BY: B E N H A M BY

HISTORY AND CHANGES IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION

HISTORY

• First types of physical education taught in schools:• Gymnastics • Track & Field • Personal Hygiene & Upkeep

• Began to grow in importance during the development of collegiate athletics and physical demands for soldiers during war

HISTORY (CONT.)

• Early 1900’s aim of physical education was to:• Promote wellness • Train young athletes Olympics and

organized/professional sports

• Machines to aid in improving athletic performance were introduced:• Dumbbells• Medicine balls

HISTORY (CONT.)

• 1970’s - Women allowed to compete in high school and collegiate events

• 2000’s - Shift from competitive athletics to promoting health and wellness

• Present - emphasis on:• Importance of exercise• Theory and rules of sports• Values of teamwork, leadership, and competitiveness

IMPORTANT THEORISTS

Johann Bernhard Basedow

• Emphasized:• Importance of physical play• Uniforms

IMPORTANT THEORISTS

Charles Beck

• First American phys. ed. teacher (gymnastics)• Believed in exercise for

bodily maintenance

IMPORTANT THEORISTS

Diocletian Lewis

• Created early versions of weightlifting equipment

IMPORTANT THEORISTS

Dudley Allen Sargent

• Began physical testing of various ages

IMPORTANT THEORISTS

Clark Hetherington

• Founded many collegiate athletic programs

• Created drills and activities that promoted:• Sportsmanship• Leadership• Teamwork

CURRENT NATIONAL PHYSICAL EDUCATION CURRICULUM- (TAKEN FROM:

HTTP://WWW.MARYLANDPUBLICSCHOOLS.ORG/MSDE/DIVISIONS/INSTRUCTION/PHYSICAL_EDUCATION.HTM

• The National Standards for Physical Education include:

• Standard 1: Demonstrates competency in motor skills and movement patterns needed to perform a variety of physical activities.

• Standard 2: Demonstrates understanding of movement concepts, principles, strategies, and tactics as they apply to the learning and performance of physical activities.

• Standard 3: Participates regularly in physical activity.

• Standard 4: Achieves and maintains a health-enhancing level of physical fitness.

• Standard 5: Exhibits responsible personal and social behavior that respects self and others in physical activity settings.

• Standard 6: Values physical activity for health, enjoyment, challenge, self-expression, and/or social interaction.

DIVERSITY AND ASSISTANCE IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION- (TAKEN FROM:

HTTP://WWW.MARYLANDPUBLICSCHOOLS.ORG/MSDE/DIVISIONS/INSTRUCTION/PHYSICAL_EDUCATION.HTM)

• Adapted Physical Education (APE)• The physical education program designed for individuals with

disabilities is called adapted physical education as it is in Title 34 Code of Federal Regulations. The program is adapted to meet the needs of each student through modifications and accommodations.

• The student is not required to adapt to the conditions of the program as would be implied with adaptive physical education as in adaptive behaviors.

• Adapted Physical Education is a service not a setting. It is important to distinguish that students with disabilities that need APE services, receive this service in order to benefit from quality instruction in physical education in the Least Restrictive Environment. Least Restrictive Environment is the federal language to describe the setting for receiving these services.

WHY PHYSICAL EDUCATION IS IMPORTANT TO FIGHT CHILDHOOD OBESITY

• Percentage of children ages 6-11 which are obese has doubled in the past 20 years

• African American and Latinos are a large part of the statistic population

• Obesity in children can lead to diabetes, joint pain, depression, and anxiety.

CITATIONS

• Bavčević, T., Babin, J., & Prskalo, I. (2006). COMPLEX GROUP ORGANIZATIONAL FORMS - AN OPTIMIZING FACTOR IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION INSTRUCTION. Kinesiology, 38(1), 28-39.

• Brief History of Physical Education, Physical Education History. (n.d.). Excite Education. Retrieved July 10, 2014, from http://www.excite.com/education/subject/brief-history-of-physical-education

• Foteinos, D. (2012). Images of the body: the Greek physical education curriculum since the Second World War. History Of Education, 41(6), 807-822. doi:10.1080/0046760X.2012.749753

• PHILLIPS, M., & ROPER, A. (2006). History of physical education. In D. Kirk, D. Macdonald, & M. O'Sullivan (Eds.), Handbook of physical education. (pp. 123-141). London: SAGE Publications Ltd. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781848608009.n8

• https://www.google.com/search?q=obesity+and+physical+education&rlz=1C1CHWA_enUS553US553&oq=obesity+and+physical+education&aqs=chrome..69i57.6629j0j4&sourceid=chrome&es_sm=93&ie=UTF-8