BHEL TRAINING REPORT ON ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

8/11/2019 BHEL TRAINING REPORT ON ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

1/23

A SIX WEEK INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT ON

BHARAT HEAVY ELECTRICALLTD

HARIDWARSubmitted for partial fulfillment of award of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

Deree in

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGG

!nder t"e Guidan#e of

VIKAS SINGLA (senior Engineer BHEL!

RA" KUMAR GOEL INSTITUTE O# TECHNOLOGY

GHA$IABAD

SUBMITTED TO SUBMITTED BY

Mr% ABHINAV BANSAL MANISH KUMAR PANDEYROLL NO$ % &''(((&')*

+ ECE DE,ART-ENT. ECE /TH SE- SEC % A


2/23

ABSTRACT

0 "ad done m1 trainin in BHEL in Tele#ommuni#ation area $ 0n t"i2 field 0 learnt

about telep"on1 and it2 t1pe23 ele#troni#2 E4#"ane and #ard2 u2ed in e4#"ane3

t1pe2 of tone u2ed in telep"on1 3 "ow a #all i2 made 3 t1pe2 of #onne#tion u2ed i$e

t"rou" #ablin or t"rou" wirele22 #onne#tion3 fa#ilit1 pro5ided b1 e4#"ane intelep"one%

BHEL i2 t"e lare2t enineerin and manufa#turin enterpri2e in 0ndia in t"e

ener1 related infra2tru#ture 2e#tor toda1 and one of t"e -AHARATNA

#ompan1$ T"e wide networ6 of BHEL72 &* manufa#turin di5i2ion3 four power

Se#tor reional #enter23 o5er &)' pro8e#t 2ite23 ei"t 2er5i#e #enter2 and &9

reional offi#e23 enable2 t"e Compan1 to promptl1 2er5e it2 #u2tomer2 and

pro5ide t"em wit" 2uitable produ#t23 212tem2 and 2er5i#e2 : effi#ientl1 and at

#ompetiti5e pri#e2$

,rodu#t of BHEL are boiler 3 Ga2 enerator3 "1dro enerator 3Steam turbine23 a2 turbine2 3 H1dro turbine23 AC motor2 3Tran2former23 ;ind

mill3


3/23

CERTI#ICATE

T&is is 'o er'i)* '&+' MANISH KUMAR PANDEY &is

,n-ergone si. /ee0 'r+ining &ere in o,r org+ni1+'ion B&+r+'

He+2* E3e'ri+3 Li4i'e- H+ri-/+r (UK!% His -isi53ine +n-

5er)or4+ne -,ring '&e 'r+ining 5erio- /+s e.e33en'% We /is& &i4

+ 2er* 5ros5ero,s +n- 6rig&' +reer in ),',re%

(VIKASH SINGLA! (V%K% "OSHI!

Sr% Engineer Sr% Te&nii+n

(WEX7TELECOM! (WEX7TELECOM!

000


4/23

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

0 am e4tremel1 t"an6ful and pa1 ratitude to Mr% P,nee' Sri2+s'2+(HOD ECE De5+r'4en'

r0gi'!2ir for i5in me opportunit1 for trainin$

0 would li6e to t"an6 m1 re2pe#ted parent23 w"o alwa12 en#ouraed me and tau"t me to t"in6

and wor6out inno5ati5el1 w"at 2o e5er be t"e field of life$ -1 2in#ere t"an62 oe2 to Mr%

Vi0+s& sing3+ (Sr% Engineer! Tele#om for "i2 prodiiou2 uidan#e3 per2ua2ion3 and

pain2ta6in attitude3 reformati5e and prudential 2ue2tion t"rou"out m1 2ummer trainin

2#"edule$

Spe#ial t"an62 o to Mr%V%K%"os&i(Sr%Te&nii+n!Tele#om$ ;"o "elped me a lot in

i5in minute detail2 of Tele#om$ Department and enli"tened me wit" t"e 6nowlede of

E4#"ane e?uipment2 and t"eir wor6in$

La2t but not t"e lea2t3 m1 2in#ere t"an62 to all t"e 2taff member2 and friend2 for in2tillin in me

a 2en2e of 2elf%#onfiden#e$

NAME8 -AN0SH @!-AR ,ANDEY

BRANCH +ELECTRON0CS CO--$ ENGG$.

A+-e4i Ye+r ='&'%='&*

Ins'i','e RA @!-AR GOEL 0NST0T!TE OFTECHNOLOGY

0


5/23

INTRODUCTION ABOUT B%H%E%L%

TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEM IN BHEL HARDWAR$

VOCATION TRAINING REPORT8 9:;ation and

#on2er5ation of ener1 in #ore 2e#tor2 of t"e e#onom1 li6e ,ower3 0ndu2tr1 and Tran2portation3

et#$3 and fulfill 5ital infra2tru#ture need2 of t"e #ountr1$

Toda13 BHEL "a2 &( manufa#turin di5i2ion23 9 2er5i#e #enter2 and * ,ower Se#tor

Reional Center23 in addition to o5er &)' pro8e#t 2ite2 2pread all o5er 0ndia and e5en abroad to

pro5ide prompt and effe#ti5e 2er5i#e to #u2tomer2$

BHEL Hardwar i2 one of t"e premier orani>ation2 w"i#" i2 "onored b1 0$S$O$%''=

2pe#ifi#ation2$


8/23

=% TELECOMMUNICATION%

BHEL manufa#ture2 E,AB and -A 212tem2 ba2ed on C%Dot te#"nolo1 and "a2

plan2 to ma6e ot"er rane2 of tele#ommuni#ation e?uipment al2o$

T"e2e are ba2i#all1 u2ed for #onne#tin lin62 between 5ariou2 module2 li6e perip"eral23

e4#"ane and it2 e?uipment2$ 0t i2 ne#e22ar1 to run a number of internal #able2 of 2uitable

#ondu#tor2 between t"e followin 2tae2 and frame2%

&$ Hand2et to e4#"ane72 #able #"amber

=$ Cable #"amber to -$D$F$

($ -$D$F$ to 0$D$F$

*$ 0$D$F$ to Number Blo#6

)$ Number Blo#6 to E4#"ane E?uipment

$ Between two e4#"ane2

/$ Between two #itie2

9$ Between two #ountrie2

,rior to ad5ent of Ele#troni# E4#"ane2 inter%#onne#tion of 5ariou2 #ir#uit2 are made b1me#"ani#al #onta#t2 t"at are operated b1 me#"ani#al mo5ement2 produ#ed b1 t"e attra#tion of

an iron armature of an ele#tromanet or b1 t"e operation of an ele#tri# motor$ T"ere are 2ome

di2ad5antae2 of 2u#" 212tem2 for u2in me#"ani#al #onta#t23 due to followin rea2on28

Contacts are subjected to wear and tear.

Require adjustments time to time.

Maintenance is highly precise.

Prone to corrosion. Etc...

But now%a%da12 Ele#troni# E4#"ane2 are u2ed$ 0n Ele#troni# e4#"ane ele#troni# de5i#e2

effe#t t"e inter%#onne#tion between different tran2mi22ion #ir#uit2 and Ele#tro%me#"ani#al

rela12 and 2wit#"e2 are di2pen2ed wit"$ Su#" ele#troni# de5i#e2 remo5e diffi#ultie2 a22o#iated

wit" me#"ani#al #onta#t2$ T"e reate2t ad5antae of u2in ele#troni# de5i#e2 in pla#e of

ele#trome#"ani#al de5i#e2 i2 t"at no time i2 loo2ed in ma6in a #onne#tion and a 5er1 "i"

2peed of operation i2 po22ible$


9/23

e2 t"e free line$ T"e 2ub2#riber

mu2t not dial before re#ei5in t"i2 tone ot"erwi2e "e i2 liable to et wron #onne#tion$ 0f "e

doe2 not et t"i2 tone3 "e 2"ould tr1 after 2ome time$

B,s* Tone ;"en t"e #alled 2ub2#riber i2 enaed wit" ot"er #all3 t"i2 tone i2 "eard$ 0t #on2i2t2

of a 2ound of *'' H>$ w"i#" i2 reularl1 interrupted at e?ual inter5al2$ 0t i2 enerall1 on for'$/) 2e#$ and off for al2o '$/) 2e#$

Ringing Tone ;"en a number i2 dialed t"en telep"one of t"e #alled 2ub2#riber 2tart2 rinin$

Callin 2ub2#riber 2"ould et t"i2 information and t"i2 i2 indi#ated b1 2endin rinin tone of

interrupted *'' H>$ 2upplie2 modulated b1 =) H>$ and it2 duration2 are enerall1 e?ual to t"e

duration of rinin #urrent3 w"i#" rin2 t"e bell$ 0t ma1 be '$* 2e#$ on3 '$= 2e#$ off 3 '$* 2e#$ on

and = 2e#$ off and 2o on or it ma1 be '$/) 2e#$ on and '$/) 2e#$ Off and 2o on$ ;"en t"i2

rinin tone i2 re#ei5ed3 t"e #allin 2ub2#riber 6now2 t"at t"e #onne#tion i2 #ompleted and t"at

t"e bell of t"e #alled 2ub2#riber i2 rinin$

N,46er Uno6'+in+63e Tone T"i2 tone i2 2ent w"en t"e number dialed #annot be obtained$ 0f

an1 2ub2#riber dial2 w"i#" i2 not a#tuall1 #onne#ted to t"e e4#"ane3 t"i2 indi#ation i2 2end$

T"i2 i2 al2o a tone of *'' H>$ wit" interruption of ='' m2e#$ e5er1 ( 2e#$

0


10/23

Now%a%da12 pu2" button t1pe telep"one apparatu2 are u2ed$ T"i2 apparatu2 #an be e4ploded

into followin 2e#tion28

#. Ringer section

!. $peech section %&ransmitter and Recei'er section(

). *oltage limiter section

From telep"one e4#"ane two wire2 or #onne#tor2 run for ea#" number3 in w"i#" one i2 neutral

and t"e ot"er i2 main or po2iti5e$ For t"e telep"one #ir#uit to wor6 t"e ne#e22ar1 2uppl1 i2

pro5ided b1 t"e e4#"ane$ Li6e ot"er #ir#uit2 telep"one al2o operate2 w"en a #ir#uit i2

e2tabli2"ed between #allin and #alled 2ub2#riber$ ;"en one dial2 a number t"en t"e

#orre2pondin rela12 at t"e e4#"ane e2tabli2"ed a #ir#uit automati#all1$ T"e telep"one

e4#"ane 2upplie2 *'%' 5olt D$C$ and &&'I=' H>$ to operate t"i2 #ir#uit$ T"i2 i2 re?uired

be#au2e of 5oltae drop t"at ma1 #reep in lon tran2mi22ion wire2$ A2 2oon a2 t"e "and2et i2

pi#6ed%up t"i2 *9%5olt D$C$ 2uppl1 i2 a5ailable at 5oltae limiter 2e#tion3 dialin pul2e

enerator and 2pee#" 2e#tion$

0n telep"one dialin two t1pe2 of fre?uen#ie2 are u2ed w"i#" are

Hi" band tone +&=& H>$ to &*) H>$.

Low band tone +/'& H>$ to ( H>$.

#re,enies ,se- in Te3e5&on*T"e number2 from & to ) fall2 in low band and to 3 ' fall2 in "i" band$ Till t"e "and2et i2

on%"oo63 t"e rinin 2e#tion of t"e apparatu2 i2 on t"rou" telep"one line but on liftin t"e

"and2et t"e rinin 2e#tion be#ome2 off3 al2o t"e dialin and 2pee#" 2e#tion be#ome2 read1$ On

liftin t"e "and2et fir2t t"e dial tone i2 re#ei5ed w"i#" i2 amplified b1 t"e amplifier of 2pee#"

2e#tion$

;"en a number i2 pre22ed on t"e 6e1board3 t"e dialin pul2e2 are made on and off a##ordin to

t"e number dialed$ For e4ample if ) i2 pre22ed t"en dialin pul2e2 are made on and off ) time2$

T"i2 pro#e22 #an be "eard on t"e re#ei5er$ T"ere i2 a ap of # sec$ between #on2e#uti5el1

pre22ed number2$

;"en t"e "and2et i2 pla#ed on or i2 lifted from t"e in2trument a 2wit#" i2 operated #alled t"e

"oo6%2wit#"$ T"e main fun#tion of t"i2 2wit#" i2 to tole between telep"one%line and riner3dialin 2pee#" 2e#tion2 of t"e telep"one$ ;"en t"e "and2et i2 on t"e telep"one t"en riner

2e#tion of t"e telep"one i2 on w"ile on liftin it riner 2e#tion i2 di2#onne#ted and dialin

2e#tion i2 #onne#ted$

Ho/ '&e 'e3e5&one +33 is 4+-e

Telep"one #all i2 #"ara#teri>ed into two 2e#tion2

&$ O,'going +33s Generall1 a 5oltae of 4+*,-0*.C%alwa12 remain2 on t"e telep"one line

but a2 t"e "and2et i2 pi#6ed%up t"e 5oltae limiter drop2 t"i2 5oltae to %&=$ on t"e telep"one$ A "i" 5oltae

+A$C$. i2 2ent from t"e riner 2e#tion of t"e e4#"ane to 2tart t"e riner #ir#uit of t"e telep"one$

;"en t"e rinin 2inal i2 re#ei5ed it 2"ould be properl1 i2olated a2 it ma1 i5e a 2"o#6$ T"i2

rinin #ir#uit i2 on until t"e "and2et i2 not pi#6ed%up at t"e #alled part1$ T"e duration of t"i2

tone3 if unattended3 i2 & minute after w"i#" an enae tone i2 "eard$ After liftin t"e "and2et a

#ir#uit i2 e2tabli2"ed and a #all i2 made$


11/23

E3e'roni E.&+nge Dig%II

0


12/23

T"ere are 5ariou2 power2 pro5idin #ir#uit2 a5ailable in t"e e4#"ane to run t"e #ir#uitr1$

T"e2e are broadl1 #ateori>ed in two #ateorie2

Out2ide t"e e4#"ane

0n2ide t"e e4#"ane

O,'si-e '&e E.&+nge

Sin#e t"e 5oltae 2upplied in 0ndian Sub#ontinent i2 =='%5olt2I)' H>$ A$C$ but for t"e normal

wor6in of t"e e4#"ane *9+*%)(. 5olt2 of D$C$ i2 re?uired$

Hen#e a Re#tifier #ir#uit3 ba#6ed wit" batter1 arra1 for power%failure23 i2 u2ed$ T"i2

re#tifier blo#6 not onl1 re#tifie2 t"e input 2uppl1 but al2o wor62 a2 a batter1 #"arer$ 0t i2

6nown a2 Float re#tifier #um #"arer$

Batter1 ba#6up i2 utili>ed for 2moot" operation of t"e e4#"ane durin power failure2$ For

batter1 ba#6%up lead a#id batter1 arra1 i2 u2ed in parallel to t"e 2uppl1 from t"e re#tifier blo#63

2o t"at durin power failure2 t"e e4#"ane 2upplie2 are not terminated$

Insi-e '&e E.&+nge

0n2ide t"e telep"one e4#"ane 5ariou2 t1pe2 of power 2upplie2 are u2ed for powerin 5ariou2

module2 +for e4ample % Line%#ard23 Riner.$ Some of t"em are %

7> V% ;9 A

> V% ;9 A

;9 V% ?A%

From -$D$F$ a number of #able23 ba2ed upon t"e re?uirement of a pla#e3 are #onne#ted to

#abinet2$ On t"e #abinet2 t"e2e #able2 are di5ided into #able2 of =' pair2$ Now e5er1 =' pair

#able oe2 to t"e di2tribution bo4 +D$B$.$ At t"e D$B$ t"i2 =' pair #able i2 furt"er di5ided into

two part2 of &' pair2 ea#"$ T"e2e pair2 are t"en #onne#ted to t"e 2ub2#riber port2 5ia 8umper2$

T"e line from t"e2e port2 t"en oe2 to t"e 2ub2#riber2 t"rou" 2inle pair #able2 w"i#" are

u2uall1 of ,$


13/23

M%D%#$ %

T"i2 frame 2er5e2 t"e followin purpo2e2 %

0t i2 pla#e w"ere bot" e4ternal and internal #able2 are terminated$ T"e e4ternal indi5idual2

#able #arr1 #ondu#tor2 from 2ub2#riber2 w"o are ne#e22aril1 from t"e 2ame lo#alit1 and a2

2u#" t"eir number2 #annot be in numeri#al order$ On t"e ot"er "and3 t"e internal #able

#ondu#tor2 #ome from apparatu2 2ide in numeri#al order$ T"i2 #ro22%2e#tion between t"e

two #able2 i2 done on t"e -$D$F$ t"rou" 8umper wire2$

0t #arrie2 all t"e prote#tor2 u2ed in t"e e4#"ane$ T"e different prote#tor2 t"at are u2ed are

+a. Fu2e23 +b. Heat #oil23 and +#. li"tnin prote#tor2$

T"i2 -$D$F$ i2 an ideal pla#e for te2tin purpo2e$ Bot" t"e internal and t"e e4ternal #able2

are a5ailable at t"i2 frame and3 t"erefore3 bot" e4ternal and internal wirin and line2 #an be

te2ted for t"i2 purpo2e$

I%D%#$ %

T"e2e frame2 li6e -$D$F$ #on2i2t2 of a lare number of 5erti#al2 wit" "ori>ontal #ro22%

arm2 fitted wit" ta blo#62 at bot" t"e end2$ T"e #able from -$D$F$ i2 terminated on t"e

multiple 2ide2 from w"ere #onne#tion2 are e4tended to meterin and from t"e e4#"ane 2ide

#able2 are run to t"e re2pe#ted line%#ard2$ T"e two ta blo#62 are 8oined b1 mean2 of 8umper

wire2 a2 in t"e -$D$F$3 2o t"at an1 2ub2#riber #an be i5en #onne#tion to an1 uni2ele#tor on t"e

line%#ard$ T"e 2ub2#riber and3 t"erefore3 t"eir uni2ele#tor are di5ided into different roup2 and

it i2 ne#e22ar1 for t"e2e roup2 to oriinate more or le22 t"e 2ame amount of traffi# for 2moot"

di2tribution amon different trun62$

CARDS 87

0n an ele#troni# e4#"ane a no of #ard2 are u2ed 2ome of t"e2e are named below$ T"e2e

#ard2 are%

>%=* ANALOG ETENS0ON CARD

ua (= D0G0TAL ETENS0ON CARD

atr = D0T CARD !SED THRO!GH ,RO,ER L0NE

nddi ANALOG TR!N@ CARD !SED AS !NCT0ON TO !NCT0ON

#pu( CENTRAL ,ROCESS0NG !N0T

intof 0NTERFACE CARD

mm2fd FLO,,Y DR0


14/23


15/23

NEW MD# Dig%III

OLD MD# Dig%IV


16/23

>% TELEPHONE LINES%

In BHEL7H+r-/+r '&ree '*5es o) 'e3e5&one 3ines +re ,se-% T&e* +re8 7

MAX Lines

EPABX Lines

C7DOT Lines

MAX Lines8

Before -A E4$ Line2 are u2ed onl1 0nternal E4#"ane$ But New +CORAL. -A

line2 are u2ed for bot" internal +0nter#om. and e4ternal #ommuni#ation lin62 BHEL$

EPABX Lines

E,AB line2 are u2ed for bot" internal and e4ternal #ommuni#ation lin62 in BHEL$ 0ft"e u2er want2 to dial out2ide t"e perip"er1 of BHEL3 "e #an u2e t"e2e line2$ T"ere are about

)'' line2 a5ailable "ere$ T"e2e line2 are di2tributed in &/ line%#ard2 wit" =* line number2 in

ea#"$ 0t2 0$D$F$ 2e#tion "a2 *' ta blo#62$ number2 a5ailable "ere are #onne#ted 5ia diital

line2 in w"i#" a "o2t of fa#ilitie2 are pro5ided t"at #an be a##e22ed u2in #ode $

C7DOT Lines

T"e2e line2 are t"e dire#t telep"one line2 from C%DOT T"e fa#ilit1 t"e1 pro5ide i2

#alled D0D +Dire#t 0nward Dialin.$ 0t "a2 =* line2 and an1 BHEL number 2tartin wit" diit )

#an be a##e22ed u2in #ode *9$


17/23

?% CONNECTION TYPES%

T*5es o) Conne'ions

;it" wire2 i$e$ Cable2

;irele22 -i#rowa5e Lin62 t"rou" Satellite

C+63es Two t1pe2 of Cable2 are u2ed$ T"e1 are

&. !nderround #able2 T"e2e t1pe2 of #able2 run under t"e eart" and are ba2i#all1 u2ed to

#onne#t t"e e4#"ane to t"e 2ub2#riber72 Di2tribution Bo4 +D$B$.$ T"e1 are furt"er of two t1pe2

ba2ed upon t"eir #on2tru#tion and t"e in2ulatin material u2ed$

a$ ,aper #ore A$T$C$ +Armored Tin Cable.

b$ ell1 filled A$T$C$ +Armored Tin Cable.

=. O5er"ead #able2 T"e2e t1pe2 of #able2 are u2ed to #onne#t t"e e?uipment2 in2ide t"e

e4#"ane and to #onne#t t"e perip"eral de5i#e2 to t"e 2ub2#riber72 Di2tribution Bo4

+DB. T"e1 are enerall1 of ,$


18/23

@% Gener+3 )+,3's o,rring in +n E.&+nge%

T"ere are mainl1 two t1pe2 of fault2 t"at often o##ur in t"e E4#"ane$ T"e2e are ba2i#all1

Fault2 t"at o##ur from Line

Fault2 t"at o##ur due to 0n2trument

A% #+,3's '&+' o,r )ro4 Line

Due to line t"ree t1pe2 of fault2 ma1 o##ur$ T"e1 are #ateori>ed a2 under

&% Bre+0 )+,3' T"e1 are al2o #alled a2 Di2#onne#tion fault2$ T"e1 #an o##ur in t"e #onne#tor2

at "ome3 in line or in e4#"ane$ 0n #ommon t"e1 are broadl1 #alled a2 JTelep"one i2 deadJ$

=$ Loo5 )+,3' T"e1 are al2o #alled a2 Line%S"ortin fault2$ 0n t"i2 fault #onne#tor2 are 2"orted

prior t"e in2trument formin a lo#al loop$ 0f unattended for a lon time t"e1 ma1 #au2e 2e5ere

damae to t"e E4#"ane$

($ E+r'& )+,3' T"i2 fault ma1 o##ur due to

wettin of #onne#tor2

;ater in Ro2ette%Bo4

;ea6 in2ulation or

O4idation of #opper wire

Conne#tor2 #an eit"er tou#" from eart"3 wit" ot"er #onne#tor or wit" an1 #ondu#tor +2u#" a2metalli# table3 frame et#$.

Pro63e4s '&+' +n o,r -,e 'o 3ine )+,3's

&$ Sub2#riber #an not dial a number$

=$ Rin Trip i$e$ #onne#tion from t"e e4#"ane brea62 after one rin$

($ Fal2e Rin

*$ Low 2pee#"

)$ One 2ided 2pee#"

#+,3's '&+' o,r -,e 'o ins'r,4en'

T"e2e ma1 be

T"e number i2 not bein dialed

One wa1 2pee#"

Re#ei5er #oil i2 fault1

#+,3's '&+' o,r -,e 'o ins'r,4en' #ontKd

,luner or ,u2" 2wit#" fault1$ Dial tone brea62 after two or t"ree rin2$

From 2e#ond 2ub2#riber bell i2 "eard to be oin but at fir2t 2ub2#riber onl1 dial tone

02 "eard$

0n2trument #ir#uitr1 fault1$

;"en loop or eart" fault i2 re#ei5ed t"an e4#"ane #an be affe#ted 2o it i2 weded a2 2oon a2po22ible be#au2e if not wede for loner it #an damae line%#ard too$


19/23

To 2en2e t"e2e fault2 fir2t line%2ide i2 #"e#6ed and t"en e4#"ane 2ide i2 #"e#6ed at

e4#"ane$ 0f "owe5er e4#"ane 2ide i2 #orre#t t"en line fault2 after dete#tion are "anded o5er to

t"e #on#erned lineman for furt"er #"e#6in$

% LIST O# SPECIAL USER #EATURES ON VARIOUS EXCHANGES%

A! MAX (CORAL INDIA PVT%LTD%NOIDA!

-anufa#turer % E!-ONT SCH0NED0ER3 FRANCE C+5+i'*8 7 9@:: 3ines

CALL ,0C@ !, 9%4444 to pi#6 up a #all rinin at anot"er lo#ation

4444$

CALL TRANSFER = ,artie2 #on5er2in3 an1 part1 #an dial (rd part13 t"en

#on5er2ion amon t"em Han :up $ T"e part1 on line now tal6 to (rdpart1

,ARTY CONFERENCE ;"ile 2pea6in wit" a part1 a.$ +From ,ul2e 0n2trument %% 0f CALLER re?uire2 dialin (rd

part1

b.$ Durin #on5er2ation and maintainin tal623 t"en dial *$

+From Tone 0n2trument %% 0f CALLER re?uire2 dialin (rd

part1

#.$ Durin #on5er2ation and maintainin tal623 t"en fla2"3 and

dial *$

-AL0C0O!S CALL TRACE Dial = durin #on5er2ation3 to tra#e amali#iou2 #all From a -A E4ten2ion$ T"en en?uire from * or **=*$

A,,O0NT-ENT RE-0NDER Dial 9'%44%11 44M"r3 11Mmin$

To Can#el Dial =/$

0
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B! EPABXFALCATEL


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%OPTICAL #IBER SYSTEM%

Fiber opti#al tran2mi22ion medium i2 fa2t emerin a2 an alternati5e and 2tron

#ompetitor to #oa4ial #able2 in tele#ommuni#ation networ62$

Lon di2tan#e data tran2mi22ion in ele#tri#al #able2 2uffer2 from round loop problem2$

T"e merit2 of t"e opti#al fiber 2tem from t"e fa#t tat t"e ba2i# material u2ed in t"eir

#on2tru#tion i2 nonmetalli# and ele#tri#all1 non #ondu#ti5e$

0n #ontra2t3 t"e nonmetalli# and totall1 diele#tri# fiber opti#al #able are immune to radio

fre?uen#1 an ot"er ele#tromaneti# interferen#e2$ Ground loop and #ommon mode 5oltae

problem do not e4i2t and data #an be tran2mitted between point2 of 5a2tl1 different potential$ 0n

opti#al #able2 t"e information i2 tran2mitted b1 pa#6et2 of p"oton2 w"i#" "a5e no #"are$

T"ere i2 no po22ibilit1 of 2par62 or 2"ort #ir#uit w"en a fiber i2 #ut$ T"e bandwidt" "i"

#ompared to t"at of t"e ele#tri#al #able2$ T"e 2tandard RG%)9 #oa4ial #able "a2 bandwidt"

di2tan#e produ#t of a t1pi#al opti#al fiber i2 about &'' -H>%@m$

Fiber #able2 are about t"e t"i#6ne22 of a "uman "air an1 dirt ob2tru#tin t"e opti#al port #au2e2

poor tran2mi22ion$ T"e t"in dimen2ion re2ult2 in a low wei"t for i5en lent" w"en #ompared

to ele#tri#al #able2$ Howe5er3 bein t"in and 2omew"at brittle in nature3 fiber tend to brea6

ea2il1 if bent be1ond a #ertain limit a dire#t 5iewin into t"e opti#al point #an be "armful to t"e

e1e2$

0


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;:% MAINTENANCE%

T"e 2ub8e#t of maintenan#e of Automati# Telep"one E4#"ane #an be broadl1 di5ided under

two #ateorie2 %

&$ ,re5ention of Ser5i#e Failure2$

=$ Lo#ation of Fault2 and t"eir remo5al$

,re5ention of Ser5i#e Failure2 #an be done in followin wa12 %

&$ Suitable de2in and adoption of 2uitable ad8u2tment 2tandard2 of t"e e?uipment part2 of t"e

e4#"ane #an minimi>e failure2 in 2er5i#e$

=$ Some pre5enti5e mea2ure2 ma1 al2o redu#e 2er5i#e failure2 5i>$ 6eepin t"e room2 du2t free3

maintainin temperature and "umidit1 under tolerable limit2 u2in air%#onditioner2 et#$$$

($ Routine in2pe#tion3 routine te2t2 and routine ad8u2tment2 al2o "elp in pre5entin 2er5i#e

failure2$

;"en fault2 o##ur in 2ome part2 of t"e e4#"ane3 t"e1 2"ould be dete#ted and remo5ed a2

?ui#6l1 a2 po22ible$


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BHEL TRAINING REPORT ON ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

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