Beyond Video Games and Graphic Novels: Strategies to help...

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Beyond Video Games and Graphic Novels: Strategies to help males transfer literacy strengths from home to the classroom. Marianne Farinas de Leon Instructor Harper College Palatine, IL Best Practices Symposium Harper College, April 9 2010

Transcript of Beyond Video Games and Graphic Novels: Strategies to help...

Page 1: Beyond Video Games and Graphic Novels: Strategies to help …dept.harpercollege.edu/symposium/presentations/Beyond... · 2010-04-15 · Beyond Video Games and Graphic Novels: Strategies

Beyond Video Games and Graphic Novels: Strategies to help males transfer literacy strengths from home to the classroom. 

Marianne Farinas de LeonInstructor Harper College Palatine, IL

Best Practices SymposiumHarper College, April 9 2010

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Some Statistics for you‐‐

In 2007, 8th grade male students in Illinois had an average reading score that was lower than that of female students by 8 points. (National Assessment of Education Progress 2007 Report)

A study conducted by the U.S. Department of Education in 2001 revealed that 12th

grade boys are four times more likely than girls not to do homework that required reading and/or writing.

In 1992 80% of male  high school graduates were proficient in reading; In 2005 only 73% were.  In 2006 the numbers fell to 68% (NAEP 2007 Report)  Numbers stayed more consistent for females—83%, 83% and 81%

In my developmental writing course at Harper College, at least 60% of the students are male. The numbers are the same for the developmental reading courses.

There are 2.7 million more women than men in higher education. (Inside Higher Ed “Is there a crisis in Education of Males”, May 2008)

By 2011, 61% of all college graduates will be female. (Weins, 2006)

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Why is this?

Take a few minutes to brainstorm with the person next to you some of 

the reasons why there is an increasing literacy gap between 

males and females.

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Language Literacy

We know that language literacy is essential for all academic success.

Poor reading performance can have a profound effect on performance in other subjects.

• Seems to be a disconnect between how schools define literacy and what literacy is to males.

• To the extent that schools define reading within the novel, boys will check out.

So what is literacy to males?

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Results of a small‐scale study• Males who do not do well in language arts classes and claim that they don’t read most of what’s assigned actually are reading at home.

Results of a formal, national study

• Results matched more formal study conducted by Michael Smith and Jeffrey Wilhelm for their book, ‘Reading don’t fix no Chevys’: Literacy in the Lives of Young Men, (Heinmann 2002)

What are they reading?Any guesses?

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They are reading all sorts of stuff!

• 9th grade: Batman Comic Book Series• 9th grade: Game Informer Magazine• 11th grade: Online Cheat for Call of Duty video game

• 11th grade: Hip‐Hop Weekly• 12th grade: Dungeons and Dragons Information book

• College Age: Holocaust books by Primo Levi• College Age: H.P. Lovecraft Series

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Sample from Call of Duty online cheat

• The Bowie Knife--I felt--was not applicable to be put in the list, though it's worth noting. If you buy it and die, you will still have it when you respawn. Also this knife kills in one hit until round 12. Just remember that zombies can easily hit you when you're in close, so use the reach of the knife to slash them (don't go close as you knife because the knife attack pulls your player forwards a few feet fast. When you do knife, pull back on the left analog stick as it makes contact to avoid getting hit. The Bowie Knife kills zombie dogs in 2 hits--sometimes just one when they first come. This is useful if your only guns have high splashback damage(like the Ray Gun or Wunderwaffe) This is true especially if the dogs get too close. Monkeys are new to Der Riese; throwing them will have zombies ignore players and run straight for it and wait by it until it explodes with the same explosive power as a grenade. This is very useful for finding time to revive downed players or help players that may get overwhelmed.

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Sample from H.P. Lovecraft novel, Cthulhu

• the secret priests would take great Cthulhu from his tomb to revive His subjects and resume his rule of earth....Then mankind would have become as the Great Old Ones; free and wild and beyond good and evil, with laws and morals thrown aside and all men shouting and killing and revelling in joy. Then the liberated Old Ones would teach them new ways to shout and kill and revel and enjoy themselves, and all the earth would flame with a holocaust of ecstasy and freedom.

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Sample text from Dungeons and Dragons

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What do these texts have in common?

• All of these texts create what Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi calls Flow.

A key characteristic of flow is being lost in the activity—losing sense of time since the pleasure of involvement is more important than what might be gained from the activity. (Smith and Wilhelm, 2002)

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Four main components necessary to achieve flow:

1. A sense of control and competence

2. A challenge that requires an appropriate level of skill

3. Clear goals and feedback

4. A focus on the immediate experience(Smith and Wilhelm, 2002)

• What activities achieve flow for you?

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Activities that traditionally* create flow for males:

• Sports• Other physical activities• Video games• Building projects• Solving or fixing a problem• Skipping Stones

*not a discussion of whether this is nature/nurture or true for all males. My experience as an educator, parent, wife, and sibling shows this to be true for most males with whom I’ve come in contact. Smith and Wilhelm (2002) also found this to be true.

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How are the texts enjoyed by males similar to the activities enjoyed by males?

THEY ALL CREATE FLOWExample of how video games and graphic novels create flow:1) In both cases the end is already known and they get 

constant response to how they’re doing (Clear Goals and Feedback)

2) Get more difficult the more they accomplish (A challenge that requires an appropriate level of skill)

3) What they learn is necessary for the next step (A focus on the immediate experience)

4) They have chosen the activity and advance at their pace (Control and Competence)

All the texts—just as with the activities—give the student strategic knowledge that they then can apply to the next activity. In other words, the texts start with what they know and lead them to what they don’t know. In fact, the texts are organized so that what they know is used to discover what they don’t. 

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In other words, these texts and tasks meet the participants at their level and 

develop them from there. 

Using what they know to lead them to what they don’t requires careful 

sequencing of material.

This is where you come in!

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Inquiry Based Activities and Sensible Sequencing

A student may have a difficult time seeing the connection between authors simply because they were all American, British or people of color. Poetry that is all from the same country doesn’t provide a natural sequence for most students. A common theme is also not enough for most males.  We have to create that connection for them.

Inquiry Based Activities and Sensible Sequencing have the potential of creating a flow experience for all students.

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Sample Inquiry Based approach for American Literature

Texts:The CrucibleTo Kill a MockingbirdI Know Why the Caged Bird SingsRobert Frost’s poem, “Out, Out…”Flannery O’Connor’s short story, “A Good Man is Hard to Find”

Questions for Inquiry:1) Does it always pay to do the right thing?2) Do society and the law reward good behavior most of the time?3) In what ways do society and laws punish the victim and reward the perpetrator? 

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Sample Inquiry Based approach for American Literature

• Questions on Board First Week of School. Students journal/discuss questions during the first week (Gives clear feedback and goals)

• Students find sample in current events and evidence in material they already like to read that begins to answer these questions. Bring reading material into class. This is ongoing through the year

(Necessitates a sense of competence and control)(Provides a challenge that requires an appropriate level of skill)

• Students are asked to recall historical events (maybe from last year’s curriculum) that help to come to some conclusion about questions. (Necessitates a sense of competence and control)

• Students are asked to write a short argument that defends their answer to one of the questions. In fact all writing assignments ask them to examine these very questions. (Allows for a focus on the immediate)

• (Gives clear feedback and goals)

• Discuss, evaluate, analyze texts other students bring in. (Allows for a focus on the immediate)

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Said another way—the natural critical learning environment

• Ken Bain What the best college teachers do (Harvard University Press 2004)

“An intriguing question or problem is the first of five essential elements that make up the natural critical learning environment. The second is guidance in helping students understand the significance of the question…the third engages students in some higher order intellectual activity: compare, apply, evaluate, analyze or synthesize. The environment also helps students answer the questions and fifth it leaves students with a question like, “What can we ask now?” (Bain 102‐103)

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Natural Critical Learning Environmentmay force us to rethink our goals

• What do we hope to achieve when we ‘teach’ a certain novel?

• Should we be more concerned with students discovering plot, characterization, setting and narration than we are with them using literature to answer some big moral questions?

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Students in all content areas can benefit from an Inquiry Based Approach

• Science—lends itself naturally to Inquiry Based

• History—start with the end and work backwards from there.

• CompositionProvide lots of examples

Discover elements of essay

Distinguish the effective from ineffective

Give rubric and allow students to “grade” essays

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Think about the objectives you currently have in your class. How can you create lessons that 

are more inquiry based in nature?

Can you think of one or two questions of inquiry that will allow for more 

sequencing and better flow?

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If we don’t engage males in the literacy process‐‐

• Ninety percent of all infractions on high school campuses are in response to boys’ behavior. (U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 2005)

• Seventy‐five percent of all expulsions and suspensions are males. (U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 2005)

• Two‐thirds of all dropouts are male. (U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 2003)

• Three quarters of state prison inmates are dropouts, as are 59% of federal inmates. (Ninety‐two percent of all inmates are male). (Coalition for Juvenile Justice, 2001)

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If you have an idea for collaboration or to further discuss research regarding education 

and gender, please contact me.

Marianne Farinas de Leon

[email protected]