What we could see in some of the videos challenged our beliefs about both civility and culture. At times, videos have surfaced of ISIS members lining up large numbers of men and slitting their throats. At times, stories of women and girls kept as sex slaves in the areas under ISIS control have been told by those who were able to escape from their clutches. Another video on the internet shows their sledgehammer blows destroying ancient ruins and artifacts in Mosul, Iraq. All these activities belong in a realm beyond what we accept as civilized, a realm which we are unable to generate meanings. That is what we, as Sri Lankans, experienced on the 21 April for the very first time.

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Islamic Extremism :Clash of Civilizations or Clash within Civilization?

For some reasons entirely beyond the scope of our comprehension, innocent women, men and children have been killed, traumatizing us all. This savagery we had only seen on our television screens became the reality of our everyday lives. How do we make sense of a world in which those moral norms we consider as the foundation of our lives are violated in a bestial manner before our eye?

A convenient and popular answer to this question has been around for decades now: that these heinous acts are carried out by people who have been cultured by different norms of civilization than those of our own. This is in fact, an answer which brings much comfort. Knowing that "they" are not like "us" indeed brings great relief. On the other hand, it opens up a space for us to place ourselves in a position which is contrary to an Islamic civilization. Then, our neighbors-the Muslims- too become part of this exterior civilization-their attire, physique, life styles, and traditions all become unfamiliar ways of life, which in turn are repudiated as 'uncultured'. A post that stated "I would

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rather be an animal than a Thambiya2 in my next birth" was circulated widely among the Facebook community recently. According to posts popular among the non-Muslim Facebook users, Muslims who detonate bombs killing themselves and their children are doing so in the hopes of going to paradise where seventy two virgins await to pleasure them. What we have forgotten is the fact that the Muslim man we are referring to is the same man who has been living with us, and among us, in our society for centuries. The issues we have with them now did not exist then. How did he suddenly become excluded from our civilization? How were we able to co-exist for centuries? Or, is this narrative new? If so, who produced this? What are the political agendas and historical circumstances that built it? What advantages/ disadvantages do we gain from accepting it? If this narrative was formed by someone, what exactly happened on the 21st? Wasn't that after all, carried out a heinous act that cannot be accepted by anyone from the civilized world?

2. Even though ‘Thambi’ originally means younger brother in Tamil, ‘Thambiya’ is a Sinhala colloquial term which is used to denote Muslims in degrading manner.

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The objective of this article is to emphasize the significance of a dialogue which raises the questions above. Although it may be difficult to do so under such traumatic conditions, we must strive to launch such a dialogue because it is crucial in our quest to understand the new realities which are unfolding before us. Therefore, let us launch into that dialogue, albeit difficulty, by engaging in a discussion which at the moment appears abstract.

The Clash of Civilizations

The concept of clash of civilizations was first introduced by Samuel Huntington in his article "The Clash of Civilizations" written to the Foreign Affairs journal in 1993. Later he expanded the concept and published it as a book in 1996. Huntington launches into his article by stating that global politics has become multi-polar and multi-civilizational (Huntington, 1993). This hypothesis was established in a post-cold war context. In 1992, Francis Fukuyama- a student of Huntington-

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published "The End of History and the Last Man" in which he argued for the ‘end of history’. During the cold war, conflicts were primarily between two ideological camps. Huntington's thesis on the clash of civilizations is set on the backdrop of the end of that cold war. According to him:

“In the post-Cold War world, the most important distinctions among peoples are not ideological, political, or economic. They are cultural…. The clash of civilizations will dominate global politics (Huntington 1993: 22)

Huntington divided the world into nine major civilizations (Huntington 1996: 27-8).

He argued that in the future, the central political conflict will take place between Western and Non-Western civilizations. He suggested that Islamic civilization holds the more antagonistic stance, a stance which is not displayed by any other civilization.

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According to him, the West represents a single civilization. The United States, Canada, Western and Central Europe and Oceania belong to the Western civilization, which was built around Christianity, enlightenment ideals, industrialization and modernization. He views the Islamic civilization as entirely contradictory to this position. Following the line of thinking adopted by Bernard Lewis, Huntington assumed that the conflict for the next world order would be between the Western civilization and the Islamic civilization. He argues that

Japanese

WesternOrthodox

IslamicAfrican

Latin AmericanSinic

HinduBuddist

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the battle is older than 1300 years and that it goes as far back as the Crusades.

“This is no less than a clash of civilization…surely historic receptions of an ancient rival against our Judeo-Christian heritage, our secular present, and the world-wide expansion of both.” (Lewis 1992: 28)

His thesis denotes that all Western countries represent past Christian heritage, modernity, enlightenment, industrialization and secularism. If the strongest clash of civilizations occurs between the Western civilization- which upholds and protects these attributes- and Islamic civilization, then we are compelled to presume that the later represents the opposite of the former. The heinous killing of anyone because of their faith, the destruction of artistic or historic heritage which falls outside the scope of religion are both behaviors that could be neatly understand if we endorse the clash of civilizations thesis. However, we must not think in haste and ignore the politics of this conceptualization.

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Unceasing Cold War

Huntington's thesis belongs to one of many answers given by theorists to the question 'what would be the nature of clashes in new world politics with the end of the cold war?.' It represents an effort to conceptualize the idea of a never-ending clash by a world which believed that the cold war would never come to an end. This was an effort to reestablish the idea of Western supremacy after an era that had inevitably done so simply by the presence of strong ideological opposition (Said 2011). The end of the cold war created a space to prove again the ideal of Western supremacy and justify the political actions of the West. This is further confirmed by the fact that at the end of his thesis, Huntington offered insights on what the West needs to do in order to maintain the status quo and remain strong.

“All civilizations go though similar processes of emergence, rise, and decline….To preserve Western civilization in the face of declining Western power, it is in the interest of the United

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States and European countries: to achieve greater political, economic, and military integration and to coordinate their policies so as to preclude states from other civilizations exploiting differences among them.” (Huntington 1993: 22)

According Edward Said, this is in fact a proposal to continue the Cold War in a different way (Said 1996). A proposal of this kind would be a means to justify all the interventions made, all the pressures exerted and the West's portrayal of itself as the savior of the 'good' just as it did during the cold war.

There is a vast gap between Huntington's conceptualization of the West and the real West. A considerable extent of Islam culture is integrated in the geopolitical entities which he identifies as Western civilization. For instance, his classification of Western and Central Europe as parts of the Western civilization disregards the large populations of Turkish and Pakistani nationals in Germany, East Africans in France and

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Muslims in Sweden and Switzerland. Furthermore, he turns a blind eye to all ‘uncivilized’ conduct of countries which are said to be at the center of an enlightened, modern, Christian civilization in the West. Talal Asad refers to discussions about whether or not Turkey should be allowed to join European Union- discussion which were not applied when it came to European countries. The premise that allowing the Turks, who have their origins in Asia, into the European Union would essentially dilute what is considered 'European'. Thus argument did not apply to Germany, the country of the Nazis who carried out genocide during World War II. The fact that Germany is part of Europe does not seem to faze them in terms of what is considered 'European' (Asad 2003: 161-2). On the other hand, the genocide of Jews in Europe by the Nazis was never interpreted as a clash between the Aryans and the Jews. It has been interpreted as a conflict within Western civilization; a conflict of modernity; an issue of enlightenment. The great massacres carried out by Western countries in their African and Middle Eastern colonies did not

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pose a obstacle when they were admitted to Western civilization, but the attacks by Turkey in Armenia were sufficient to question how European they were when admitting the Turkish to Europe. This demonstrates the separation of West from Muslim or other is clearly a political division.

Classification is not an innocent process

As we know, the stereotypical classification of regions by Huntington, comprises of a range of complexities and divisions. How do we understand Hindu or Islamic religious festivals and processions in Berlin, Durban or Oslo that are carried out by massive numbers of people? Have the Central European countries (Hungary, Czech Republic, Poland and Croatia), which are said to belong to Western civilization, been pushed to the periphery, questioning their ‘Europeaness’ due to cultural reasons? Cannot one argue that Sufi Islam which is considered to be the spiritual dimension of Islam, is closer to Buddhism than the stereotypical Islam created by the West today?

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Huntington's classification clearly depicts how unrealistic classification is. Huntington places Sri Lanka within the classification of Buddhist civilization. The other countries which fall into this classification are Bhutan, Cambodia, Myanmar, Mongolia and Thailand. Sri Lanka, which on one hand closer to India and on the other hand is closer to West, shares only a few cultural ties with Mongolia or Bhutan, if any.

Therefore, the weakness of his thesis that stereotypes Islam as a separate culture at loggerheads with Western civilization is quite evident. This has received constant criticism in the Western academic discourses. Furthermore, none of the reputed mass media openly claim that the clash with ISIS or other Islamic extremist groups is a clash of civilizations. However, Huntington is a consultant to the American Department of State who has provided strategic consultations to the Department of State during the Vietnam War, cold war and post cold war periods. In fact, his very first conceptualization of the clash of civilizations was first

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published on the journal 'Foreign Affairs', a journal on American foreign policy and international relations. This is evidence of the level of influence that Huntington's ideas have in practice. Although the idea of the clash of civilizations has lost its potency within academia, it remains a strong concept within power politics. Even Western media, which are considered unbiased, depict these attitudes indirectly. On the other hand, Islamic extremists too attempt to paint this situation as a clash of civilizations, since it allows them to portray themselves as the one and only representative of the Islamic world, when in fact it comprises of a myriad of differences and internal contradictions. In Sri Lanka too, many who hold anti-Western political ideology have bought into this conceptualization. Ironically, they too view Muslims through stereotypical lenses as a group of people opposed to modernity, against enlightenment and anti-secular (and who engage in the slitting of throats, the raping of children and the destruction of education and art). These happen to be the very matters discussed in the popular discourses soon after the suicide bombings on 21st April. It is notable that

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similar intense discussions took the stage immediately before and after the atrocious attack on Muslims in Aluthgama on June, 20143 and in Digana on March, 20184. Now, the Western narrative which generalizes the traits of extremism and savagery of a minority as the traits of an Islamic civilization has been accepted even by those who call themselves anti-western. On the other hand, this stereotyping is precisely what the extremist minority desires.

Clash within civilization instead of the clash of civilizations

According to Tariq Ramadan, Islam is an entity which consists of many perspectives. For instance, concepts such as 'Sharia' and 'Jihad' which have become controversial in today's context have many different interpretations. As soon as we hear the word Sharia, we assume that it refers to the Islamic law. However,

3. Anti-Muslim riots were escalated in Aluthgama-Kalutara District in Sri Lanka in June 2014, which was allegedly led by Bodu Bala Sena (BBS), a group of Buddhist extremists.4. Assaults to Muslim communities were escalated in Digana, Kandy District in Sri Lanka in March 2018 again, led by Buddhists extremists.

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Ramadan says that the core of the Sharia concept lies in Sufi, the school of Islamic spiritualism, where it has been interpreted as the path to peace. Jihad, is the battle within oneself, within the family and within society against the obstacles to creating peace- it has nothing to do with a holy war. It is a spiritual struggle that one engages in with the objective of creating peace within and around oneself. It is about resistance to obstacles that hinder peace. Thus, Jihad primarily is an internal struggle for a person to transform his/herself (Ramadan 2004). However, today we only come across the extreme interpretations of Sharia and Jihad. This is the danger of stereotyping.

Today, we believe that ideology and the conduct of extremists are universal to the Islamic civilization. This perception has clouded our logic, making us blind to a great many things that we already know. It has made us unaware of the fact that Afghanistan used to be one of the relatively modern and secular nations of Asia until it got caught in the power struggle of the cold war in mid 70’s. We have forgotten that the majority of medical students in Kabul University used to be

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women. Political parties which profess extremism in Pakistan and Iran have never been able to secure more than ten percent of the vote. A greater portion of the population in countries such as Egypt, Tunisia, Syria, Turkey which have a Muslim majority- support and advocate for secular rule. The masses which took to the roads to topple the Mubarak regime in Egypt were the people who supported democracy, not extremism. In fact, the protests were not even organized by the leaders of the Muslim brotherhood. Is it a coincidence that we have missed all this?

According to Akeel Bilgrami, even the people with the most average intellect should be able to see the fact that the majority of Muslims are not fundamentalists. Even at the height of their utmost devotion to religion, they refrain from applying absolutism to all of their teachings. They do not display a preference for resorting to violence in the name of their religion. There is no evidence to claim that people living under strict tyrannical regimes of Saudi Arabia or Iran prefer violence.

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“There is an implicit clash within Islamic societies between moderate and fundamentalist Muslims…that resolving a second, quite different sort of clash by paying humane attention to the very specific sort of internal moral and psychological conflict that the moderate Muslim faces may be a necessary and prior condition for resolving the clash between secularists and fundamentalists.” (Bilgrami 2003: 92)

According to Bilgrami, the voice of the majority of Muslims has always been overcome by the publicity gained by Islam extremists. He says that secularism, in today's sense, is a political doctrine premise on the consensus of all citizens with or without a faith to live peacefully under a government which is not based on religious principles and practices. The vast majority of Muslims express a preference for such governance.

However, the West has stereotyped all Islamic countries into a single Islam civilization and branded the entirety of the Muslim population as anti-modernist, anti-enlightenment, anti-secular religious extremists. Said

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points out how this perception has permitted Western countries to protect corrupt regimes of those guileful rulers who support them (Said 2011). It is because such rulers portray themselves as guardians of modernity, enlightenment and secularity, which are recognized by them as traits of Western civilization. Thus, the West, with the US at their helm, has once again been able to continue the expansion of their power through different means, thus replicating the scenario that existed during the cold war. The same argument was adopted by Western countries when they protected corrupt allies in Latin American and Asian rulers that posed as anti-communist. It is being used to protect corrupt allies in Islamic countries who pose as modernists.

The real clash is between Islamic extremists and this neutral modernist and enlightened Muslim majority. It is not a clash of civilizations. It is a clash within the civilization. If not for the mask of 'clash of civilizations' this silent majority would have been able to muster more supportive and cooperative assistance from the modernist secular forces in other regions. However,

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given the fact that Islamic countries have been classified as anti-secular and anti modernist, they have been prevented from such support.

In Sri Lanka too, the majority of those who call themselves 'anti-western' are spreading precisely the same extreme Western ideology. As a result, the genuine concerns raised by the non-extremist Muslim majority are not heard by the masses. Today, the Islam we see and hear is the faith professed by extremists such as members of National Thowheed Jamath, who are said to be the suicide bombers of April 21. In reality, the clash is not between Islam and some other civilization. The clash is between extremism and secularism. In this clash, all extremists, whether they are Islamic or Buddhist, belong in the same camp. Therefore, we need to be able to understand our current realities more profoundly. Under these circumstances, anybody who approaches us iterating that 'we need to do something' about the Muslims (Here, we refer not to the measures taken by the state to curb Muslim extremist organizations, but to people who propose violence against our Muslim

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neighbors) essentially belong to the same camp as the Islamic extremists, without even realizing it.

Conclusion

In this difficult time, our responsibility is to get closer to the majority of Muslims. These are the same people with whom we have been sharing commonalities for centuries. They were made unknown by a specific set of knowledge which professed that they come from a different civilization. Creation of knowledge is never a purely innocent process. Not only is our knowledge about the clash of civilizations a creation of the West, but also, it is an idea created specifically for the geopolitical needs of the West. The suicide bomber was needed merely to demarcate the line which separates them. The destroyer who challenges all moral values recognized by us by slitting throats, killing children, making women sex slaves and destroying some of the greatest creations of civilization is him, the suicide bomber and not the ordinary Muslim who has lived amongst us for ages without any issue (if we reflect, the majority of Muslims we know are people just like us,

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striving to make a better future for their children, loving their families). This particular set of knowledge has stereotyped a minority group of Muslims as extremists and their traits have been generalized as characteristics of the entirety of Islamic civilization. Oblivious to this fact, today we are using a new Western narrative to understand the Muslims who have been living with us for centuries. This is precisely what extremists want. If we were to exclude the majority Muslims, who are engaged in the difficult struggle of continuing to live in co-existence without succumbing to the extremism spreading within Islamic civilization, it certainly would be a victory for the extremists. In other words, it would be a victory for Western geopolitical power.

Therefore, those who spread hatred about the attire, physique, lifestyles and traditions of Muslims- and those who make statements which suggest that we need to avenge this uncivilized nation- cannot get us to a point beyond the suffering and trauma which is gripping us now. The only thing they can do is to return us again to similar incidents. The challenge before us today is to

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figure out how we can unlearn the Western narrative which has taught us to misunderstand our neighbors and those Muslims as belonging to a civilization not compatible with our moral values. Brutal extremism from a minority of Islamic civilization cannot be fought by using the framework created by the West. Once we discard this narrative about civilizations, what remains before us is a quiet and peaceful community of people who have been sharing the same social realities with us, who are oppressed by the same minority extremisms in society, who have been struggling against them and in moments of helplessness are overcome or made silent by them in the same manner that we are. Our fight against the bestiality of 21 April should be a collective battle that we fight together. If not, our plight shall be to remain at the receiving end of this game which makes suicide bombers appear in the name of various religions and causes. ■

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Bibliography

Asad, Talal, Formations of the Secular: Christianity, Islam and Modernity, California: Stanford University Press, 2003

Bilgrami, Akeel. "Clash within Civilizations", in Dӕdalus, Journal of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, Summer 2003, 88-93. https://www.amacad.org/sites/default/fi les/daedalus/downloads/03_summer_daedalus_articles.pdf (accessed on May 4, 2019)

Huntington, Samuel P. “The Clash of Civilizations?”, Foreign Affairs Summer, New York: Council for Foreign Relations, 1993, 3-27.

Huntington, Samuel P. The Clash of Civilizations and Remaking of World Order, New York: Simon & Schuster: September 1996.

Lewis, Bernard, “The Roots of Muslim Rage” in The Atlantic Monthly, vol. 266. Washington D.C.: Emerson Collective, September 1990.

Ramadan, Tariq, Western Muslims and Future of Islam, Oxford: Oxford University Press: 2004.

Said, Edward, Palestine Diary: The Myth of the 'Clash of Civilizations' Online video clip. You Tube.13 May 2011 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aPS-pONiEG (accessed on April 3, 2019).

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