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Beyond the literary veil – Womenwriting Africa: The northern region(2009)Khatija Khan aa College of Human Sciences , University of South AfricaPublished online: 03 Aug 2012.

To cite this article: Khatija Khan (2012) Beyond the literary veil – Women writing Africa: Thenorthern region (2009), International Journal of African Renaissance Studies - Multi-, Inter- andTransdisciplinarity, 7:1, 22-38, DOI: 10.1080/18186874.2012.699920

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International Journal of African Renaissance StudiesVol. 7 (1) 2012

pp. 22 38

ISSN (Print) 1818-6874ISSN (Online) 1753-7274© University of South Africa PressDOI: 10.1080/18186874.2012.699920

Beyond the literary veil – Women writing Africa: The northern region (2009)

Khatija KhanCollege of Human SciencesUniversity of South Africa khankb@unisa.ac.za

AbstractWhenever African literature is discussed there is an articulated incorrect assumption that this relates to all the regions of Africa, except North Africa. A related further assumption is that only men in North Africa write. Female writers from the North barely receive critical attention, although they have been writing creative works. The aim of this article is to dispel the notion of literary drought when describing North Africa. Using the text, Women writing Africa: The northern region, the article demonstrates the different sensibilities that female authors in North Africa have created and manifest, when writing against patriarchy as well as against ideological philistinism within their communities. It is argued that female authors from North Africa African-Arab women are versatile in their imaginations as they engage with social reality from the perspective of creative art as well as political discourse. The article concludes that this assertion removes the literary veil so that North African female authors can begin to be appreciated artistically, more than has been the situation up to now.

Keywords: African-Arab women; Arab; colonisation; creative art; education; female authors; folklore; ideological philistinism; inquisition; Islam; liberation; literary veil; North Africa; patriarchy; political discourse; resistance; violence

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23Beyond the literary veil Women writing Africa ...

Introduction: Overcoming the notion of a literary desert in North Africa

Sadi i No aira oly and nna i concede t at t e literary oice of o en a e een under ined y an o tru i e atriarc al y te In t eir ie e t ey ric or oor African Ara o en t eir role in ociety a e een circu cri ed y

I la ic con ention it re ard to literacy ic rede ned o an o i ilitie for ac ie e ent e ecially a on t e ealt y and t o e o i t anife t olitical in uence t e reate t nu er of o an continued a t ey ad for illennia or in t e land in ou e old t at uffered t e a arie of ood fa ine ta collector and in adin ar ie i id 1

e a o e ie i u orted y eila A ed 1 3 7 for o Ara culture a ore re tricti e to ard o an and ore i o yni t at lea t t eir i o yny and

t eir ode of controllin o en y la and y cu to ere ore fully articulated ad ini trati ely and a in cri ed code o t de ate on African literature i licitly u e t t at t ere i little or no literary creati ity in Nort Africa i co e out clearly

fro a a le of aut oritati e ant olo ie of African literature and it critici o er t e a t e year In Negotiating Afropolitanism a r ine and a o a 11 for e a le out of 1 e ay only one can e aid to e de oted to Nort Africa It i an e ay t at reference anon ut i ritten in uc a ay t at ile it i ediate conte t i Al eria in reality it addre e t e continent and it i t e continental a eal of

anon idea and not t e creati e or t at t ey infor t at i e a i ed In anot er i ortant ant olo y African literature: An anthology of criticism and theory Sa aadi

7 ro a ly t e o t aut oritati e collection of e ay on African literature Nort Africa i re re ented y t o e ay fro l Saada i fro y t In anot er detailed

or Africa writes back: The launch of African literature Currey t e aut or Ja e Currey e lore t e ori in of t e Africa riter Serie and ention ery fe te t fro Nort Africa i near a ence of di cu ion on Nort African literature y

o en doe actually t and in inuate t e de cri tion of t e re ion a a literary de ert It i e t e i re ion t at t ere i little dialo ue et een Nort Africa and t e re t of t e continent urt er ore en Nort Africa i di cu ed it i o tly y t and t e

or of l Saada i t at are e lored in n li ea in Africa i i a roduct of electi e critici on t e art of acade ic and critic e literary out ut fro countrie

in Nort Africa uc a Al eria i lin ed to anon it uni ia and orocco al o t al ay e cluded fro literary di cu ion t er or uc a Feminist traditions in Andalusi-Moroccan oral narratives e ady include narrati e rendered not in Ara ut in n li and function i ortantly ecau e t ey odify t e icture of creati e alai e in Nort Africa So eti e critic a e ad to earc for Nort African literature fro t e dia ora a in t e ca e of The Seine was red Sadi i No aira oly and nna i a no el on anti colonial tru le in Al eria t at er e it tru le a ain t raci in rance u t e co ilation of t e ant olo y of critical and creati e

or fro Nort Africa t at ear t e title Women writing Africa: The northern region

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24 Khatija Khan

Sadi i No aira oly and nna i i indeed a rea t rou for t e re ion i ric ly edited or i a co o ite of letter ort ar critical e ay on and ort torie tran lated fro Ara ic It i not o i le to en a e all t e enre ca tured

in t e ant olo y e ort tory enre offer a ore con i tent and u tained otential for e lainin t e ulti le er ecti e t at t i ant olo y re ent a in e er ed fro a ric oral tradition o e er a e ady a e u a are tran lated

or fro Nort Africa are a co licated ali e t recreatin at could e lo t to t e n li ea in orld if it ere not rendered in t i for ran lation i creati e inter ention it i anot er ay of re e erin and it i ni cance in t e torie fro Women writing Africa analy ed ere i t at t e connotation and ood enerated

y one lan ua e ena le t e riter to ea fro it in t e lin ui tic ace of t e do inant di cour e i id and in t e roce to u ert t e alue of t o e do inant narrati e

The political context of North African women and creativity as a rite of passage

Women writing Africa: The northern region contain o e ort ar critical olitical e ay t at re eal t e o tile cultural en iron ent under ic o en co o e t eir

or or e a le in t e e ay e ea tern o an o e i and o e ould e i id 113 a i a a i fro y t re eal o atriarc y ad created an i a e

of African Ara o en o ould e co liant In t i e ay o en co e to elie e in t e lo er ocial tatu t at i culturally a cri ed to t e e e ay identi e t i a a ro le for t e o en o ant to e anci ate t e el e e olution i to under o

a yc olo ical re olution in ic t ey re ect t e role of t e inferior ot er in order to a e a at to ard freedo e t e e of t e ue t for freedo i furt er a li ed in

t e ort e ay ca in t e in ui ition i id 7 y Ana de elo fro orocco in ic t e African Ara o an i u ected to cruel uni ent in tituted t rou t e notoriou in ui ition an in titution deri ed fro uro e African Ara o en o renounced I la in fa our of C ri tianity ere u ected to torture t at often in ol ed

y ical anni ilation at t e ta e t rou t e infa ou ido urnin cere onie e e ay e c oice of a u and i id 11 11 y eina a a and oly a y i id 11 11 y ala ifni Na ef critici e t e enforce ent of atriarc al i e

to re o e fro o en t e o er to c oo e a u and ecau e o en are forced to enter into oly a ou relation a ain t t eir i e e e ay o en ri t i id 1 131 y ounira a et fro y t re eal o o en de and for t eir ri t are under ined y en ne of t e central ri t African Ara o en a itate for i t e ri t to i er education In i er education for o en i id 141 144 A a

a y fro y t ar ue t at i er education for o en i till in it infancy i id 14 t e rea on ein t at o t en feel t reatened y educated o en o end u ue tionin t e inferior role o en are ade to lay in ociety e ro le of a lac

of education for any African Ara o en i re ealed a acute a on youn o en in t e e ay n youn o en education i id 144 14 In t i iece Al atat

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25Beyond the literary veil Women writing Africa ...

fro orocco identi e an a undance of i norance and ac ard tradition i id 145 a t e cultural force t at ull o en do n nce o en are denied a critical education it i ea y for en to ro ide ele entary education t at a e o en t into t e tereoty e of a ood ife In t e iece e to education and no to arria e i id 15 153 t ere i a tron u e tion t at any youn o en and irl are e ected to tay o e in ait for a erfect atc in arria e e in titution of arria e i

ie ed a uffocatin ecau e for o t o en it re ent t e fro reali in t eir i er oal in life

o e er alt ou Women writing Africa: The northern region contain e ay and o inion iece fro o en o outline co lain and criti ue ariou for of o re ion i o ed on t e t e oo accordin to o a nna i and A ena A

u ia o rote it reface i after all a out t e earc for o en oice and a ency i id iii In fact t e ro ect director of t e oo u yline Jita Allan A ena A u ia and lorence o e in t eir introduction u e t t at t e o tile cultural iritual and olitical en iron ent in ic any African Ara o en nd t e el e iritually con train and deli erately re ent t e fro anife tin t eir

ulti le talent It a i ortant for t e ro ect editor to fore round t i no led e in order to ro erly re tore African o en oice in t e u lic ere i id

i t e editor u e t can e done en t ey u e t e conte t of t e nort ern re ion of Africa to locate t e fault line of e ory and o c an e a u tion a out t e

a in of African no led e culture and i tory i id i In ot er ord t e ac round of t e o tile circu tance ilitatin a ain t African Ara o en in

Nort Africa a ca tured in t i oo ironically eco e t e condition a ain t ic t e o en tru le for ariou for of e anci ation can e ea ured All t e torie in t i collection in one ay or anot er focu t e attention on interro atin t e

role coloniali in it different e re ion and African Ara ic for of artriarc al control e ert on u li and non u li o en in Nort Africa

The textures of North African women’s suffering and oppression

e o er of t e oo Women writing Africa deri e fro t e ca acity of t e fe ale creati e aut or relentle i a ination t at e o e ta e trie of t e in titutionali ed ufferin and o re ion of o en in a ran e of ay t at t e torie ca ture or

e a le in utca t and e ile i id 5 7 y A rouc e fro Al eria a youn irl i di o ned y er aternal fat er o rand er a c ild of in en t e c ild i e irt to a a y irl t e fat er i a ent en e co e e refu e to i e t e irl i

na e i id 5 Alienated fro t e fat er and t e co unity of a ylia i id t e irl i e arated fro er arent A out er co unity t e irl ay I cannot count

t e lo I recei ed at endle ullyin I uffered If I entured into t e treet I ould ri ein noc ed do n and tra led u on i id e deni ration o en

uffer in Nort Africa i cau ed y t eir identity cri i ic i occa ioned y ne ati e ale attitude to ard o en o en not only uffer y ical ar yc ic da a e

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26 Khatija Khan

i i ited on t e irl in t e tory o i ade to ear t e uni ent of al in around co ered it lt dre ed in ac clot it a little u of e cre ent un around er

nec In addition to t i uni ent t e c ild a al o o ed until e led i id ile i t u foi ted on er a a er anent tate of re ection e irony i t at in t e tory

t i re ection ani ate t e irl to e in t e t a ain t atriarc y in er co unity Alienation i re or ed y t e aut or o t at it i t e recondition for ndin one true elf

In e ra o one i id 5 5 a tory y Arfaoni fro uni ia o en endure a different ind of o re ion eine i forced to li e it t e reality of er

u and Ali c eatin on er t er o en c ide eine and a e er feel i era le ince t ey no of Ali unfait fulne i id 1 Ali u ti e i dou le tandard y aintainin t at I la allo en and not o en to a e t o or ore e ual artner e t rill of t i tory i t at eine i not de icted a a a i e o an

S e yc olo ically torture Ali y a in i to re eal i are i i a direct c allen e to t e atriarc al aut ority t at a arro ated it elf a t e force in t e fa ily t at ield t e o er to decide o en li e In ot er ord ile t i tory re eal o t e arria e in titution i de i ned to ene t en and u iliate o en t e fact

t at eine rea t e ilence i id and confront er u and i a ar er of de elo in con ciou ne on t e art of o en in Nort Africa

e ela orate ritual of t e e ual u iliation of o en in Nort Africa are dra ati ed in t e tory ite i id 315 31 y e y fro Sudan In t e tory

o en are not u o ed to en oy t eir odie durin t e e act ir t t ey a e to e circu ci ed and t i roce i y ically u iliatin a uc a it i entally

alienatin t e fe ale ody fro it earer a t e ody i re ared for en to ra i e youn lady in t e tory i rudely inducted into u li e ual ore en er u and de and t at e e circu ci ed enital utilation i y ically ainful S e tate

de oid of y ill I did e actly at t e doctor a ed e to do I let out a ar crea en e in ected t e anae t etic e aited for a ile t en et to or on y ody cuttin it it t e ci or S e t en e an to ta e e eral titc e it a needle ullin t e t read a e notted it I felt t e ellin and t e re ure of er n er a e or ed et een y t i i id 31

e at o in t i tory i re i tered t rou at t e o an feel e i denied free ill and t e ri t to refu e e endure t e ain of t e o eration and a o e all it i

ot er o en li e er o encoura e er to do it for t e lea ure of er u and e arro ant u and retort to t e ife t at if you really lo e e do it you ill not feel any ain it ill all e done under co lete anae t e ia i id 31 e tory al o record t e ratuitou e ual iolence on t e o an en arely a ee after t e o eration t e u and a e it er en e crie out in ain e c oo e to t in t at er crie are an e re ion of e ual deli t A t e o an ay e ee ed to

e li e t e ca e an o ad tal ed a ild ra it en oyed roa tin it and a no ready to de our it I a t i ild ra it e con idered y ainful roan o e ind of fe inine layfulne t at tren t ened i feelin of irility i id 31

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27Beyond the literary veil Women writing Africa ...

e tra edie in t i tory are ulti le t e ife lo t fore er t e elo ed o re ided in y eart and oul de ite a in ained a an y u and i id ra edy al o lie in a an ein ed ed on y o curanti t cultural ractice to en oyin iolatin a

o an And ore i ortantly t e tra edy i t at t e o en in t i co unity are co letely rain a ed and rain dead t ey a e een rendered una le to c allen e

atriarc y In tead t ey are t e one o carry out on e alf of t e en t e cruel ta of u u atin o e o en to t e i of en

e t e e of o en co licity in under inin ot er o en in Nort Africa i al o creati ely re ected in t e torie y t o o en fro y t o i at ia l A al i id 3 3 1 y l A al and ra ed o en i id 3 3 3 5 y ut In er tory l A al re eal t e i fortune t at efall African Ara o en o are not educated S e re eal t at in o t Ara read African Ara ocietie t e fa ilie elie e oy ere t e one to e educated ile t e irl ere to e re ared for arria e i id 3 1 ere an educated u and c eat on i ife y a in er to a e a t u rint on a iece of a er ecau e e a not educated e o li e

only to nd out t at e a old er ri t to t e fa ily ro erty to anot er endor o an a ida o e and er u and ad decided to el A lac of education

di ad anta e o en in t e Ara orld of Nort Africa It allo en to u e ot er o en to t t eir attle or to el u le or u iliate t o e o en o are

con idered a t reat to atriarc y In ra ed o en i id 3 3 3 5 ut i licate o en o a e fallen rey to en ile and are no ein u ed to o re ot er o en ut de cri e o en a fra ed in o e and indo i id 3 4 ey

are con ned to narro ace y en and e in to lay out t e contradictory role en a e created for t e In t e e con ned ace o en colla orate it en in

u duin ot er o en a uc a o e o en re ect t e e role e con ciou ne t at e er e fro t i tory i t e ac no led e ent t at en and o en artici ate in under inin o en o en are artici ant in all t i o in ented uc tructure

o en or en o t certainly ot Not only o en e are all i licated in our fra e e a e fra ed our el e i id 3 5 i in i tful under tandin of t e

o er dyna ic et een en and o en refu e to ro antici e o en al ay eein t e a un illin icti In ot er ord t e tory u e t t at o en a e to ri e a o e t e la e entality to ee clearly o to t t eir o re or en and ot er

o en e aut orial ideolo y of t i tory roaden t e ter of t e de ocratic t for o en freedo en t e oice of t e narrator o a en to e t e aut or tate t at alt ou in t e a t e a concerned and rote on o en i ue e a ince o ed a ay fro o en i ue to ender ecau e one cannot ee o en ro le in i olation i id 3 3

In Women writing Africa t e t e e of o certain ne ati e cultural ractice of I la ittin ly and ratuitou ly le t e aterial di o e ion of o en in eritance i

e lored in o e i li e ater i id 35 3 y Sera eldin o torie of a ou e i id 3 33 y eila A ou eid and o t of all Accu ed of ere y i id 3 3 4 y A our o e i li e ater e oan t e fact t e u li o en are denied identitie

of t eir o n rand ot er could not e addre ed y t eir o n na e t ey elon ed to

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28 Khatija Khan

en o t ey too o er en na e a e ture culturally intended to reinforce t e fact t at o en ere art of en e tended ro erty or aterial o e ion e narrator a youn irl re i ter er di lea ure at atriarc y ur i in icariou ly t rou ot er o en in act of iritual t ie ery rand ot er a e irt to ei t c ildren de ite er frail ody In er lifeti e e a allo ed and tau t to read ut not rite

eci cally to fore tall t e o i ility i id 354 t at t rou ritin e i t aut or er o n di tinct identity ic ould e out of tune it t e ocial e a iour and

role e ected of o en eadin a tolerated for o en ecau e t ey ere erely i i in a culture already created y en In tead of e a i in o en ental ca a ilitie a eneration of rand ot er a encoura ed to y ically loo ood for t e e ual rati cation of t eir en e youn narrator con r t i

e oto ortrait t at I a e of Sit uli u t a e een ta en en e a in er fortie In t e oto er dar air i e ertly a ed and e i ade u in t e fa ion of t e ti e it encil t in arc ed ro and o li er anicured and it dar nail oli are folded in front of er S e loo a if e a een ade u and coiffed for t e occa ion and a if t i ortrait a not er idea i id 354

e eer y icality of a rand ot er do inate er de cri tion o e er t e folded and u e t t e or in of ale ideolo y t at in i ted e loo u le and non

t reatenin urt er ore t i ortrait a not er idea ic a ain u e t t at t e o e a arran ed and in t e roce er indi iduality a u dued In t e tory t e rand ot er i al o encoura ed to deed or and o er e eral iece of er ro erty i id e di tur in feature in t i tory i t at en t e rand ot er died er on ere ent into olitical e ile and er fa ily fortune a e ro riated and

nationali ed i id 357 y t e Na erite o ern ent ere one a a en e t at it in t e nationali t icono ra y o en are con idered di en a le i i one of t e fe torie in t e collection o e o er deri e fro lin in t e cultural in titution of t e

fa ily to t e olitical in titution of t e nation to ortray o ale dri en in titution de end on one anot er to control o en

In o torie of a ou e i id 3 33 u li court are ortrayed a unfair to o en ey are o n a ettin one o an a ain t anot er o a to ea en t e o er o en i t a e to collecti ely conte t t e in u tice ale ad ini tered court

u e to aintain t e tatu uo t at ri ile e en and occa ionally co o ted o en In t e tory t o old o en uarrel o er t e ou e t at ot lay clai to e a rie ed

o an adi a ent A ed rue el in a youn irl o eca e re nant and id fro er arent adi a confe e t at e er uaded er u and to ar our

t e youn o an for lon er t an intended en eeluda t e youn o an a e entually re ue ted to lea e e clai ed e ad a arria e contract it adi a

u and o did not deny t i e i udence of eeluda conni in it adi a u and i re ealed en eeluda tell a c ildle adi a to lea e It ti e for you

to o in tead I ere in y o n ou e it y c ildren i id 33 i o o en are a le to ani ulate t eir i e and e en t ro t e out of t e ou e and t at en o en a eal to t e court t e ud e are already ia ed a ain t t e

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29Beyond the literary veil Women writing Africa ...

Accu ed of ere y i id 3 3 4 i ere t e reader e erience t e ectacle of e ce i e iolence er etrated on o en y S ari a court e tory ca ture

rue o e detail of o o en are ilenced in o e train of u li culture Sali a a c aracter in t e tory i rou t efore t e reat in ui ition to an er c ar e t at

e ate eo le and i educated o et in ic i not e ected of a o an e narrator oint out t at t e uni ent for any ody called efore t e in ui ition i redeter ined e entence of t e In ui ition li e undred of re iou entence ould e to urn at t e ta e S e i a ined t e cene ey ould tie er and u er

into a uare full of e ectant face aitin for t e re to read fro t e torc e to er i e t e urnin of t e oo i id 3 1

e tru ed u c ar e t at Sali a ated eo le a ade to tic e en t ou t e in ui itor ad not a ed t e eo le of ia in i id Sali a a al o uni ed

ecau e er fat er a an lon dead ad et a recedent y educatin i dau ter In t e tory t e a in u tice eted out to Sali a i carried out in u lic to u iliate

er and to end a e a e to ot er o en o i t a ire to eco e educated

After Sali a ad ra ed t e red ot iron ar it er t o and and al ed t e re uired di tance t e in ui itor did not a a e ected conclude t at a in t i te t eant t at t e accu ed ad een tellin t e trut n t e contrary t ey ere e en

ore con inced t at e a relyin on a i t de il t at ena led er to ear t e ain i id 3

e ite t e ain Sali a endure and er u iliation en t e in ui itor la el er a itc o tra elled y ni t on t e ac of a yin ani al i id 3 e c allen e er tor entor y contradictin t eir la S e coff y ea in er ind rai in u icion y an erin t at e ad not eard of any ortal o could do t at

e ce t o a ed t e ro et of t e u li i id i attac on t e ud e a ell a o a ed i t e turnin oint in t e tory Sali a de e t e in ui itor o

are forced to it dra t eir c ar e e ud e atte t to lacate t e ounded e o of t e in ui itor y u e tin t at Sali a o e ed e il a ic i id 3 3 Any

o an o refu e to o to cultural re ure i addre ed in e orati e ter Sali a continue to defy t e aut ority of t e ud e and t e in ui itor e ite ein entenced to e ecution e ould not u iliate er elf y crea in and leadin or e en y eco in terri ed li e a ou e in a tra It a di ni ed to old on to one anity

and ride No e ould al li e one in o e ion of er oul e en if e a al in to a la in re i id

In tead of a earin itiful and ulnera le Sali a feel e a not in to a olo i e for ecau e e a rai ed y a enera le an o ade oo and o e eart turned to a e t e day e a t e oo ein urned i id S e oc at t e ud e call t e i e t tandard of u tice di en ed y a re ered council of t eolo ian and c olar i id 3 3 a ell t e fal e c ar e of ere y ronounced on er en e o er ride and ilfulne i id 3 4 ri t to t e oint of ein acri ced on t e

ta e i tory i licate o e er ion of I la ic reli ion in under inin creati e fe ale uc a Sali a er urnin call to ind t e sati tradition a de cri ed y

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ani in o e Indian tri e ere o en o lo e t eir u and are di o e ed of t eir ealt t rou ido urnin In an eye itne account ani record t at

o en ere not erely er uaded to co it sati ey ere al o y ically coerced into i olatin t e el e ere are nu erou e a le of o en ein tied to t e

yre eld do n it a oo ole or el e ei ted do n it ood o en ere al o dru ed ne ido o ana ed to e ca e fro t e yre te ti ed to a in een i en lar e uantitie of o iu and an t er o en ere o er ed to a e een arely en i le and to a e een y ically a i ted onto t e yre 1 3 4

In Accu ed of ere y Sali a can e aid to e ido ed e ecially i en t at er fat er a ilenced to t e deat y t e ery reli iou and cultural in titution t at are deter ined to defraud o en fro Nort Africa fro o e in intelli ence and t e

ill to ac ie e ore t an at t e con ne of ociety er it Sali a i coerced y t e eye of t e cro d ic include o en it eye dancin it oy and re arin

for t e ectacle i id 3 4 of t e de i e of one of t eir ind e urnin of Sali a re enact at ani de cri e a t e allocentric re erie t at y y tifyin coercion a t e de otion and free ill of t e ido in turn enact a di cur i e iolence t at i e ery it a cruel and indefen i le a t e ractice t at i it re ection i id 4

ile t e iolence of sati rin out t e acti e ufferin of ido it al o anife t o en re i tance to and coercion in ido urnin i id 4 3 It i i ortant to underline t e i ni cance of Sali a de ance to aut oritarian

tendencie Alt ou er re i tance i ideolo ical t e reader e erience t e i ly olitici ed re i tance of o en o rite fro Nort Africa t rou Na al l

Saada i tory ritin and freedo i id 5 3 and Nouara tory y o e o en rite oetry i id 311 313 ere o en re i tance coale ce into o en

re olt and re ellion a ca tured and de icted in t e ction of o en riter o direct t eir attac at ale do inated nationali under irded y atriarc al y te

Interrogating colonialism and Arabic patriarchy in North Africa

In er auto io ra ical tory ritin and freedo i id 5 3 Na al l Saada i o enly et t e ta e for conte tation et een creati e o en and atriarc al for of o re ion t at re eal t e el e y under inin o en i a ination In t e tory

l Saada i i cate orical in er dete tation of t e in titution of arria e t rou ic Nort African atriarc y e erci e it ne ati e in uence on o en or er t e

ore a o an dedicate er elf to t e in titution of arria e t e ore uffocated e i ound to feel i id 7 u li arria e are de icted in t e tory a o re i e

ecau e t ey are ie ed a t e cultural ace t at ro ided t e aut ority of t e fat er and u and in t e all fa ily i id and t e for of control i o ed on

o en irror t e lar er a ence of freedo of o en in t e national cene ecau e t e fa ily i a icroco re re entin t e aut ority of t e tate t e le al y te ocial in titution t e aut ority of reli ion and S ari a and nally t e aut ority of

international le iti acy i id l Saada i tory ortray creati e ritin a ro idin

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31Beyond the literary veil Women writing Africa ...

an i ortant i a inati e ace fro ic it i o i le to e ca e t e ri on created y t e li itin and li ited ocial conte t of t e fa ily and national alue ic are

antit etical to o en inde endence or t e aut or creati ity allo o en ind to tran re and de troy i id t e anacle i o ed y t e iritual oundarie t at t e aut oritarian Ara I la ic reli ion uarantee for Nort African en

ere l Saada i recount o e o ed out of t e tereoty e t at a ociate o en it ein a i e and al ay u ected to t e i of en or e a le

early on in er life e tarted to oice er an er a ain t all aut oritie fro t e otto u tartin it t e aut ority of y fat er i id S e al o de ed t e

aut ority of er u and o u ed to y into ad ra e ene er e a e it a en and a er in and i id e aut or de ance landed er in ail ecau e t e tate

aut oritie in y t elie e t at if I found en or a er it ould e far or e for e t an if I ad found a un i id 1 ecau e l Saada i did not confor to ale

dictate and e ectation of a ood o an e a o traci ed efu in to lay out t e ind of fe ininity t at ociety e ect of Ara o en e a de oni ed a e ually er i i e ecau e en could not control er e uality

e en o tried to irt it e and found e unyieldin called e a o an it out fe ininity and a an ater e en o or ed for od for t e nation and for t e oil

in aid t at I or ed for t e e il and t at I a ad ocatin er i i e and e ual freedo e en o lo ed ea ant and or er aid t at I lo ed o en etter t an ea ant or or er t at I elie ed ore in e ual freedo t an cla tru le I a

t e ally of international co uni ecau e t e ord cla i o eti e u ed in y ritin i id

In t i a a e t ere are atte t to tereoty e t e aut or a re elliou a ore or a ro titute and al o a ell out or in a ain t t e national intere t ic are de ned y en In t e e ay e eroine in Ara literature 7 5 5 4 l Saada i ar ue

t at en a e i a ined and con tructed a ran e of fe ale tereoty e e e include t e ortrayal of o en a re re entin dan er and fear ot relatin to e i id 5 4 o t eroine nd eanin of t eir e i tence t rou arria e In ot er ord in Ara read African Ara literature t e an o arrie a or in o an one

it a tron er onality and o i elf con dent i loo ed u on a ein ea and do inated y i ife i id 5 4 In ritin and creati ity l Saada i cele rate African Ara o en o under ine t e cen or 3 et er t i anife t t rou t e fa ily t e tate or t rou S ari a la e aut or encoura e ot er o en to nd t eir creati e oice y readin and ritin or t at interro ate t e relic of coloniali and t e irulent atriarc al y te in Nort Africa l Saada i i a are of t e o er of t e ord t at ue tion en e ay

e creati e idea i o e it o n et od At ti e I lea e eanin to e read et een t e line At ot er I lea e ace or e en elli i ar I ay let out an

unuttered i t at end u in ilence or a full to e creati e reader a t e ta of readin t e un ritten cri t it in t e ritten oo i id

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32 Khatija Khan

l Saada i concede t at o eti e en e i o er el ed y ad coura e I rite it out caution and often t e e are t e ind of torie t at no one ill dare u li i id for fear of er ecution y t e aut oritie i i a e of controllin

aut oritie i o e er not a olute In i idence and creati ity 7 17 177 l Saada i lin ritin to t e ro otion of di entin oice or er o en o rite fro Nort Africa need to e race di idence a a ar of not confor in to ale de nition of o an ood Creati e di idence i al o for Saada i t e ca acity

of Nort African o en to e critical of t e elf and t e ot er i id 17 In t e a e oo t e lin et een ritin and freedo i e lored in y

o e o en rite oetry 311 314 ere t e aut or a adit acine and Nouara fro Al eria re eal t at o en are co elled to rite ecau e t i i one

ay in ic t ey can c allen e t e a i of t eir ufferin under atriarc y e tory re i ter t at o en uc a Nouara feel t e ur e to rite ecau e Al erian o en li in under t e rule of traditional ociety need to e re t e el e to ea and

a e ot er ea a out t e e en ore t an t eir fortunate i ter o are orn to li e u o edly ore fa oura le to o en e anci ation i id 31 at i i lied ere i t at tra ically o e ri ile ed o en a e een co o ted y t e aleaut ori ed and ale controlled y te to a oint ere t ey do not ee t e nece ity of u in ritin a a otential ace for reali in t e freedo for t e a ority of o en

In anot er olitically lanted io ra ical tory e ance An inter ie and a oe i id 3 ic i rendered in t e for of an inter ie t e aut or u ara a int

Al arra fro auritania recall t at ocial e ectation and unyieldin re ure fro t e ale a e forced er to urn a collection of oe in t e 1 i ly ecau e it ad een noticed t at I a a oet and I did not a e t e coura e to li e do n t e con e uent ar inali ation i id 7 o en o i e creati e e re ion to t eir ufferin and a iration for a life free fro cultural con triction are dee ed dan erou ecau e t ey rite a out t e e t at are con idered ta oo in t e u li do inated

culture of Nort Africa or e a le Al arra u e t t at in er oori ociety ic i traditional and con er ati e t e e uc a lo e and reli ion are dee ed a

no o area for o en A e tate in oori ociety in auritania t e e are t e e a o an doe not tal a out t e r t out of a en e of decency for decency a e a true o an and t e econd i ly out of eer ocially dictated i norance i id

Al arra i eenly a are t at in er atriarc al ociety t e conce t of decency are narro ly de ned y en for o en ic a ount to an o re ion of o en creati ity and otential In yet anot er olitically re elliou tory fro auritania An arti t o un ettle An inter ie and a on i id 4 5 ritten y alou a int

o tar uld eida fe ale riter fro Nort Africa ro ect t e el e a ore a erti e a re ard t eir ri t In t e tory t e o en re ect certain ocial rotocol

ic are e ta li ed and enforced y en o e ect t e to lay econd ddle In t e tory eida c allen e en y refu in to it do n a i e ected of o en en t ey are it en e aut or de ance of o curanti t alue i e re ed t rou t e enre of on e in on in u ort of t e o re ed and t u er u ic

eco e t e oice of t e oicele i id 5 If t e tory y l Saada i in articular

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33Beyond the literary veil Women writing Africa ...

announce it elf a al a ly o en olitically oti ated in it re ellion and c allen e of Nort African atriarc al alue it i al o i ortant to oint out t at t e oo Women writing Africa: The northern region contain o e ort ritten iece t at are e ora le for t e ay in ic t ey u ert atriarc al alue t rou fol tale

Quest for freedom and the folktale motif in Women writing Africa: The northern region

e torie a earin in t e for of t e fol tale in t i oo do not o enly a ert t e a re i e identitie of o en fro Nort Africa at a and t e o re i id 5 53 y ia fro orocco ot er oat A fol tale i id y a a

fro y t and a ale t e a ter of all ird i id 333 334 in articular u e ani al eta or to e re u an e erience e torie ide t eir e a e t rou alle ory a literary tyle t at allo t e aut or to ay one t in and ean anot er e torie deli erately re o e en fro t e centre ta e of t eir lot ic are o ulated y fe ale c aracter e trate y of ini i in t e role en lay in t e torie i a ay of fendin off for etfulne e ady 11 5 ic ould ot er i e e ea ily

rein tated y t e ale c aracter ecau e fol tale re re ent anot er ay of no in and alidatin no led e t at ould nor ally e ar inali ed in of cial narrati e t e torie e lotted ia t e fol tale anife t a enc ant for urfacin t e oice of

o en ic a e een u re ed and ilenced y en e in ta ilitie in t e i nifyin ulti le lan ua e of t e fol tale allo t e aut or to dra not fro narro

of cial arc i e ut fro a roader lin ui tic re ertoire Accordin to orti er in Se ar 1 iii fol tale in t e fe ale centred narrati e of Nort Africa function a e ory ite ere t e idden i tory of re re ion i rou t to li t ut al o a narrati e t at co licate of cial account of t e li e of o en a recorded y en and o en

at a and t e o re i id 5 53 cele rate t e inno ati e and creati e ay in ic o en u tain t eir fa ilie en t reatened y tar ation e t e e of

rin in to t e urface eroic act t at are uried in t e uffocatin di cour e of en i ailed a i ortant in fore roundin t e o iti e contri ution o en can a e to ociety In t e tory an o re a t e o er to con ure nature to ro ide food at a

co ie t e ay t e o re ro ide food for er elf and i t u a le to ee t e fa ily fro tar in at a u and i u ed to t e ar in of t e tory ile ace i accorded to o en inno ati ene in fendin for t eir fa ilie at a feat are under ined y er u and o court t e an er of t e o re e u and i de icted a a lutton o ant to feed i elf at t e e en e of i fa ily At t e end of t e fol tale at a i a le to cal t e o re and e en occu y t e tore ou e of t e o re ere e led t ereafter a life of a undance i id 53 e reali of t e tory re ide in t e fact t at t e oundarie et een t e ani al and t e u an orld

are lurred rou t i fanta tic reali t e aut or ro ect o en a eo le o can render t e i o i le o i le e tran re i e nature of t e tory i not only in

o to u en to t e eri ery of t eir concern t e fol tale i a a e elie e orld

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t at in eta orical ter allo o en to drea of alternati e o iti e orld eyond t e o re i e eil and t e drud ery of fa ily life i o ed on t e at a

di lacin of t e o re i a credit to er a ility to enter unnoticed into t at orld fro ic e a cend it a undant food e e related to t e de cent into t e eart ly

orld of t e un no n are a ociated it tate of confu ion t at o eti e oti ate a er on ue t to c an e t eir life at a de cent into t e o re under orld and er u e uent a cent to t e orld of u an rin t e ro i e of ne life a y oli ed in t e food e rin In ort t e tory de on trate t e unli ited ca acity of o en to e i a inati e in u tainin t e el e and t eir fa ilie in

o tile ituation at at a ucceed in rin in food to t e ta le i nal a dra atic re er al of t e role en and o en are e ected to lay in u li ociety i y olical a ertion in t e fol tale u e t t at identitie are not ed and t at life

c an e e ele ent t at u e t t at c an e i t e only con tant in life i furt er e lored

in t e fol tale ot er oat A fol tale i id ere a re ourceful ot er oat arn er youn a ain t t e o tile ad olf i id en t e illy oat li ten

to t eir ot er arnin not to o en t e door to tran er t ey are afe rotected and continue to li e and ro er under t e creati ity and enero ity of ot er oat

o e er t e tory al o o t e ne ati e creati ity of t e ad olf en e ana e to tric t e illy oat into o enin t e door e olf catc e and eat all t e illy

oat e ce t t e youn e t ic id i i a cautionary tale o e i ni cance nd ec oe in u li ociety ere t e older eneration of o en in Nort Africa li e rand ot er di cu ed earlier on uccu ed to t e ile of en e youn er eneration of o en u t at all ti e e ary of t e dan er o ed y atriarc al alue ic in t i tory are y oli ed y t e redatory in tinct of t e ad olf

e tory conclude o iti ely it ot er oat retaliatin and illin t e olf i e a i e t at in life o en a e to t t e ource of t eir tyranny and o re ion In u e tin t i endin t e tory refu e to a e t e ot er oat u le or a i e and denie t e tory a i ly orali tic end ere e i ly for i e t e olf It i t i action of ta in ar to t e olf t at i cele rated a nece ary if t e ot er oat read

o en i to ur i e in a rutal orld do inated y t e ad olf read en In ot er ord t e i ni cance of t e tory i in a ertin a tin en i ility only a in to at

t e reader e erienced in l Saada i tory ritin and freedo e difference et een t e t o torie i t at erea l Saada i tory e re e o en olitical rote t a ain t t e ale do inated e ta li ent t e ot er oat fol tale re eal ot t e a ard of confrontin t e ene y and u e t e re ertoire of oral literature to

encode t e oral econo y of ordinary lo in o en o can eco e a re i e en rotectin innocent li e

e fol tale a ale t e a ter of all ird reinforce t e co licated e a e t at o en cannot afford to e co lacent a out t eir li e t eir ene ie are not only t e en ut al o o en o a e een co o ted to or to furt er en intere t e tory i a out t e ri alry and etty ealou ie et een i ter t at al o t tra ically end it one of t e lo in er lo er In t e tory a fat er it e en dau ter i ta ed

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35Beyond the literary veil Women writing Africa ...

y one of t e to rin a ale t e Su ernatural ird i id 333 en a ale in truct t e fat er to ta e a rin and a t e dau ter to uild a roo aint it clean and t en ut t e rin on t e late i id t e fat er carrie out t i a i n ent e ention of a roo and rin in t e tory con ure u i a e of o o en are u o ed to e do e ticated in arria e and e t u er ient i readin i con r ed y a ale

o tell t e youn er dau ter

at ill one in y o eland i a o an no lon er in lo e it er artner o ru t e all it oney and t en rin le t e it la li er o t at en er lo er co e and touc e t e all t e la la e i ody i id 334

i readin u e t t at o en u t lo e t eir en e en en t e en ta e no re on i ility for reci rocatin t e ift In ot er ord t e fol tale ode i u ed ere to furt er t e intere t of en A a for t e fol tale i not in erently ro re i e it content and inter retation ena le reader to e er e it o iti e and life af r in

alue i o er ation i underlined a u eful y e ady 11 o e tudy of oroccan fol tale re ealed t at o t o en a e een ociali ed to acce t ale alue

a natural t rou oral narrati e o e er in t e a ale fol tale t e a ociation of t e fol tale ode it t e do e tication of o en doe not o unc allen ed in fact t e aut or doe not allo one eanin to ettle a t e only inter retation ecau e it i u erted in t e ot er i ni cation in t e tory t at e a i e o t e youn dau ter re ained er rin fro er i ter In t e end a ale ad i e t e youn er i ter to o a ay to a lace far fro your en iou i ter i id 334 and to li e a

ful lled life i ad ice can e ta en a a co entary on t e ort torie e ay and ot er iece co o ed and ca tured in t e oo Women writing Africa: The northern region in ic not all o en ritin u ort o en freedo In ot er ord

erea e ady or on oroccan oral narrati e trie to i o e a unifor fe ini t ideal on o en t e tory of a ale u e t t at o en effort at e ta li in net or of i ter ood in Nort Africa are not yet uaranteed ucce o en often co ete a on t t e el e in ay t at are detri ental to t eir collecti e intere t

at i i lied ere i t at any for of fe ini t o e ent t at e er e fro Nort African o en tru lin to e free u t ta e into account t e fact t at o en a e une ual le el of con ciou ne eir ariou cla intere t a e to e under tood in a ituation ere o e are ector in t eir o n coloni ation In t i inter retation of t e fol tale t e aut or A any refu e to ro antici e t e a ency of Nort African

o en o e er at eco e clear in all t ree fol tale i t at tin t e tructure of atriarc y in different ay i not an o tion ut an i erati e i i t e e a e in t e ort torie e ay and any creati e iece in Women writing Africa t at

a e o en o e out of t e ale a e y oli ed y t e eil ran re in and o in eyond t e eil and t e ale a e a e een de on trated in t e o en ritin ic re eal t eir ufferin and e a i e t eir collecti e effort in tin

a t e ource of t eir li eration No li eration tru le in Nort Africa can afford to ar inali e t e oice of o en er a t i i at di tin ui e t e ucce of t e

tru le in uni ia y t i ya and t e re t of t e Ara orld fro re iou one

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t at failed to un eat t e aut oritarian re i e of en Ali u ara and addaf In ot er ord a orld t at reali e t at tin atriarc al alue and aut oritarian rule i t e re on i ility of o en inded en and o en cannot e ect o en fro Nort Africa to lay econd ddle t ey are al o at t e centre of t i cultural olitical and re olutionary ael tro

Conclusion

e ai of t i article i to e lore t e a ency of t e oice of o en fro Nort Africa a de icted in elected ort torie It i ar ued t at African Ara o en a e for a lon ti e een arred fro ritin a out t eir o n e erience fro t eir o n

er ecti e e article de on trate t at u er cla Nort African Ara o en o co anded a ace to rite ere ne ati ely in uenced y t e tereoty e of t e o an a not a t in er ut a c ild earer o e er it i o n in t e analy i of t e o en oice in t i article t at o e artici ated in t e nationali t cau e in Nort Africa

i en anced t eir con ciou ne o t at t e e a e o en tarted ue tionin t e une ual relation et een en and o en in t eir ocietie

It i o er ed t at in olitical e ay o en re i ter t eir ufferin and need to ri e a o e t eir o re ion e e t e e are re ealed in t e ort torie t at de ict t e ufferin of o en ran in fro ra e di o e ion of ro erty and t e ini uity of li in under o re i e alue t at fa our atriarc al intere t en in t o e torie t at render t eir ufferin it i re ealed t at o en ado t different trate ie to t

ac a ain t o re ion So e torie announce t e el e a olitically o en in t eir re ellion a ain t ale c au ini in t at t ey centre on o en a eroine tru lin to free t eir odie and afe uard t e fro en e role of fe ale riter a eer and enli tened eo le a al o een ac no led ed None of t e torie ini i e t e ta of tru lin a ain t t e tyrannical alue e ou ed y en In t e torie e re ed t rou t e fol tale ode a co unity of o en co in to et er to re uild t eir

attered fa ilie follo in centurie of fe ale u u ation i e a i ed ol tale allo for ulti le i ni cation ic u e t t at in t eir tru le a ain t o re i e cultural alue o e o en are ector of t eir o n coloni ation e i ni cance of t e oo Women writing Africa i t at y u in ritten aterial y o en olitical te ti onie and oral narrati e it ut aid to t e notion t at Nort Africa i a literary de ert ere o en do not conte t ariou for of o re ion t rou literature In fact t eir literature ena le t e o en to aut ori e alternati e identitie and i a e t at not only ue tion t e lon tandin tradition of fe ale o re ion ut al o a ert t e u anity of t o e a e o en t rou act of de ance re i tance and cultural tru le

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37Beyond the literary veil Women writing Africa ...

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